Supplementary materials
Proximate cause
Bottom-up
Top-down
Mixed top-down and bottom-up
Not clearly defined
Fish mobility
References
Adjeroud et al. (2002); Almany (2004); Berumen and
Pratchett (2006); Booth and Beretta (2002); Cabaitan et al.
(2008); Chabanet et al. (2010); Cheal et al. (2002); Cheal et
al. (2007); Garpe et al. (2006); Graham et al. (2006); Graham
et al. (2007b); Graham (2007); Graham et al. (2008); Halford
et al. (2004); Hart et al. (1996); Jones et al. (2004); Kokita
and Nakazono (2001); Lewis (1997); Lewis (1998); Lindahl
et al. (2001); McClanahan et al. (1999); McClanahan et al.
(2000); McClanahan et al. (2001); McClanahan et al. (2002);
Munday (2004); Pratchett et al. (2006); Riegl (2002);
Robertson (1991); Sano (2000); Sano (2004); Sano et al.
(1984); Sano et al. (1987); Sheppard et al. (2002); Spalding
and Jarvis (2002); Wantiez et al. (2006); Williams (1986);
Wilson et al. (2009)
Abesamis and Russ (2005); Alcala et al. (2005); Amargos et
al. (2010); Azzurro et al. (2010); Beukers-Stewart and Jones
(2004); Beukers-Stewart et al. (2011); Francini-Filho and
Moura (2008); Hawkins and Roberts (2003); Hawkins et al.
(2006); McClanahan (2000); McClanahan and Kaunda-Arara
(1996); McClanahan and Graham (2005); McClanahan et al.
(2006); McClanahan et al. (2007a); Milazzo et al. (2005);
Planes et al. (2005); Roberts (1995); Roberts et al. (2001);
Russ and Alcala (1989); Russ and Alcala (1996a); Russ and
Alcala (1996b); Russ and Alcala (1998a); Russ and Alcala
(1998b); Russ and Alcala (2003); Russ and Alcala (2004);
Russ and Alcala (2010); Russ et al. (2004); Russ et al.
(2005); Russ et al. (2008); Samoilys et al. (2007); Sluka
(2000); Unsworth et al. (2007); Wantiez et al. (1997);
Williamson et al. (2004); Williams et al. (2009); Yasué et al.
(2010)
Raymundo et al. (2007); Syms and Jones (2000); Wilson et
al. (2008)
Chittaro and Sale (2003); Colton and Alevizon (1981);
Graham et al. (2007a); Kulbicki et al. (2007); Molloy et al.
(2010); Nguyen and Phan (2008)
Ault and Johnson (1998); Galzin (1987); Letourneur (1996);
Lewis (1986); McClanahan et al. (2007b); Thompson and
Mapstone (2002);
ESM Tab. 1S. Classification of papers from the literature survey according to the proximate cause
that were given by their authors as being responsible for the observed temporal changes in fish
assemblages in their study.
Studies
Species showing significant temporal changes in abundance
Adjeroud et al. (2002)
Paracirrhites arcatus, Centropyge loriculus, Pseudocheilinus
octotaenia, Ctenochaetus strigosus, Cantherhines pardalis,
Aphareus furca, Chromis iomelas, Chromis margaritifer, Dascyllus
flavicaudus, Dascyllus trimaculatus, Scarus rubroviolaceus, Scarus ,
Lutjanus kasmira, Chaetodon ulietensis
Almany (2004)
Berumen and Prachett (2006)
Chaetodon trifascialis , Chaetodon ornatissimus, Chaetodon
reticulatus, Chaetodon pelewensis
Booth and Baretta (2002)
Cabaitan et al. (2008)
Pomacentrus moluccensi, Pomacentrus wardi, Chrysiptera rollandi
Chabanet et al. (2010)
Cheal et al. (2002)
Cheal et al. (2007)
Chromis weberi, Neopomacentrus bankieri
Pomacentrus lepidogenys, Pomacentrus moluccensis, Pomacentrus
wardi, Pomacentrus bankanensis, Pomacentrus nagasakiensis
Garpe et al. (2006)
Plectroglyphidodon dickii, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus,
Pseudocheilinus hexataenia, Dascyllus carneus
Graham et al. (2006)
Labrichthys unilineatus, Chaetodon lineolatus, Plectroglyphidodon
johnstonianus, Thalassoma hardwicke, Oxymonacanthus
longirostris, Chaetodon trifascialis, Chaetodon melannotus,
Chaetodon meyeri, Plectroglyphidodon dickii, Chromis ternatensis
Chaetodon trifascialis, Chaetodon trifasciatus
Graham (2007)
Graham et al. (2007a)
Graham et al. (2008)
Halford et al. 2004
Hart et al. (1996)
Chrysiptera rex, Pomacentrus coelestis, Chaetodon rainfordii,
Chaetodon trifascialis , Scarus chameleon, Scarus globiceps, Scarus
psitacus, Gomphosus varius, Halichoeres hortulanus, Hemigymnus
fasciatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Acanthurus nigrofuscus ,
Chaetodon kleinii, Chaetodon plebius, Pomacentrus bankanensis,
Acanthurus dussumieri, Chaetodon citrinellus, Chromis
atripectoralis, Neopomacentrus azysron, Chromis nitida
Stegastes lividus
Jones et al. (2004)
Kokita and Nakazono (2001)
Lewis (1997)
Oxymonacanthus longirostris
Lewis (1998)
Cheilodipterus artus, Chromis atripectoralis-viridis, Dascyllus
reticulatus, Pomacentrus moluccensis, Pomacentrus
grammorhynchus, Chaetodon rainfordi
Lindhal et al. (2006)
Plectroglyphidodon dickii, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus,
Dascyllus carneus
McClanahan et al. (1999)
McClanahan et al. (2000)
Sparisoma viride, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Acanthurus coeruleus,
Acanthurus chirurgus, Scarus croicensis
McClanahan et al. (2001)
Lutjanus apodus, Sparisoma viride, Acanthurus coeruleus,
Acanthurus bahianus, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Sparisoma
aurofrenatum, Scarus croicensis
McClanahan et al. (2002)
Munday (2004)
Prachett et al. (2006)
Chaetodon baronessa, Chaetodon lunulatus, Chaetodon trifascialis,
Chaetodon plebeius, Chaetodon rainfordi
Riegl (2002)
Pseudochromis persicus
Robertson (1991)
Acanthurus chirurgus, Acanthurus coeruleus
Sano et al. (1984)
Sano et al. (1987)
Sano (2000)
Sano (2004)
Pomacentrus moluccensis, Atroscalarius fuscus homelas,
Cheiloprion labiatus, Chaetodon trifasciatus, Stethojulis
strigiventer, Chrysiptera cyanea
Cheiloprion labiatus, Oxymonacanthus longirostris, Chaetodon
lunulatus, Labrichthys unilineatus
Sheppard et al. (2002)
Cheatodon trifascialis, Labrichthys unilineatus
Spalding and Jarvis (2002)
Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus, Oxymonacanthus longirostris,
Chaetodon meyeri, Centropyge acanthops, Centropyge multispinnis,
Ctenochaetus strigosus, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus,
Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus, Paracirrhites forsteri, Halichoeres
cosmetus, Parupeneus macronema, Caranx melampygus
Wantiez et al. (2006)
Williams (1986)
Naso lituratus, Scarus ghobban, Scarus gibbus, Cetoscarus bicolor,
Epibulus insidator, Thalassoma janseni, Thalassoma lunare,
Choerodon fasciatus, Stegastes fasciolatus, Pomacentrus wardii,
Abudefduf whitleyi, Chromis margaritifer, Glyphidodontops talboti,
Pomacentrus coelestis, Pomacentrus popei, Chaetodon melannotus,
Chaetodon rainfordi, Chaetodon plebius, Chaetodon aureofasciatus,
Chaetodon baronessa
Wilson et al. (2009)
Abesamis and Russ (2005)
Naso vlamingii
Alcala et al. (2005)
Amargos et al. (2010)
Mycetoperca bonaci, Mycetoperca venenosa, Mycetoperca tigris,
Epinephelus striatus, Lutjanus cyanopterus, Lachnolaimus maximus
Azzurro et al. (2010)
Beukers-Stewart and Jones (2004)
Beukers-Stewart et al. (2011)
Francini-Filho and Moura (2008)
Scarus trispinosus, Sparisoma axillare, Sparisoma amplum, Ocyurus
chrysurus, Mycteroperca bonaci
Hawkins and Roberts (2003) TD
Sparisoma viride, Sparisomaviride, Scarus vetula, Sparisoma
rubripinne, Scarus taeniopterus, Sparisoma aurofrenatum,
Sparisoma atomarium
Hawkins et al. (2006)
McClanahan (2000)
Balistapus undulatus
McClanahan and Graham (2005)
McClanahan and Kaunda-Arara
(1996)
McClanahan et al. (2006)
Sufflamen fraenatus
McClanahan et al. (2007)
Millazo et al. (2005)
Oblada melanura, Epinephelus marginatus, Epinephelus
marginatus, Thalassoma pavo
Planes et al. (2005)
Roberts (1995)
Roberts et al. (2001)
Epinephelus guttatus, Lutjanus mahogoni, Lutjanus apodus,
Sparisoma viride, Acanthurus coeruleus, Scarus taeniopterus,
Acanthurus bhaianus, Haemulon chrysurgyreum, Haemulon
flavolineatum
Russ and Alcala (1989)
Chromis viridis, Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, Lutjanus
decussatus, Chaetodon trifasciatus , Scarus dimidiatus,
Pomacentrus moluccensi, Thalassoma hardwicki, Thalassoma
lunare, Chaetodon baronessa, Chromis ternatensis, Chaetodon
lunula, Chaetodon kleini, Scarus bleekeri, Chaetodon melannotus,
Scarus gibbus, Amblyglyphidodon curacao, Ctenochaetus
tomienensis, Ctenochaetus binotatus, Siganus punctatissimus,
Hemigymnus melapterus, Chaetodon speculum
Russ and Alcala (1996a)
Russ and Alcala (1996b)
Cephalopholis sexmaculatus
Russ and Alcala (1998a)
Russ and Alcala (1998b)
Russ and Alcala (2003)
Cephalopholis sexmaculatus
Russ and Alcala (2004)
Russ and Alcala (2010)
Russ et al. (2004)
Russ et al. (2005)
Russ et al. (2008)
Samoilys et al. (2007)
Sluka (2000)
Unsworth et al. (2007b)
Wantiez et al. (1997)
Williams et al (2009)
Plectropomus leopardus, Lutjanus fulviflamma, Lethrinus atkinsoni,
Parupeneus ciliatus, Choerodon graphicus, Hemigymnus
melapterus, Scarus schlegeli, Scarus sordidus, Naso unicornis,
Siganus doliatus
Zebrasoma flavescens
Williamson et al. (2004)
Lutjanus carponotatus
Yasue et al. (2010)
ESM Table S2. List of studies from the literature review that attributed temporal changes in fish
assemblages to top-down (in bold) and bottom-up (in normal font) proximate causes. The species
recording temporal changes in abundance are listed for each study. The maximum fork length of
each species derived from Fishbase (www.fishbase.org) is used to construct Fig. 2. Note that all
studies used investigated adult life stages. Studies for which no species is listed are those that did
not identify specific species as having changed significantly.
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