Chapter 5 Tissues
Tissues: Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body.
Types: there are four main types of tissues: List them.
Epithelial, connective, muscular, Nervous
epithelial tissue:
Where found? Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body, covers organs, and lines
body surfaces.
Characteristics: are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material,
generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently. They tend to
have prominent nuclei when viewed under the microscope.
Simple – how many layers? 1
Stratified – how many layers? More than 1 layer
Functions: They function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
Types of Epithelium (epithelial tissues)
squamous: What shape are the top cells generally? Flat and scale-like
simple: What is this best suited for? Diffusion List several places you are
likely to find it. Lungs, blood vessel walls, lymph vessels
stratified: What is this best suited for? Protection
What does keratinized mean? Contains a substance called keratin Where are you
likely to find it? Outer layers of the skin
cuboidal: What shape is this cell? Cube-shaped
simple cuboidal: This type functions in _secretion_ and _absorption__ in the kidneys and
_secretion_in the glands
stratified cuboidal: what is the advantage of several layers? Better protection Where is this
type found? Mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands
columnar: What shape is this cell? --elongated
What specialized cell is often found with it? Ciliary What is the function of this cell?
Movement of substances across the cell surface
Simple: Where is it found? Linings of stomach, intestines, uterus
In intestinal cells, the surface area is increased with _microvilli_____. What is the purpose
of these? Absorption of nutrients
Stratified: Where is this type found? Male urethra, parts of the pharynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar: These cells appear layered but really are not. Why do they
look layered? Nuclei in varying position within the cells
What does “ciliated” mean? Having cilia on the cell surface
Where are these cells found? At surfaces facing the lumen of certain passageways
Transitional epithelium: Why can’t we classify this type as to shape? The shape changes as tissue
distends.
Where is it found and why? Urinary bladder – enables it to distend without leaking
glandular epithelium: This tissue is made up of cells designed to produce and secrete substances into
ducts or into body fluids.
Glands that secrete products into ducts are called _exocrine_ glands; those that
secrete into body fluids and blood are called __endocrine glands___.
.
Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products
a.
_merocrine_ glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped
as serous which produce a watery fluid; or mucus, which produce a
thicker, protective substance.
b.
__apocrine__glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary
glands).
c.
___holocrine___glands release entire cells (oil glands in the skin).
Connective Tissue: bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood
cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage.
.
Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues have abundant matrix, or intercellular
material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).
composition: collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers. How do they differ? Collagenous
is tough and silvery white; Reticular is soft and colorless, elastin is
yellowish and has elasticity.
cell types: what are the three cell types and their functions? Fibroblasts (produce collagen
and other fibers); Macrophages (engulf bacteria and cellular debris); Mast
cells (produce heparin and histamine)
Types of connective tissues: There are many diverse types of connective tissues.
loose fibrous connective (areolar): What are the main functions of this type? Helps hold body parts
together
The arrangement of the fibers gives it its name, how are they arranged? Cells are widely
separated, with fibers loosely packed.
What is the main cell type found in this tissue? fibroblasts
adipose: is a specialized loose connective tissue designed to store __fat_.
Where is it located? (Don’t say “everywhere!) under skin, around joints, within certain
abdominal membranes
dense fibrous connective: is very strong because of the arrangement of the collagenous fibers. How
are they arranged to make this a tough tissue? fibers packed in dense network
This tissue is found all over the body. List two common places we can look for it. Tendons
and ligaments
Cartilage: Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for various
structures. It lacks a vascular system and so heals slowly
Cartilage cells are called _chondrocytes___
Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue called
_perichondrium_______
Which is the most common type of cartilage? hyaline
hyaline: Where is this found? At the ends of bones in joints
elastic: is so named because it is ___flexible. Where is it found? _ears
fibrocartilage: is the toughest of the three. Where is it found? Between vertebrae
bone: What is its matrix composed of? Mineral salts as well as organic matrix materials
What are bone cells called? osteocytes
This is a “pretty tissue” because of the arrangement of the cells. How are they arranged?
In concentric circular arrangements around haversian canals
blood: is composed of __blood cells_ and a liquid __plasma___________________.
What is its function? Transports materials throughout the body
muscle tissue: What is the general function of all muscle tissue? Contraction for movement
What are three different types of muscle tissue? Skeletal, visceral, cardiac
Skeletal muscle: Where is it found? In muscles that are attached to bone
Its cells are long and so are called muscle _fibers_. They may have several ___nuclei_.
The cells appear striped and are said to be __striated__.
Is it usually voluntary or involuntary? Usually voluntary
Smooth muscle: Where is it found? In walls of hollow visceral organs
What is the shape of its cells? Spindle-shaped
How many nuclei does it have? One in each cell
Is it voluntary or involuntary? Involuntary
Cardiac muscle: It is only found in the _heart walls_. Like skeletal muscle it is striped and
so is said to be __striated___.
The cardiac cells are connected to each other by __intercalated_ _discs____________
Is it voluntary or involuntary? involuntary
Nervous Tissue: There are two types of nervous tissue. Where are they found? Brain, spinal cord
(central nervous system), and peripheral nerves (peripheral nervous system)
neuron: What is its function? Generates and carries nerve impulses
neuroglia cells: what are their functions? Support and nourish neurons
Epithelial Membranes:
These membranes are considered to organs because they are composed of more than one type of
tissue. They are composed of a layer of __epithelial_____ tissue and a layer of __connective_ tissue
List the four main types of epithelial membranes. Serous, mucous, synovial, integumentary