Kingdoms Review
Taxonomy: grouping and naming organisms
Taxa: groups in the classification system
K = Kingdom
P = Phylum**
C = Class
O = Order
F = Family
G = Genus
S= Species
“King Philip Cried
Out For Goodness
Sake”
**Plants are divided into Divisions instead of phyla
Example: house cat
 Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata
 Class Mammalia
 Order Carnivora
 Family Felidae
 Genus Felis
 Species Felis sylvestris
Binomial Nomenclature:
The scientific name of an organism
consists of the genus and the species
for that organism.
The house cat is the species Felis
sylvestris not sylvestris.
The more taxa two organisms share the closer related they are.
Ex: human and house cat
Both are in the Kingdom Animalia, the Phylum Chordata and the
Class Mammalia, but they are in different orders.
lynx and house cat
Both are in the Kingdom Animalia, the Phylum Chordata, the
Class Mammalia, the Order Carnivora, ad the Family Felidae, but
they are in a different genus.
Because the lynx and house cat share more groups, they are more closely
related than the human and the house cat.
Organisms are placed into taxa based on similarities in structure, chemistry,
DNA and behavior.
All organisms are placed into 6 kingdoms:
Kingdom Archaebacteria—bacteria that live in harsh environments
Kingdom Eubacteria—the “true” bacteria
Kingdom Protista—protists (includes amoebas and seaweed)
Kingdom Fungi—includes the mushrooms and yeasts; most are decomposers
Kingdom Plantae—all the plants
Kingdom Animalia—all the animals (includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects)
1
Characteristics of the Kingdoms:
Characteristic Archaebacteria & Protista
Eubacteria
prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell type
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
Nucleus?
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
Organelles?
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
Cell Wall?
yes
yes
yes
no
Cell
Membrane?
yes
Some have a
cell wall and
some don’t
yes
yes
yes
yes
Nutrition
Cell Number
Some are
Some are
All
All
All
autotrophic; some autotrophic; heterotrophic autotrophic heterrotrophic
are heterotrophic
some are
heterotrophic
unicellular
Some are
Some are
All
All
unicellular; unicellular; multicellular multicellular
some are
some are
multicellular multicellular
Prokaryotic: simple cells that have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Viruses: non-living particles; they are not placed into kingdoms
Viruses are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Some viruses have
an outer protective coating called the viral envelope.
The outer surface of a virus has projections that help it attach to cells.
Viruses do not reproduce (this requires cell division). Viruses replicate (make a copy)
but can only do so by taking over the cells of a host organism.
Viruses cause diseases such as the common cold, flu, smallpox, warts and AIDS.
Symptoms of these diseases include:
Common cold: sore throat, runny nose, headache, congestion, mild fever
Flu: chills, fatigue, high fever, headache, achy muscles
Smallpox: fever, small red blisters
Warts: small raised lesions on the skin
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus). HIV attacks T cells which are white blood cells that are part of
the body’s immune system. Without these cells, the body becomes susceptible to
infection.
2
Bacteria:
Cell Wall: protects and gives the cell its shape; antibiotics such as penicillin
make holes in the wall causing water to rush in and killing the cell.
Because viruses do not have cell walls, antibiotics are not effective in
treating viral diseases.
Classifying Bacteria:
Cocci: round
Bacilli: rods
Spirilli: spirals
Diplo-: paired
Staphylo-: grapelike clusters
Strepto-: long chains
Bacteria can cause several diseases (strep throat, pneumonia, etc.) but can also be
helpful. The human digestive tract contains bacteria that kill harmful bacteria and
prevent invasion and infection by harmful organisms.
Plants: Plants have several adaptations that allow them to live and reproduce on dry land.
Cuticle: outer, waxy layer on leaves that prevent evaporation of water
Leaves: provide a large surface area for photosynthesis to take place
Roots: help transport materials to the stem and anchor the plant
Stem: transport material and support the stem
Spores: a haploid cell with hard outer wall
Seed: plant embryo plus stored food
3
Stomata: pores that open during the day to allow CO2 to enter and close at night
to prevent evaporation
Flowers: contain the reproductive parts of a flowering plant
stigma
petal
anther
style
filament
ovary
sepal
ovule
Male reproductive parts
Female reproductive parts
Non-reproductive parts
Tree Rings: the number of rings is used to determine the age of a tree (1 ring per year);
the width of the ring is used to determine the growing conditions (the better the
conditions the wider the rings)
4