Physiology 2B Study Guide – Endocrine and Reproduction
Endocrine System
1.
Explain the differences between endocrine & exocrine glands, and explain the differences
between classical endocrine glands and other tissues of organs that basic function of the endocrine
glands and other tissues of organs that secrete hormones. Define hormone and target tissue. State
the basic function of the endocrine system.
2.
Explain the structural relationship between the neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis and
hypothalamus. Be sure to include the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system and tract.
Explain some factors that influence the hypothalamus, and explain how the hypothalamus controls
the hypophysis. Explain what is meant by releasing and inhibiting factors, and give their names
and functions.
3.
Explain the location and structure of each the following glands, and be able to identify on a
diagram. List the hormones secreted by each. Know all names for each hormone, and all the
standard abbreviations. State the basic function and target tissue of each hormone, and how the
level of each is controlled. Explain the conditions caused by hypersecretion or hyposecretion of
each where known.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
A. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
growth hormone (GH) (-human growth hormone (HGH)-somatotropic hormone (STH)
somatotropin).
prolactin (P)
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (-thyrotropin – thyrotropoc hormone)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – (adrenocorticotropin)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) (gonadotropin is a
general term for FSH and LH of ICSH)
B. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
antidiurctic hormone (ADH)-vasopressin
oxytocin-(pitocin)
C. PINEAL GLAND– melatonin
D. THYMUS – thymosin
1.
2.
3.
E. THYROID GLAND
thyroxine-tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyrine (T3)
calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
F. PANCREAS- Islets of Langerhans
insulin (from beta cells)
glucagon (from alpha cells)
somatostatin
1.
2.
3.
G. ADRENAL CORTEX
mineralcorticoids, esp. aldosterone, from zona glomerulosa
glucocorticoids, esp. cortisone, from zona fasciculate.
androgens from zona reticularis
1.
2.
H. ADRENAL MEDULLA -epinephrine (adrenalin) and nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenalin)
I. TESTIS--- interstitial cells-testosterone
J. OVARY-follicle cells-estrogen & corpus luteum-progesterone & estrogens
4.
Explain what is meant by biological clock and circadian or diurnal rhythms and how are they
related to hormones.
5.
Explain the meaning of stress, and describe its causes and effects. Explain which hormones are
released during stress, and the short term and long term effects they have on the body.
6.
Explain why pitocin, insulin, cotisone and adrenalin might be given to patients and describe their
effects on the body.
7.
Name some hormones that might raise blood pressure, and explain how they raise it. Name some
hormones that control blood glucose levels and explain their functions. Name some hormones that
affect body fluids and electrolytes and explain their functions.
8.
In your responses to all of the above objectives, be sure to include and know the meaning of the
following terms, tests or phrases:
vasopressor
diuretic
polyuria
polydypsia
dietary iodine
BMR, T3 & T4 test
Polyphagia
Ketoacidosis
Glucosuria
Ketonuria
hypoparathyroidism after
thyroidectomy
diabetis mellitus
diabetes insipidus
dwarfism
acromegaly
myxedema
simple, toxic or diffuse goiters
Simmond’s
adenomatous (nodular) goiter
disease
tetany
adrenogenital
Addison’s disease
syndrome
gigantism
Cushing’s syndrome
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
exophthalmic goiter (Grave’s disease)
virilizing tumor
cretinism
Reproductive System
1.
Describe what is meant by: gonads; gamete; meiosis; spermatozoa; spermatogenesis; ovum;
oogenesis; gametogenesis; haploid (n); diploid (2n); activation; fertilization; zygote.
2.
Outline the major events of meiosis (not individual stages)- explain what is meant by synapsis or
crossover and by reduction division and explain their genetic consequences. What chromosomes
do ova have? What chromosomes do sperm have? What chromosomes do all somatic cells have?
What is a Barr body and what consequence does it have genetically?
3.
Be able to identify, describe and give the function of the male structures in the text and lab book
(see lab study guide)
4.
Trace the path of sperm as they pass from the seminiferous tubules to outside the body.
5.
Explain the source and role of each of the male hormones: the gonadotropins FSH and ICSH,
(and write out their full name) and the sex hormone; testosterone; explain how they interact with
each other.
6.
List the organs which secrete substances which make up seminal fluids, giving their functions and
relative per cents. State the average volume of semen ejaculate and the average sperm count per
ejaculation. What is the approximate number of sperm/cc necessary for fertilization? Why are so
many needed?
7.
Describe how sperm mature and how long they take to mature in the male before being ejaculated.
8.
Describe the physiological processes of erection and ejaculation. What prevents urine from
entering the urethra at this time?
9.
Explain the basic role of sperm in determining the genetic sex of offspring. Where is the SRY
gene and what effect does SRY gene have on determining the maleness of XY offspring?
10. Describe the urongenital diaphragm in males and females and describe its relationship to the
levator ani muscle.
11. Be able to identify, describe and give the function of the female organs in the text and lab book.
(see lab study guide)
12. Describe the menstrual cycle-include days of the cycle. Include the ovarian cycle and its phases
(follicular, ovulation, luteal) the uterine cycle and its phases (menstrual, proliferatory, secretory.
pre-menstrual), vaginal changes ( mucus and pH), and the hormonal cycle (see # 14) as well as
temperature changes.
13. Define menarche and menopause.
14. Explain the source, function and interactions of GnRF and the gonadotropins, FSH and LH
(write out their names), the sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone and relate to events of the
cycle.
15. Explain the role of prolactin and oxytocin related to mammary glands and the role of oxytocin
during partruition and involution of the uterus.
16. Explain the meaning of the following common terms related to the male & female reproductive
system:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
17.
oophoritis
f) eunuch
oophorectomy
g) hermaphrodite (pseudo- and true)
salpingectomy
h) vasectomy
hysterectomy
i) orchiditis (orchitis)
tubal ligation
State where fertilization usually occurs, and describe the basic events that occur if an ovum is
fertilized. Describe the basic differences between X bearing and Y bearing sperm, and their
approximate life span in the female tract. What is the life span of an unfertilized ovum?
18. Define: insemination; conception; cleavage; morula; blastocyst; implantation; deciduas; yolk
sac; amnion; chorion; umbilical cord and vessels; placenta (chorionic villa and deciduas
basalis). (fetal circulation is part of circulation unit)
19. Describe how an implanted embryo alters the menstrual cycle. Explain the source, time of
secretion and role of chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in pregnancy and in determining pregnancy.
20. What is meant by an ectopic pregnancy(tubal or abdominal)?
21. Explain the process of lactation, milk let-down (and hormones responsible), and the difference
between milk and colostrum (time and composition)
22. Define birth control, list the most common methods, and explain how each prevents pregnancy.
23. Watch the video “The Miracle of Life” in U407 or on line.