SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES LEGENDS
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 1: Normality of the transformed traits
For each trait, the agreement of the distribution of breeding values (family means) after
transforming the traits, is illustrated by a qqplot of the distribution, where the straight line (x =
y) represents the expected relationship between quantiles under exact normality of the
distribution. In all cases the distribution is fairly close to a Gaussian, although for some traits,
some discrepancy with the Gaussian still remains at the tails of the distributions. Trait labels
are ‘long’ (for length) or ‘larg’ (for width) followed by the number of days at which the
measure was taken. Other traits are: number of capsules laid 8 days after maturity (nbcaps8j),
average number of eggs per capsule over 8 days period (nbrew.p), age at maturity (agemat)
and total fecundity over 30 days (fecon30j).
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 2: Effect of the transformation on the correlations
between traits
The relationship among correlations between all pairs of traits is given for the untransformed
vs. transformed traits. Overall the transformations have little effect on the correlations
between traits.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 3: Effect of heterogeneous selection between habitat
types on  among populations.
Same simulations as in Figure 4, but focussing on the estimated proportionality coefficient 
between G and D. The value of  is given for each simulation, as a function of Fst (in x-axis)
according to whether the correction for habitat was performed (P/H, grey circles) or not (P,
black dots), as indicated on the graph. The plain and dashed lines give the average  value and
its 95% CI, expected under neutrality (no selection,  = Fst / (1 – Fst), see Methods in this
paper and in MARTIN et al. in press). Whereas heterogeneous selection between habitats has
an effect on the proportionality test (Figure 4), it has almost no effect on  values in these
simulations (P and P/H are undistinguishable).
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE: Variance components estimates per trait type and
habitats
Average value across traits and populations of the variance components H2 (heritability),
CVG (genetic coefficient of variation) and CVE (environmental coefficient of variation).
Estimations are the same as in CHAPUIS et al. 2007: variance components per population, with
families nested in population, were estimated by using restricted maximum likelihood
methods (REML). Broad sense heritability, H2, is measured by the ratio (b 2)/( b 2+w2) for
each trait and in each population. The coefficient of genetic variation (CVG) and coefficients
of environmental variation (CVE) measured by CVG=(b 2) 0.5/m and CVE=(w2) 0.5/m, where
m is the population phenotypic mean (b 2 and w2 are the variance among families and the
variance among individuals within families respectively. The traits are split into two classes:
early vs. late traits, while the populations are split according to the habitat type (temporary vs.
permanent). The variance components estimates were compared by Wilcoxon tests between
groups of traits and populations, with corresponding P-values given in italic: vertically (early
vs. late traits for each habitat) or horizontally (temporary vs. permanent habitats for each trait
type). The star indicates a significant P-value after a Bonferonni correction for multiple tests.
habitat
type of trait
H2
CVE
CVG
P-value
permanent
temporary
early
0.48
0.35
0.15
late
0.19
0.11
0.18
P-value
0.002*
0.041
early
13.83
11.66
0.96
late
32.38
33.45
0.56
p-value
0.0003*
0.002*
early
11.98
7.47
0.04
late
9.10
4.62
0.07
p-value
0.29
0.18
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA: Estimates of the covariance matrices within and between
populations
All covariance matrices used in this article are genetic covariance matrices estimated from
MANOVA on family means (approximately equal to breeding values, see Methods), after
boxcox transformation obtain Gaussian distributions of breeding values for all traits. Here, we
give the covariance matrix estimates for the one level analysis (“without correction for
habitat” in Table 1): the within-populations covariance matrix (G) and between-populations
covariance matrix (DP), are estimated with df [G] = 244 and df [DP] = 15 degrees of freedom.
Early traits:
Early traits are growth characters of the early stages: the change in shell length from day 0 to
3 (long3) 3 to 19 (long19) and 19 to 33 (long33). The corresponding traits with label “larg”
are the changes in shell width at the same stages.
Estimated G:
long3
larg3
long19
larg19
long33
larg33
long3
0.0035
0.0048
0.0008
0.0006
-0.0005
-0.0008
larg3
0.0048
0.0093
0.0013
-0.0014
0.0007
0.0015
long19
0.0008
0.0013
0.0170
0.0188
0.0026
0.0019
larg19
0.0006
-0.0014
0.0188
0.0285
0.0045
-0.0026
long33
-0.0005
0.0007
0.0026
0.0045
0.0485
0.0557
larg33
-0.0008
0.0015
0.0019
-0.0026
0.0557
0.0891
long3
0.0016
0.0018
-0.0009
-0.0009
-0.0003
-0.0007
larg3
0.0018
0.0028
-0.0002
-0.0012
0.0003
0.0007
long19
-0.0009
-0.0002
0.0040
0.0041
0.0022
0.0031
larg19
-0.0009
-0.0012
0.0041
0.0058
0.0019
0.0020
long33
-0.0003
0.0003
0.0022
0.0019
0.0031
0.0046
larg33
-0.0007
0.0007
0.0031
0.0020
0.0046
0.0076
Estimated D:
long3
larg3
long19
larg19
long33
larg33
Late traits:
Late traits are life history traits (fitness components) of late stages: longmat31 and largmat31
are the length and width 31 days after maturity, nbcaps8j is the number of capsules laid in 8
days, nbrew.p is the number of eggs per capsule laid in 8 days, agemat is the age of maturity
(days) and fecon30j is the total fecundity over 30 days after maturity.
Estimated G:
longmat31
largmat31
nbcaps8j
nbrew.p
agemat
fecon30j
longmat31
0.0005
0.0004
0.0001
0.0008
-0.0010
0.0005
largmat31
0.0004
0.0005
0.0002
0.0007
-0.0014
0.0005
nbcaps8j
0.0001
0.0002
0.0012
0.0001
-0.0023
0.0015
nbrew.p
0.0008
0.0007
0.0001
0.0105
-0.0040
0.0030
agemat
-0.0010
-0.0014
-0.0023
-0.0040
0.0410
-0.0057
fecon30j
0.0005
0.0005
0.0015
0.0030
-0.0057
0.0045
Estimated D:
longmat31
largmat31
nbcaps8j
nbrew.p
agemat
fecon30j
longmat31
0.0002
0.0002
-0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
-0.0003
largmat31
0.0002
0.0002
-0.0002
0.0004
0.0005
-0.0002
nbcaps8j
-0.0002
-0.0002
0.0002
-0.0005
-0.0011
0.0002
nbrew.p
0.0004
0.0004
-0.0005
0.0015
0.0021
-0.0002
agemat
0.0006
0.0005
-0.0011
0.0021
0.0093
-0.0018
fecon30j
-0.0003
-0.0002
0.0002
-0.0002
-0.0018
0.0005