‫הפקולטה לאמנויות ע"ש יולנדה ודוד כ"ץ‬
‫החוג לתולדות האמנות‬
‫הארוטיקה של הגוף המעונה באמנות ימי‪-‬הביניים (מאות ‪)41-41‬‬
‫סמסטר א'‬
‫מסגרת הקורס‪ :‬סמינר ‪MA‬‬
‫שם המרצה‪ :‬אסף פינקוס‬
‫טלפון‪700-0775002 :‬‬
‫דואר אלקטרוני‪pinkusas@post.tau.ac.il :‬‬
‫שעות קבלה‪ :‬לפי תיאום מראש‬
‫תאור הקורס‬
‫אמנות ימי‪-‬הביניים עמוסה בתיאורי כאב ועינוי‪ :‬מפלצות נאבקות‪ ,‬אבירים נלחמים‪ ,‬עינויי החוטאים‬
‫בגיהינום‪ ,‬תיאורי צליבה דרמטיים‪ ,‬הוצאה להורג של מרטירים והטלת מום בגוף הנשי‪ .‬ייצוגים אלו הם‬
‫גם המקום בו אמנות התקופה והצופים התמודדו עם דימוי הגוף העירום‪ ,‬החושי‪ ,‬החושני‪ ,‬והארוטי‪.‬‬
‫הסמינר יחקור אוצר דימויים ברוטאלי זה לאור הפרשנות התיאולוגית בת הזמן‪ ,‬הרואה בכאב אושר‬
‫וגאולה‪ ,‬ולאור הפרשנות הארוטית הנובעת משיר השירים והכתיבה המיסטית‪ .‬כמו כן נבדוק את היחס בין‬
‫גוף לנפש העומדים בלב הגדרת הכאב והעונג בימה"ב; נעמוד על ההבדל בין מונחים אלו במובנם העכשווי‬
‫וזה הימי‪-‬ביניימי; ונתחקה אחר השיח הוויזואלי שמעלה האמנות סביב כאב וארוטיקה באמות המאות‪-‬‬
‫‪ .01-00‬הקורס ייבחן בעיות בתיאורית דימויים‪ ,‬רצפציה‪ ,‬ואסתטיקה של כאב ואירוטיקה; מה הייתה‬
‫רגישות הצופה לדימויים אלו? מהי תפיסת שלמות הגוף והשחתתו? ולבסוף‪ ,‬מה בין אלימות וארוטיקה‬
‫ממשית ומדומיינת באמנות?‬
‫‪The Tortured Body in Late Medieval Art‬‬
‫‪Medieval Art is replete with violent imagery: combating monsters, warring knights, the Miles‬‬
‫‪Christi, tortures of the damned in Hell, executions of martyrs, and mutilation of female‬‬
‫‪bodies. These representations were also the point where medieval art and viewers were‬‬
‫‪confronted with the naked, sensual and erotic body. This seminar will look into this violent‬‬
‫‪imagery in light of late medieval theology, perceiving pain as redemption; and in light of the‬‬
‫‪eroticism apparent in Song of Songs. It will also explore the relations between body and soul‬‬
‫‪and their implications for 12th-14th -century visual art. The seminar will treat reception and‬‬
‫‪response theories and the relation between imaginative and real eroticism and violence.‬‬
‫דרישות הקורס‪:‬‬
‫נוכחות בשיעורים‪ ,‬השתתפות פעילה בדיונים‪ ,‬קריאת ספרות המחקר (מאמרים שיידרשו במהלך הקורס)‪,‬‬
‫בחינה‪ .‬מי שייעדר יותר משלושה מפגשים לא יעמוד בדרישות הקורס ולא יוכל לגשת לבחינה (ציון ‪.)017‬‬
‫מטלות הקורס‪ :‬רפרט בן ‪ 05‬דקות ועבודה כתובה‪.‬‬
‫מטלות קריאה‪ :‬בנוסף לקריאת החובה שלמטה – מאמרים שיידרשו במהלך הקורס‪.‬‬
‫ציון סופי‪ :‬עבודה סמינריונית או רפרט (לפי בחירת הסטודנט‪/‬ית)‪.‬‬
‫נושאי המפגשים‪:‬‬
‫‪ .4‬מרטריום ויזואלי‪ :‬אלימות וארוטיקה‬
‫‪Jeffrey F. Hamburger, "Overkill, or History that Hurts,” Common Knowledge 13/2-3 (2007):‬‬
‫‪404-28.‬‬
‫‪Mills, Robert: Suspended Animation: Pain, Pleasure and Punishment in Medieval Culture‬‬
‫‪(London: Reaktion Books, 2005), Introduction.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬גוף‪ ,‬אלימות‪ ,‬וארוטיקה‬
‫‪Leo Steinberg, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Painting and in Modern Oblivion,‬‬
(Cambridge: MIT Press 1984).
Caroline Walker Bynum, The Body of Christ in the Later Middle Ages: A Reply to Leo
Steinberg, Renaissance Quarterly, XXXIX (1986): 399-439.
Martha Easton, “Was It Good For You, Too?” Medieval Erotic Art and Its Audiences,"
Different Visions 1(2008), http://differentvisions.org/issue1PDFs/Easton.pdf
‫ מודלים של תגובה‬:‫ הגוף הנשי המעונה‬.3
Marla Carlson, "Spectator Responses to an Image of Violence: Seeing Apollonia, FifteenthCentury Studies 27 (2002), 7-20.
Leslie Abend Callahan, "The Torture of Saint Apollonia: Deconstructing Fouquet's
Martyrdom Stage," Studies in Iconography 16 (1994), 119-138.
?‫ כיצד חוקרים‬.1
?‫ כיצד כותבים עבודה‬.5
‫ השחתת הגוף הנשי‬.6
Martha Easton, "Saint Agatha and the Sanctification of Sexual Violence," Studies in
Iconography 16 (1994), 83-118.
Alison Stones, "Nipples, Entrails, Severed Heads, and Skin: Devotional Images for Madame
Marie," in Image and Belief: Studies in Celebration of the Eightieth Anniversary of
the Index of Christian Art, ed. Colum Hourihane (Princeton, New-Jersey: Princeton
University Press, 1999), pp. 47-70.
‫ השחתת הגוף הנשי‬.7
Jane Tibbets Schulenberg, "The Heroics of Virginity. The Brides of Christ and Sacrificial
Mutilation," in Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Literary and Historic
Perspectives, ed. Mary Beth Rose (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986),
29-72.
Mills 2005: 106-144.
‫ כאב ועונג כגאולה דתית‬.8
Caroline Walker Bynum, "Violent Imagery in Late Medieval Piety," Bulletin of the German
Historical Institute 30 (2002), 3-36.
Bynum, Caroline Walker: Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval
Northern Germany and Beyond (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2007), 685-714.
‫ אהבת הכאב‬.9
Cohen, Esther: "The Animated Pain of the Body," American Historical Review 105 (2000),
36-68.
‫ השחתת הגוף הגברי ובעיית המגדר‬.41
‫" זמנים‬,‫עשרה גרמניה‬-‫ אלימות וקדושה באמנות המאה הארבע‬:‫ "תוקפנות חזותית‬,‫אסף פינקוס‬
.10-20 ,)0700( 002
Brent D. Shaw, "Body/Power/Identity: Passions of the Martyrs," Journal of Early Christian
Studies 43 (1996), 269-312.
‫ פרזנטציות‬:41-44
Textbooks
Bynum, Caroline Walker: "Violent Imagery in Late Medieval Piety," Bulletin of the German
Historical Institute 30 (2002), 3-36.
Cohen, Esther, ed.: Knowledge and Pain (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012).
DuBruck, Edelgard and Yael Even: Violence in Fifteenth Century Text and Images. FifteenthCentury Studies 27 (2002).
Groebner, Valentin: Defaced. The Visual Culture of Violence in the Late Middle Ages,
translated by Pamela Selwyn (New York: Zone Book, 2004).
Edgerton, Samuel Y. Jr.: Pictures and Punishment. Art and Criminal Prosecution during the
Florentine Renaissance (Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1985).
Hahn, Cynthia: Portrayed on the Heart: Narrative Effect in Pictorial Lives of Saints From
the Tenth Through the Thirteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2001), 59-128.
Merback, Mitchell B.: The Thief, the Cross, and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of
Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1998).
Pilgrimage and Pogrom: Violence, Memory, and Visual Culture at the Host-Miracle
Shrines of Germany and Austria (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2013).
Mills, Robert: Suspended Animation: Pain, Pleasure and Punishment in Medieval Culture
(London: Reaktion Books, 2005).
History and Cultural Studies
Baraz, Daniel: Medieval Cruelty. Changing Perceptions, Late Antiquity to the Early Modern
Period (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003).
Biale, David: Blood and Belief. The Circulation of a Symbol between Jews and Christians
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
Brent D. Shaw, "Body/Power/Identity: Passions of the Martyrs," Journal of Early Christian
Studies 43 (1996), 269-312.
Bynum, Caroline Walker: Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval
Northern Germany and Beyond (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2007).
Cohen, Esther: "The Animated Pain of the Body," American Historical Review 105 (2000),
36-68.
Cohen, Esther: The Crossroads of Justice. Law and Culture in Late Medieval France (Leiden:
Brill, 1993).
Davies, Brian: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1993).
Dijkhuizen, Jan Frans van, and Karl A.E. Enenkel: The Sense of Suffering. Construction of
Physical Pain in Early Modern Culture (Leiden, 2009)
Dinges, Martin: "Formenwandel der Gewalt in der Neuzeit: Zur Kritik der
Zivilisationstheorie von Norbert Elias," in Kulturen der Gewalt: Ritualisierung und
Symbolisierung von Gewalt in der Geschichte, edited by Rolf Peter Sieferle and Helga
Breuninger (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. 1998), 171-194.
DuBruck, Edelgard and Yael Even: Violence in Fifteen Century Text and Images. FifteenthCentury Studies 27 (2002).
Enders, Jody: The Medieval Theater of Cruelty. Rhetoric, Memory, Violence
(London: Cornell University Press, 1999).
Evans, Gillian R.: Augustine on Evil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Gilson, Etienne: The Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas, translated by Edward Bullough
(New York: Dorset Press York, 1929).
Kay, Sara and Miri Rubin: Framing Medieval Bodies (Manchester, 1994).
Meyerson Mark D., Daniel Thiery and Oren Falk (eds.): 'A Great Effusion of Blood?':
Interpreting Medieval Violence (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2004).
Nirenberg, David: Communities of Violence. Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages
(Princeton, 1998).
Rubin, Miri: Corpus Christi. The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1991).
Scarry, Elaine: The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
Art History
Biernoff, Suzanne: Sight and Embodiment in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002).
Bynum, Caroline Walker: Violent Imagery in Late Medieval Art," Bulletin of the German
Historical Institute 30 (2002): 3-36.
Camille, Michael: "The Image and the Self: Unwriting Late Medieval Bodies," in: Kay and
Rubin 1994, 62-99.
Carlson, Marla: "Spectator Responses to an Image of Violence: Seeing Apollonia, FifteenthCentury Studies 27 (2002), 7-20.
Caviness, Madeline Harison: Visualizing Women in the Middle Ages: Sight, Spectacle, and
Scopic Economy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), pp. 83-124
Edgerton, Samuel Y. Jr.: Pictures and Punishment. Art and Criminal Prosecution during the
Florentine Renaissance (Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1985).
Gifford Martin, Nell: "Vision and Violence in some Gothic Meditative Imagery," Studies in
Iconography 17 (1996), 311-348.
Gilbertson, Leanne: "Imaging St. Margaret: Imitatio Christi and Imitatio Mariae in the Vanni
Altarpiece,: in Images, Relics and Devotional Practices in the Medieval and
Renaissance Italy, ed. Sally J. Cornelison and Scott B. Montgomery (Tempe: Arizona
Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), pp. 115-38.
Groebner, Valentin: Who Are You? Identification, Deception and Surveillance in Early
Modern Europe, translated by Mark Kyburz and John Peck (New York: Zone Bools,
2007).
Hahn, Cynthia: Portrayed on the Heart: Narrative Effect in Pictorial Lives of Saints From
the Tenth Through the Thirteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2001).
Hamburger, Jeffrey F.: "The Use of Images in the Pastoral Care of Nuns: The Case of
Heinrich Suso and the Dominicans," The Art Bulletin 71/1 (1989), 20-46.
------ The Visual and the Visionary: Art and Female Spirituality in Late Medieval Germany
(New York, 1998).
Krüger, Klaus: Unveiling the Invisible. Image and Aesthetic Illusion in Early Modern Italy
(New York: Zone Books, 2006).
Krüger, Klaus (ed.): Imagination und Wirklichkeit. Zum Verhältnis von mentalen und realen
Bildern in der Kunst der frühen Neuzeit, (Frankfurt am Main: Hameln, 2000).
Lewis, Suzanne: Reading Images. Narrative Discourse and Reception in the ThirteenthCentury Illuminated Apocalypse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Marrow, James H.: Passion Iconography in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages
and Early Renaissance. A study of Transformation of Sacred Metaphor into
Descriptive Narrative (Kortrijk: Van Ghemmert, 1979).
Merback, Mitchell B.: The Thief, the Cross, and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of
Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1998).
----- "Font of Mercy, City of Blood: Cultic Anti-Judaism and the Pulkau Passion
Altarpiece," Art Bulletin 87/4 (2005), 589-664.
Mellinkoff, Ruth: Averting Demons. The Protective Power of Medieval Visual Motifs and
Themes (Los Angeles, 2004).
----- Outcasts: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages
(Berkeley, 1993).
Miles, Margaret R.: Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the
Christian West (New York: Vintage Books, 1991).
Mills, Robert: Suspended Animation: Pain, Pleasure and Punishment in Medieval Culture
(London: Reaktion Books, 2005).
Panofsky, Erwin: "Imago Pietatis" : ein Beitrag zur Typengeschichte des
"Schmerzensmanns" und der "Maria Mediatrix", in Festschrift für Max J.
Friedländer zum 60. Geburtstage (Leipzig: Seemann, 1927), 261-308.
Openshaw, M. Kathleen: Weapons in the Daily Battle: Images of Conquest of Evil in the
Early Medieval Psalter, The Art Bulletin 75/1 (1993), 17-38.
Ortalli, Gherardo: La pittura infamante nei secoli XIII-XVI (Rome: Societá Editoriale
Jouvence, 1979).
Puppi, Lionello: Torment in Art. Pain Violence and Martyrdom (New York: Rizzoli,1990).
Robertson, Elizabeth: "The Corporeality of Female Sanctity in The Life of Saint Margaret,"
in Images of Sainthood in Medieval Europe, edited by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski
and Timea Szell (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 268-287.
Ringbom, Sixten: “Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions. Notes on the Place of Art
in Late Medieval Piety,” Gazette des Beaux-Arts 73 (1969), 159-70.
Rudolph, Conrad: Violence and Daily life: Reading, Art, and Polemics in the Citeaux
Moralia in Job (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
Tammen, Silke: "Gewalt im Bilde: Ikonographien, Wahrnehmungen, Ästhetisierungen," in
Gewalt im Mittelalter. Realität – Imaginationen, edited by Manuel Braun and
Cornelia Herberichs (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag), 307-340.
Schulenberg, Jane Tibbets: "The Heroics of Virginity: The Brides of Christ and Sacrificial
Mutilation"; in: Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Literary and
Historic Perspectives; New York, Syracuse University Press, 1986, pp. 29–72.
Trexler, C. Richard: "Gendering Jesus Crucified," in Iconography at the Crossroad, ed.
Brendan Cassidy (Princeton, 1993).
Gender and Violence
Caviness, Madeline Harison: Visualizing Women in the Middle Ages: Sight, Spectacle, and
Scopic Economy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
Gilbertson, Leanne: "Imaging St. Margaret: "imitatio Christi" and "imitatio Mariae" in the
Vanni Altarpiece," in Images, Relics and Devotional Practices in the Medieval and
Renaissance Italy, edited by Sally J. Cornelison and Scott B. Montgomery (Tempe:
Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), 115-138.
McInerney, Maud Burnett: "Rhetoric, Power and Integrity in the Passion of the Virgin
Martyr," in Menacing Virgins. Representing Virginity in the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance (Delaware, 1999).
Miles, Margaret R.: Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the
Christian West (New York: Vintage Books, 1991).
Stones, Alison: "Nipples, Entrails, Severed Heads, and Skin: Devotional Images for Madame
Marie," in Image and Belief. Studies in Celebration of the Eightieth Anniversary of
the Index of Christian Art, edited Colum Hourihane (Princeton, New-Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1999), 47-70.
Tibbets Schulenberg, Jane: "The Heroics of Virginity: The Brides of Christ and Sacrificial
Mutilation," in Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Literary and Historic
Perspectives (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 29-72.