The Celts
appeared on the island
came
in 700 BC
from central Europe or further east or southern
Russia
because they were ancestors of many people in
Highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall today
tall
fair or red hair and blue eyes
shirts and breeches, and striped and checked cloaks
fastened with a pin
clean and neat
are important
were
had
men wore
were

Neither man nor woman, however poor, was seen
either ragged or dirty.
Make sentences with neither .... nor and either .... or .... .
The hotel wasn`t clean. And it wasn`t comfortable.
The hotel was ..........................................................
Is that man`s name Richard? Or is it Robert? It`s one of the two.
That`s man`s name .......................................................................
I haven`t got time to go on holiday. And I haven`t got the money.
I `ve got ..........................................................................................
We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow – whichever you prefer.
We ...........................................................................................................
George doesn`t smoke. And he doesn`t drink.
.........................................................................
The Romans
called the Island
invaded the Celts
started to occupy it
regarded the Celt Britain
didn`t manage to conquer
built
control came to an end
pulled out the last soldiers
out of Britain
left

Phrasal verbs with out
pull out, .....................
keep out, ...................
Give more examples in the context:
Britannia
several times
in AD 43
as rich in food and fertile land
Scotland
a strong wall called Hadrian`s Wall to
keep out the raiders from the north
as the empire began to collapse
in AD 409
good administration, towns (castra-camp:
Gloucester, Chester, Lancaster), roads, large
farms called villas
The Anglo – Saxon
(Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes)
raided Britain
settled
pushed
established
most powerful kingdoms under
King Offa Mercia
introduced
in the 5th and 6th centuries
along the south coast
the Celts into the far west and north
to Wales, Cornwall and Scotland
a number of kingdoms eg., Essex, Sussex, Wessex
claimed kingship of the English in the 8th century
local administration (shires-counties, sheriffs)
plough and crop rotation
taxes
class system: king, lords, soldiers, workers, and
the men of learning of the Christian Church

Imagine tasks and values of the class representatives.
The Vikings
came from
were tempted by
first only raided
came to conquer and settle
accepted
Norway and Denmark in the 9th century
Britain`s wealth
churches, monasteries along the east and north
and west coast of Britain
in 865
Christianity and adjusted to the local population

Articles for geographical terms with and without the
1. Every year I spend some time in ......... France.
2. Are you going to ....... united States?
3. Have you ever been to ....... Bahamas?
4. ........ Sicily is worth seeing.
5. ...... south of England is amazing and ......northern England even more.
6. ...... Alps are occupied by tourists of all over the world all year round.
7. Did you reach ...... Ben Nevis when you were in Scotland?
8. ....... Nile is the longest river, isn`t it?
9. Is ...... Baltic sea warm enough to swim in?
10. Can you see ..... Atlantic Ocean on this map?
William the Conqueror (1066 – 1087)
Duke of Normandy and later King of England
had claims to the English throne
defeated his Anglo-Saxon rival
marched to London which quickly
gave in
was crowned king
fought and destroyed
gave the Saxon lands
organised his Kingdom
its basic principles were
arranged the survey
because King Edward had promised it to him.
at the battle of Hastings (1066)
when he started to burn villages outside the city.
in Westminster Abbey in 1066
Anglo-Saxons and every place he couldn`t control
to his Norman nobles
according to the feudal system
every man had a lord, and every lord had land
to know how many people, animals, tools and how
much land he possessed
Domesday Book
the book was called

Grammar
He was so cruel and greedy.
Harold had too few soldiers.
He was such a cruel and greedy ruler.
Harold had not enough soldiers.
Write one sentence with each phrase expressing your view on William and his conquest.
Henry II (1154 – 1189)
hoped
to bring the Church more under his control
his friend, Thomas Becket
was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Becket
refused and resisted the king
Henry got angry and
four knights who heard him went to Canterbury
to murder the Archbishop
all Christian Europe
was shocked
Becket
became a saint of the Church
Henry was forced
to ask the pope`s forgiveness and allowed himself
to be whipped by monks
Thousands of pilgrims
came to Canterbury to pray at Becket`s grave

Words of sequences
beginning: initially, first, at first, first of all,
continuing: secondly, after that, then, next, before this,
concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not least,
Middle Ages (476 – 1492/1453)
Law
King
Henry II
was responsible for law and justice
introduced the idea that all crimes even those inside
the family were breaking king`s peace
Population
The Domesday Book say
there were between 1.5 – 2 million people in the 11th
The ninth-tenth of them
lived in the country
Over three-quarters
were serfs under their lord`s protection
Legends
The best known citizen
was Robin Hood (13th century)
The only fact about him
is that he was a wanted criminal in Yorkshire
Language
Most English people spoke
Anglo-Saxon mixture of words
Nobles used
either Latin or French
Latin was
the language of the Church and education
French was
the language of law and the Norman rulers
Oxford and Cambridge
Universities
became intellectual leaders by the 1220s

Legend of Robin Hood
in drama, cartoon, joke, poem, role-play, and song.
The War of Two Roses (1455 – 1485)
There was
a continuous struggle between the king
and his nobles.
The nobility divided between
the supporters of the Lancastrians and
The Yorkists.
The current political situation was
Henry VI was unsuitable king for such a
violent society
He was simple-minded and book loving
England had lost the Hundred Years
War with France
England had lost everything except the
port of Calais.
The Yorkists put
Henry VI into the Tower of London
Edward IV
became the king in 1461
He died in 1483 and left
his own two sons who were too young
to rule the country
Their greedy uncle Richard of Gloucester
took the crown and became King
Richard III
A month later
the two princes were murdered
William Shakespeare`s play `Richard III`
accuses Richard of murder but his guilt
has never been proved
Lancastrians (red rose)
and Yorkists (white rose) both united
against Richard and found another
pretendent to the throne
-Henry Tudor
The families and Richard met
at the battle of Bostworth in 1485
Richard was
defeated and killed
Henry Tudor was crowned king
on the battlefield.

What other historical characters and events did William Shakespeare write about?
When were they set ?
Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509)
He was
clever with people and careful with money
He brought
unity to the Houses of York and Lancaster
He made
the Crown financially independent
He developed
trade
and therefore built
his own strong fleet
He was aware
that business was good for the state
and left the country
in a good condition

Grammar
Make up two more sentences taking the one below as an example,
He made the Crown financially independent.
Differ between make and do?
Business, one`s best, progress, money, duty, arrangement, a profit,
A phone call, a fire, a peace, a war, harm, a mistake, a bed,
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
was quite unlike his father -
was hard, cruel, ambitious and calculating and
wasteful with money.
He executed
two of his wives, and several of his ministers.
Looking for a new source of money,
he realised that Church and monasteries were huge
landowners and lived with wealth and comfort.
King stood up to the Pope
when he forbade Henry to divorce Catherine of
Aragon.
Henry persuaded the bishops to
make him Head of the church in England and
passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534.
Henry ordered to close 560 monasteries
in order to get their fortunes.
Monks and nuns became
beggars.

Clauses of purpose
Write sentences using: to, for, so as to, in order to, so that.
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
After the death of Henry VII`s son Edward VI, and daughter Mary,
in 1558 Elizabeth became the Queen.
Her foreign policy carried Henry VII`s work
of building strong fleet.
English ships attacked Spanish ones returning from America loaded with silver and gold.
Spain decided to conquer England in 1587
therefore they sent a great
fleet of ships called Armada.
The Spanish Armada was defeated
more by bad weather than by
English guns.
The growth of trade abroad caused that with royal help
they established the trading
empire.
Elizabeth encouraged English traders to
settle abroad and create
colonies and set up companies in order to trade with Africa, Asia or Scandinavia and the
Baltic.
The second policy led directly to Britain`s colonial empire of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Phrases: What do you usually encourage your friends to? / persuade sb to?
James I Stuart (1603 –1625)
believed that
the king was chosen by God,
tried to rule
without Parliament but with a small council that led to
trouble
Charles (1625 –1649)
continued
disagreement with Parliament mainly over money
according to the Petition of Rights
Charles could raise money only by Act of Parliament
Parliament controlled
both state money, the national budget, and the law
the Petition made nonsense of a `king`s divine right`, so
Charles decided to prevent it by dissolving Parliament
He ruled
successfully without Parliament
Charles, a Catholic married a French Catholic it was unpopular in Protestant Britain.
Anti-Catholic feeling
increased
11 years of absolute rule by Charles ended in Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
captured Charles in 1645 and decapitated in 1649
Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658)
Britain was governed by
Cromwell alone
he become
`Lord Protector`
governed the country through
the new model army, consisting of educated people
who wanted to fight for their beliefs
his government was unpopular for
forbidding to celebrate Christmas and Easter or
playing games on Sunday
Charles II returned to his kingdom
in 1658 after Cromwell`s death
The Republic was over.

Grammar
Imagine life without Christmas or Easter. What would it be like?
Start like this: If there weren`t Christmas, .................................. .
Charles II (1660 –1685)
the new king tried to make peace with
his father`s enemies
only people responsible for his father`s death were punished
Charles shared his father`s belief
in divine right and admired the absolute ruler
of France Louis XIV
hoped to make peace
between the different religious groups but
Parliament strongly Anglican opposed to it
Charles was attracted to
the Catholic Church
Parliament knew this and was always afraid
that Charles would become a Catholic
Parliament passed the test Act in 1673 to
prevent any Catholic from holding public
office
this fear caused that the two parties came to being:
-
The Whigs were afraid of an absolute monarchy
-
The Tories which upheld the authority of the Crown.

Phrases
Explain the difference: I am afraid to jump.
I am afraid of walking in the dark.
James II (1685-1688)
 tried to remove the laws which stopped Catholics from taking positions in government
and Parliament, and bring back the Catholic Church and allow it to exist beside the
Anglican Church
 Parliament was very angry so James tried to get rid of the opposition. He removed ¾ of all
JPs and replaced them with men of lower social class
 tried to bring together the Catholics and Puritans usually called `Nonconformists`
 in spite of the anger, Tories, Whigs, and Anglicans did nothing because they waited for
the succession of James`s daughter Mary, Mary was protestant and married to the
Protestant
 in 1688 James`s son was born that was a dangerous situation for the opponents
 the opponents invited William of Orange, Mary`s husband to invade Britain, James`s son
was defeated
 William entered London, the crown was offered only to Mary. William stood up to the
Parliament and also became king.
 it was called the Glorious Revolution, for the first time the Parliament made the king not
by inheritance
 the power over the monarch was written in the Bill of Rights in 1689
 the king was now unable to raise taxes or keep an army without the agreement of
Parliament or to act against any MP for what he said or did in Parliament
 in 1701 Parliament finally passed the Act of Settlement to make sure only a Protestant
could inherit the crown. It has remained like that up-to-date.

Grammar
Explain the difference: The king was able to raise taxes.
The king was unable to raise taxes.
Find more examples with the prefix un.
George I (1714-1727)
 there were two pretendents to the throne: George, The Protestants ruler of Hanover and
 James`s son, if he had given up Catholicism and accepted the Anglican religion
 rebellion against George was a disaster – Jacobites, Stuarts supporters lost
 King George allowed the Whigs to form his government as the Tories had some
connection with the Jacobites.
 government power increased because the new king spoke only German and did not seem
very interested in his new kingdom
 Robert Walpole is considered Britain`s first Prime Minister, developed the idea that
government ministers should work together in a small group which was called the Cabinet

Prepositions
rebelion ..............
dream ..........
belong ......
rely ..........
concentrate .....
apply .......
Prepare a short test of 5 items.
George II (1727-1760)
 in 1756 the war with France broke out, the reason – to win the race for an overseas trade
and they did
 in Canada: the British took Quebec and Montreal
 in India: Bengal, Madras and controlled most of India by conquest or treaty with princess
 India become the `Jewel in the Crown`
 the British were proud and it was expressed in a national song written in 1742:
`Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves,
 Britons never never never shall be slaves`

Reply in a few sentences, `Are you proud to be Polish?` Justify your written statement.
George III (1760-1820)
 came to the throne and made peace with France
 Britain`s international trade increased rapidly
 British colonies were an important market place in which the British sold the goods they
produced
 in 1764 there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its
colonies in America, they decided that it was not lawful to tax them without their
agreement
 in 1773 a group of colonists at the port of Boston threw a shipload of tea into the sea
rather than pay tax on it – the event became known as `the Boston Tea Party
 the British closed the port, the colonists prevented goods from entering America
 the result: the America War of Independence began which lasted 1775-1783
 the British lost everything except for Canada.
Speaking
Look at the map and find other British colonies.
What films or books have you watched/read about British colonies?
What was the life like?
George III (1760-1820)
 came to the throne and made peace with France
 Britain`s international trade increased rapidly
 British colonies were an important market place in which the British sold the goods they
produced
 in 1764 there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its
colonies in America, they decided that it was not lawful to tax them without their
agreement
 in 1773 a group of colonists at the port of Boston threw a shipload of tea into the sea
rather than pay tax on it – the event became known as `the Boston Tea Party
 the British closed the port, the colonists prevented goods from entering America
 the result: the America War of Independence began which lasted 1775-1783
 the British lost everything except for Canada.
Speaking
Look at the map and find other British colonies.
What films or books have you watched/read about British colonies?
What was the life like?
Industrial Revolution
At the turn of 18th/19th centuries
Iron production increased
therefore new machinery to other industries was introduced
Mass production was
possible
Britain factories produced
more than any other country in the world
John Wilkinson built
the world`s first iron bridge over the River Severn
Industrialists built the railways
first to transport goods, then passengers
Britain desired to have a strong
trading position
so developed its trading stations
More and more people moved to
towns.

Writing
Imagine living in the 19th century, the age of invention.
Invent something that could make life easier.
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)and her Empire
She loved
her husband Prince Albert very much
She spent a lot of happy moments
at Balmoral, her castle in Scotland
Victoria was very unhappy
when Albert died
She refused to be seen in public for along time
to hide her sorrow.
By the end of the 19th century Britain controlled
the oceans and much of the world
Adam Smith introduced
the basis of capitalism
It said that
government should not interfere in
Victorian society was
It changed after publishing
trade and industry at all
self-confident
Darwin`s theory of evolution

Speaking
Imagine Queen Victoria`s appearance: her face, figure, and clothes. Draw her.
Compare your picture with the photo taken in the 19th century.
When did the Celts come to the Island?
Why are the Celts important for British History?
When did the Romans come to the Island?
What did the Romans leave?
When did the Anglo – Saxon come to the Island?
What did the Anglo - Saxon introduce?
When did the Vikings come to the Island?
Where did the Vikings come from?
What happened to them?
Who called the Island Britannia?
When did the Celts come to the Island?
Why are the Celts important for British History?
When did the Romans come to the Island?
What did the Romans leave?
When did the Anglo – Saxon come to the Island?
What did the Anglo - Saxon introduce?
When did the Vikings come to the Island?
Where did the Vikings come from?
What happened to them?
Who called the Island Britannia?