‫ מחדר הנזיר לספרייה הדיגיטלית‬:‫מסעות מאוירים‬
Illuminated Voyages: from the Scriptorium to the Digital Library
‫תשע"ו‬
‫סמינריון לתואר שני‬
‫דר' רננה ברטל‬
,‫מפעלי הדיגיטליזציה של הספריות הגדולות בעולם הפכו רבים מכתבי היד המאוירים של ימי הביניים‬
‫ נגישים לקהל הרחב והובילו למהפכה של ממש‬,‫אוצרות תרבות שהיו בעבר נחלתם של חוקרים מעטים בלבד‬
‫ הם מאפשרים הצצה‬- ‫ כתבי יד אלה הם יותר מאשר עוד דוגמאות לציור ימי ביניימי‬.‫בתחום מחקר זה‬
‫ תפקידם וקהלם של כתבי יד‬,‫ קורס זה יתמקד בהפקתם‬.‫לתרבות החברתית והאנטלקטואלית של התקופה‬
‫ כיצד תוכנן הדף ומי החליט מה לצייר? מה מעמדו של המאייר והאם ניתן‬.‫מאוירים בימי הביניים המאוחרים‬
‫לבחון את תפקידו במונחים של יצירתיות והמצאה? כיצד השתמשו המאיירים בדף העשוי עור ובאלו אמצעים‬
‫ דפדוף או נגיעה? במהלך הקורס נבחן את תפקידיו השונים של‬,‫הזמינו איוריהם את הצופים להתבוננות‬
- ‫ או לחזיון מיסטי; את סוגי האיור השונים‬,‫ לעלייה לרגל וירטואלית‬,‫ לתפילה‬,‫ זה המסייע לזיכרון‬,‫האיור‬
‫ שולי הדף‬,‫ ונעסוק בקשר המשתנה בין הדימוי למילה‬,‫ איור השוליים והאיניציאל‬,‫הנרטיבי לעומת האיקוני‬
‫ והאם אפשר לדון בכתבי יד מאוירים‬,‫ כמו כן נבחן מי השתמש בספרים אלה וכיצד‬.‫ הקדוש והסאטירי‬,‫ומרכזו‬
.‫במונחים של מגדר‬
The digitalization of large collections of medieval illuminated manuscripts has provided access
to cultural treasures that has hitherto been reserved only for specialists. These codices present
more than mere examples of medieval painting - they allow a glimpse at the social and
intellectual culture of their time. This course will explore the production and reception of late
medieval manuscripts. Who planned the page and decided its content? How did illuminators use
the folio and how did their illuminations invite readers to gaze, touch, kiss or turn the page?
During the course we will examine the role of the illumination as an aid for memory, devotion,
mental pilgrimage or mystical vision; as well as different types of miniatures: the initials,
mariginalia, the narrative and the iconic. We shall explore the complex relationship between
words and images, the centre of the page and its margins, the sacred and profane as well as focus
on manuscripts made especially for women.
‫) מבוא – מן הסקריפטוריום לספרייה הדיגיטלית‬1
‫) הבטים טכניים ומקומו של המאייר‬2


Panayotova, S. and Webber T., ‘Making an Illuminated Manuscript’, in The Cambridge
Illuminations: Ten Centuries of Book Producion in the Medieval West, eds. Paul Binski
and Stella Panayotova (London/Turnout: Harvey Miller, 2005), pp. 23-38
Alexander, J.J.G. Chapter 1: ‘The Medieval Illuminator: Sources of Information’ and
Chapter 2: ‘Technical Aspects of the Illumination of a Manuscript’ in Alexander,
Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work (New Haven: Yale UP, 1992), pp. 4-51
1
‫ תפקידיו השונים של האיור‬:‫) התבוננות וקריאה‬3



Duggan, L. G., ‘Was art really the "book of the illiterate?”’ Word and Image (1989): 227251
Alexander, J.J.G., ‘Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western
Medieval Christian Art’, Studies in Iconography 15 (1993): 1-44
Hamburger, J., ‘Openings’, in Imagination, Books and Community in Medieval Europe,
ed. Gregory Kratzmann (Macmillan Art Publishers (October 1, 2010), pp. 51-133
‫ האיור בשולי הדף‬:‫) אמנות בקצה‬4


Camille, M., Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1992)
Hamburger, J., ‘Review of Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)’, The Art Bulletin, 75 (1993): 319-327
:‫) בקישור הבא‬Paul Getty( ‫התבוננו מקרוב באיורי השוליים של שני כתבי יד מאוסף מוזיאון פול גטי‬
http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/margins_manuscripts/interactive/index.html

‫ ספרים לנזירים‬:‫) תפילה ועבודה‬5
‫ הסבר ינתן לקראת‬.‫תרגיל קריאה במהלך שבוע שלם של ספר תהילים מחולק לפי השעות הקאנוניות‬
‫השיעור‬



de Hamel, C., “Books for Monks” in A History of Illuminated Manuscripts. 2nd edition.
(London: Phaidon Press, 1997), pp. 76-105
Openshaw, K., ‘Weapons in the Daily Battle: Image of the Conquest of Evil in the Early
Medieval Psalter’, Art Bulletin 75 (1993): 17-38
"‫ ספר השעות והאוריינות ה"חילונית‬:‫) מחוץ למנזר‬6


Wieck, Roger S., Picturing Piety: the Book of Hours (London: Paul Holberton Pub. for
Les Enluminures, Paris and Chicago, 2007)
Smith, K.,“The Neville of Hornby Hours and the Design of Literate Devotion,” Art
Bulletin 81 (1999), pp. 93-92
2
‫ נשים וכתבי יד‬:‫קוראת‬/‫) הצופה‬7


Stanton, A., R., ‘From Eve to Bathsheba and Beyond: Motherhood in the Queen Mary
Psalter’, in Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence, ed. J. H. M.
Taylor and L. Smith (London: British Library, 1997), pp. 172-189
Bynum, C., ‘Patterns of Female Piety in the Later Middle Ages’, in Jeffrey F. Hamburger
and Susan Marti, eds, Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the
Fifteenth Centuries, trans. by Dietlinde Hamburger (New York: Columbia University
Press, 2008), pp. 172–90
‫) עלייה לרגל וירטואלית‬8



Connolly, Daniel K. ‘Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris’, Art
Bulletin 81, 4 (1999): 598-622
Rudy, Kathryn M., Virtual Pilgrimages in the Convent. Imagining Jerusalem in the Late
Middle Ages, Disciplina Monastica. Studies on Medieval Monastic Life 8 (Turnhout:
Brepols, 2011), pp.19-38
Rudy, Kathryn M., ‘A Guide to Mental Pilgrimage: Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal Ms.
212’, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte (2000): 494-515
‫האיור והחזיון המיסטי‬


)9
Hamburger, Jeffrey F., ‘Mysticism and Visuality’, in Cambridge Companion to Christian
Mysticism, eds. Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012), pp. 277-293
Newman, Barbara, ‘The Visionary Texts and Visual Worlds of Religious Woman’, in:
Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries, eds.
Jeffery Hamburger and Susan Marti (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), pp.
151-171
‫ ארגון ידע ואמנות הזיכרון‬,‫) דיאגרמות‬10


Carruthers, M. J., ‘The Poet as Master Builder: Composition and Locational Memory in
the Middle Ages’, New Literary History, vol. 24/4 (1993): 881-904
Carruthers, M. J. ‘Ars oblivionalis, ars inveniendi: The Cherub Figure and the Arts of
Memory’, Gesta, 48/2 (2009): 1-19
‫) סיור לספרייה הלאומית בירושלים‬11
‫) רפרטים‬12-13
3
:‫קריאת הכנה לקורס‬
:‫בדף זה תכלו למצוא רשימת קישורים לאוספים דיגיטליים מרכזיים מספריות שונות בעולם‬
http://medieval.arts.ubc.ca/resources/online-resources/medieval-art-architecture-andmusic/illuminated-manuscripts.html
Binski, P. and Panayotova, S. eds, The Cambridge Illuminations: Ten Centuries of Book
Production in the Medieval West (London/Turnout: Harvey Miller, 2005)
Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1983)
Clemens, Raymond and Timothy Graham, Introduction to Manuscript Studies (Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press, 2007)
de Hamel, C., A History of Illuminated Manuscripts (London: Phaidon Press, 1997)
de Hamel, C., The Book: A History of the Bible (London and New York: Phaidon Press, 2001)
Pächt, Otto. Book Illumination in the Middle Ages: An Introduction. (London: Harvey Miller,
1986)
Taylor, Jane H., and Lesley Smith. Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence.
(London: The British Library, 1997)
:‫ביבליוגרפיה‬
Alexander, J.J.G., “Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western
Medieval Christian Art,” Studies in Iconography 15 (1993): 1-44
Alexander, J.J.G, ‘Facsimiles, Copies, and Variations: The Relationship to the Model and
Renaissance European Illuminated Manuscripts’, in Retaining the Original: Multiple Originals,
Copies and Reproductions, ed. by Kathleen Preciado (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art,
1989), pp. 61–71
Bell, David N., What Nuns Read: Books and Libraries in Medieval English Nunneries
(Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1995)
Bell, Susan Groag, ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of
Culture‘, in Judith M. Bennett and others, eds, Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages,
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 35–61
4
Bennett, Adelaide, ‘A Book Designed for a Noblewoman’, in Linda L. Brownrigg, ed., Medieval
Book Production: Assessing the Evidence; Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Seminar
in the History of the Book to 1500, Oxford, July 1988 (Los Altos Hills, CA: Anderson-Lovelace,
1990), pp. 1163–81
Boynton S. and Reilly D. J., The Practice of the Bible in the Middle Ages: Production,
Reception, and Performance in Western Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press,
2011)
Brown, M. P. ed., In the beginning: Bibles Before the Year 1000 (Washington, D.C.: Freer
Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2006)
Buettner, Brigitte, ‘Profane Illuminations, Secular Illusions: Manuscripts in Late Medieval
Courtly Society’, The Art Bulletin Vol. 74/1 (1992): 75-90
Bynum, C., ‘Patterns of Female Piety in the Later Middle Ages’, in Jeffrey F. Hamburger and
Susan Marti, eds, Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth
Centuries, trans. by Dietlinde Hamburger (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), pp.
172–90
Camille, M., ‘Seeing and Reading: Some Visual Implications of Medieval Literacy and
Illiteracy’, Art History, 8 (1985), 26–49
———, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1992)
Chartier, R.,“Texts, Printing, Reading”, in The New Cultural History, edited by Lynn Hunt, Los
Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1989, pp. 145-175
Carruthers, M. J., The Book of Memory: a Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990)
Chazelle, Celia M., ‘Pictures, Books and the Illiterate: Pope Gregory’s I’s Letters to Serenus of
Marseilles’, Word & Image, 6 (1990), 138–53
Cohen, Adam S., The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany
(University. Park: Pennsylvania. State University. Press, 2000)
Donovan, Claire, The de Brailes Hours: Shaping the Book of Hours in Thirteenth-Century
Oxford (London: British Library, 1991)
Duggan, L. G., “Was art really the "book of the illiterate?” Word and Image (1989), pp. 227-251
Flora, Holly, The Devout Belief of the Imagination: The Paris ‘Meditationes vitae Christi’ and
Female Franciscan Spirituality in Trecento Italy (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010)
5
Griffiths, Fiona J., The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth
Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007)
Hamburger, Jeffrey F. The Rothschild Canticles: Art and Mysticism in Flanders and the
Rhineland circa 1300 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990)
———, Nuns as Artists: The Visual Culture of a Medieval Convent (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1997)
———, The Visual and the Visionary: Art and Female Spirituality in Late Medieval Germany,
New York: Zone Books and Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998.
Huot, Sylvia, The Romance of the Rose and its Medieval Readers: Interpretation, Reception,
Manuscript Transmission (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
———, ‘Visualization and Memory: The Illustration of Troubadour Lyric in a ThirteenthCentury Manuscript’, Gesta, 31 (1992), 3–14
Hutchison, Ann M., ‘Devotional Reading in the Monastery and in the Late Medieval
Household’, in Michael G. Sargent, ed., De cella in seculum: Religious and Secular Life and
Devotion in Late Medieval England; An Interdisciplinary Conference in Celebration of the
Eighth Centenary of the Consecration of St. Hugh of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln, 20–22 July 1986
(Cambridge: Brewer, 1989), pp. 215–27
Kühnel, B., Carolingian Diagrams, Images of the Invisible”, in Seeing the Invisible in Late
Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, eds. Giselle de Nie, Karl F. Morrison and Marco Mostert
(Turnhout: Brepols, 2000), pp. 359-389
Kumler, Aden, Translating Truth: Ambitious Images and Religious Knowledge in Late Medieval
France and England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011)
Lewis, S., Reading Images: Narrative Discourse and Reception in the Thirteenth-Century
Illuminated Apocalypse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
Lowden, John, The Making of the Bibles Moralisées. I. The Manuscripts, The Making of the
Bibles Moralisées. II. The Book of Ruth (Pennsylvania: University Park, 2000)
Marrow, J. H., Pictorial Invention in Netherlandish Manuscript Illumination of the Late Middle
Ages: The Play of Illusion and Meaning (Paris, Leuven, Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2005)
McKendrick, Scot, ‘Reviving the Past: Illustrated Manuscripts of Secular Vernacular Texts,
1467-1500’, in Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in
Europe (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum), pp. 59-78
Morgan, N.J., Early Gothic Manuscripts 1250-1285: A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the
British Isles, 4.2 (London: Harvey Miller, 1988)
6
Nichols, Stephen G., and Siegfried Wenzel, The Whole Book: Cultural Perspectives on the
Medieval Miscellany (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996)
Pulliam, H.,‘Exaltation and Humiliation: The Decorated Initials of the Corbie Psalter (Amiens
MS 18)’, Gesta 49 (2011): 97-105
Ringbom, Sixten, ‘Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions: Notes on the Place of Art in
Late Medieval Private Piety”, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 73 (1969): 159-70
Rouse, Richard H., and Mary A. Rouse, Manuscripts and Their Makers: Commercial Book
Producers in Medieval Paris, 1200–1500 (London: Harvey Miller, 2000)
Rudloff Stanton, Anne, The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience (Philadelphia:
American Philosophical Society, 2001)
Rudy, Kathryn M., ‘Kissing Images, Unfurling Rolls, Measuring Wounds, Sewing Badges and
Carrying Talismans: Considering Some Harley Manuscripts through the Physical Rituals they
Reveal’, Electronic British Library Journal (2011), 1–56
<http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2011articles/article5.html>
Sandler, L., Gothic Manuscripts, 1285–1385, 5.2 (London: Harvey Miller, 1986)
Smith, K.,“The Neville of Hornby Hours and the Design of Literate Devotion,” Art Bulletin 81
(1999), pp. 93-92
———, Art, Identity, and Devotion in Fourteenth-Century England: Three Women and their
Books of Hours (London: British Library and University of Toronto Press, 2003)
Stanton, A. R., “From Eve to Bathsheba and Beyond: Motherhood in the Queen Mary Psalter,”
in Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence, ed. J. H. M. Taylor and L.
Smith,London: British Library, 1997, pp. 172-189.
Weitzmann, K., Illustrations in Roll and Codex: a Study of the Origin and Method of Text
Illustration (Princeton university press, 1947)
Woods, Marjorie Curry, ‘Shared Books: Primers, Psalters, and the Adult Acquisition of Literacy
among Devout Laywomen and Women in Orders in Late Medieval England’, in Juliette Dor,
Lesley Johnson, and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, eds, New Trends in Feminine Spirituality: The
Holy Women of Liège and their Impact (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), pp. 177–89
7