Name _____________________________________________ Period ___ Date ____________ Mrs. Ferrigno
7H Final 2012 Review Sheet Answers
Life Science Review:
1.
a. I hypothesize if you exercise an hour a day your test scores will increase.
b. constants – the person and the test given
c. control – test score before exercising
d. dependent variable (how we measure the results) – test score
e. independent variable (factor being tested) – exercising
2. A variable is a factor being tested.
3. An experiment can only have one variable because others could affect your results, then you wouldn’t know
what caused the results.
4. A model is a representation of something ex. Plastic model of the heart
5. An inference is a prediction based on analyzing data.
6. Wet Mount Slide Directions
a. Place the specimen on the slide
b. Put a drop of water on the specimen
c. Place a drop stain on the specimen if needed
d. Place the coverslip on at a 45o angle to prevent bubbles
7. Place the coverslip on at a 45o angle to prevent bubbles
8. Stain is added to the slide to give the specimen (object you are viewing) color so it can be seen
9. Only use the fine adjustment knob (small) when focusing in high power so you don’t break the lens or slide.
10. To measure the field of view, look at the grid slide under the microscope. The lines are 1mm apart. Count
the number of boxes one row across the center of the field of view.
11. Living things are made of cells and nonliving things are made of atoms.
12. In order to survive all organisms need energy, oxygen, living space, water, homeostasis (proper
temperature).
13. All living things are made of cells, can reproduce, and respond to their environment.
14. The five kingdoms are:
Moneran – unicellular without a nucleus ex. Bacteria and Blue-green Algae
Protista – unicellular with a nucleus ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Fungi – multicellular heterotroph (can’t make its own food) ex. Mushroom and Mold
Plantae – multicellular, autotroph (can make its own food) ex. Flowers, Trees, Ferns
Animalia – multicellular, heterotroph, specialized cells ex. Hydra, Insect, Human
15. Organisms in the same species are more similar than those in the same kingdom.
16. Cell wall- protection and support (bricks)
Cell membrane- controls what enters and leaves the cell (security)
Vacuole- stores food, water and waste (closets)
Cytoplasm- holds organelles and transports materials (rooms and hallways)
Nucleus- controls all activities of the cell and contains genetic material (Principal)
Chloroplast- captures the sun’s energy to perform photosynthesis (Cafeteria)
17. Selectively permeable means only some materials can pass through. Example: Cell membrane – iodine
could pass into the cell but starch couldn’t pass out of it.
18. Diffusion is the movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low until it is evenly
spread. Example: Air freshener from the wall outlet to fill the room
19. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts animal cells do not.
20. DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of the cell, it gives you your traits.
21. A gene is made of DNA and is a segment of a chromosome.
22. See #12
23. All cells reproduce (mitosis), undergo cellular respiration, and transport materials in and out of the cell.
24. Cell division is mitosis.
25. Cell Division is mitosis. Unicellular organisms use it for asexual reproduction. Multicellular organisms use
it for growth and repair.
26. Cancer is the result of abnormal cell division.
27. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction, during which a new organism grows out from the parent then
breaks free to live on its own.
28. Microorganisms are living things that are too small to be seen without a microscope.
Helpful- environmental cleanup, produce food, decomposes dead organisms.
Harmful- cause infectious disease, food spoilage
29. Stimulus- a change in the environment to cause a reaction ex. cold
Response – a reaction to a stimulus ex. Shiver
30. Plants are food for animals and give oxygen to air for animals to use for respiration and animals give carbon
dioxide to the air for plants to use for photosynthesis.
31. See #14
32. Regeneration is the ability to grow missing body parts. Example Starfish regrowing a missing arm.
33. Molting is the shedding of an exoskeleton as an organism is growing.
34. Fungi obtain nutrients by breaking down dead plant and dead animal material.
35. Food provides humans with energy.
36. Complete Metamorphosis: egglarvapupaadult ex. butterfly
Incomplete Metamorphosis: eggnymphadult ex. grasshopper
37. CellTissueOrganOrgan SystemOrganism
38. Cell- basic unit of structure and function of a living thing
Tissue- a group of cells working together ex. Muscle tissue
Organ- a group of tissues working together ex. Heart
Organ system- a group of organs working together ex. Circulatory system
Organism- a living thing
39. Groups of cells make up tissues, group of tissues make up organs.
40. Muscle tissue is the only tissue that can contract.
41. Photosynthesis- green plants use the sun’s energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce food (glucose) and
oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O Sunlight > C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration- combines oxygen with food to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
42. Leaves- perform photosynthesis
Stem- transports materials between the roots and leaves, stores food
Roots- anchor the plant, absorbs water and minerals
Flower – Makes seeds for reproduction
43. Plants take in Carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis.
44. Glucose and oxygen are produced from photosynthesis.
45. Green plants get energy from the Sun and photosynthesis- green plants use the sun’s energy, water, and
carbon dioxide to produce food (glucose) and oxygen. This occurs in the chloroplasts of the cell.
46. Plant reproduction:
Sexual: seeds
Asexual: clippings, underground stems or roots, piece of a plant breaks off
47. Plant Development: seed develops in the fruitseed dispersedseed germinates (seedling)plant
growsFlower develops
48. Fertilization in a plant is when the pollen (sperm) joins with the egg. This results in seed formation.
49. Most of the atmospheric oxygen comes from plants undergoing photosynthesis.
50. See #44
51. Extinction is when a species dies out which happens because they are not reproducing.
52. Most diseases and infections are caused by microorganisms and/or bacteria.
53. The function of the skeletal system is to provide shape, support, movement, store minerals, and produce red
blood cells.
54. The cranium protects the brain.
55. The longest bone in the body is the femur (thigh).
56. The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
57. The function of the muscular system is to allow movement by muscles contracting.
58. Antagonistic muscles work in pairs. As one contracts, the other relaxes.
59. The function of the digestive system is to breakdown food into useable nutrients.
60. Energy in food is measured in calories.
61. Fats help insulate the body and act as stored energy.
62. Carbohydrates- sugars and starches that are used for energy
Proteins- lean meats that are used for growth and repair
Fats- oils and fried foods that are used for stored energy and to insulate the body
63. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces ex. Teeth
Chemical digestion breaks food into simpler substances ex. Enzymes changing starch to sugar
64. Factors that affect your metabolism are age, gender, diet.
65. Scurvy is a disease due to a vitamin deficiency, not taking enough Vitamin C.
66. The function of the circulatory system is to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells and take wastes away
from the cells.
67. Four parts of the blood:
Plasma – liquid portion, dissolves materials for transport
RBC (Red Blood Cell) – Transports oxygen
WBC (White Blood Cell) – Fights disease by engulfing them or producing antibodies to fight them
Platelets – clot blood
68. Left AtriumLeft VentricleBody CellsRight AtriumRight VentricleLungs
69. The function of the excretory system is to get rid of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste.
70. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and create urine.
71. The function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and exchange it with carbon dioxide with the
blood (circulatory system).
72. The nose takes in air, the lungs give oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood, and the
diaphragm controls your breathing.
73. The alveoli give oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
74. Emphysema is when the alveoli lose elasticity and reduce in number, making it harder for you to obtain
oxygen.
75. Oxygen enters the alveoli in the lungs then passes into the capillaries into the blood. It travels to the heart
then the rest of the body. At the body cells the blood picks up carbon dioxide, takes it to the heart then to the
lungs where it passes into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the lungs.
76. The function of the nervous system is to control body activities.
Ex. Coordinate movement
77. Three parts of the brain:
Cerebrum – thinking and movement
Cerebellum – balance
Medulla Oblongata (brain stem) – breathing and heartrate
78. See #29
79. The negative feedback mechanism controls the amount of hormones in your body to maintain equilibrium
(homeostasis).
80. The endocrine system is made of glands which produce hormones. Example: Pancreas produces Insulin
81. A hormone is a chemical that controls certain activities of the body.
82. The nervous system tells the muscles to contract, the muscles contract pull the bones of the skeletal system
for movement to occur.
83. The reproductive system produces gametes (sperm or eggs) to produce offspring.
84. Asexual reproduction- requires one parent, offspring are identical to the parent ex. Mitosis (cell splitting in
two), worm cut each piece grows into a worm, budding (new organism grows out the side of parent), plant
clippings grow new plants
Sexual reproduction- requires two parents, offspring are not identical to the parents ex. joining of a sperm and
an egg and seed production
85. Fertilization is the joining of a sperm and egg to produce a zygote. This occurs in the oviduct (fallopian
tube) of the female.
86. Human Sperm – 23 chromosomes
Human Egg Cell – 23 chromosomes
Zygote (Fertilized Egg) – 46 chromosomes
87. See #83
88. Meiosis is cell division that produces cells with half the regular number of chromosomes to make gametes
(sperm and egg cells).
89. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of creating offspring with a variety of traits.
Asexual reproduction has the disadvantage of producing offspring with identical traits and no variety.
90. Life cycle- changes that occur as an organism grows and develops
91. Cross two hybrid tall pea plants: Tt x Tt
T t
TT
Tt
Tt
tt
Genotype: 25% Purebred Tall, 50% Hybrid Tall, and 25% Purebred Short
Phenotype: 75% tall and 25% short
92. Genetic Engineering is when gene segments are placed into cells giving those cells a new trait. Example
glowing gene from jellyfish put in bacteria makes bacteria glow.
Natural Selection is when those individuals with better traits survive over those that aren’t adapted to their
environment. (Survival of the Fittest)
Selective breeding is when two specific organisms are breed for a desired offspring. Ex. breeding two white
rats to produce white rats.
93. Cloning is using the DNA from one organism to create an exact duplicate. It is a type of asexual
reproduction.
94. Producer (autotroph) – makes its own food with the Sun’s energy ex. Trees
Consumer (heterotroph) – cannot produce its own food, must eat to get energy ex. Cow
Decomposer – breaksdown dead plants and animals and returns nutrients to the soil ex. bacteria and fungi
95. Carnivore – eats only animals ex. tiger
Herbivore – eats only plants ex. cow
Omnivore – eats both plants and animals ex. human
All of these are consumers.
96. A population is all of the same species living in an area.
A community is all the living things within an area.
The ecosystem is the living and nonliving things within an area.
The Biosphere is the living part of the environment.
97. An autotroph produces its own food using the Sun’s energy. Example- plants
98. A heterotroph needs to eat in order to get energy. Example – animals
99. Competition is when organism fight over limited resources (food, water, living space).
This causes those that are best adapted to survive over those that aren’t (survival of the fittest).
100. Ecological succession is when an area changes over time as one species replaces another, for example
grass area becomes a forest.
101. An adaptation is a mutation or trait that allows an organism to survive over others. Ex. camouflage or
being able to survive in different environments
102. We know dinosaurs have existed in the past due to fossil evidence.
103. Global warming is the Earth’s average temperature increasing due to the greenhouse effect from pollution.
104. Humans contribute to global warming by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas).
Prevent by using renewable resources, car pooling, using mass transit (buses and trains).
105. Pollutants make the air quality poor.
106. Fossil fuels are coal, oil, gas and are nonrenewable (take million of years to form).
107. Renewable resources are those that can be replenished in our lifetime or won’t run out, for example solar
energy, wind energy, wood, or running water.
Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced in our lifetime, for example fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gas).
108. Acid rain is rain with a pH of less than 7.
It can lower the pH of the bodies of water destroying the plants and animals that live in them.
109. An experiment is valid if it only has one variable and has been repeated many times.
110. A dichotomous key is a key that is used to classify living things. It is questions or statements that breaks
things into two categories at a time.
111.
A- Seed Coat : Protective covering
B- Cotyledon: Stored Food
C- Embryo root
D- First Leaves
112. Variety in a species is caused by sexual reproduction and mutations.
113. See #101
114. The arrows in a food chain represent the flow of energy.
115. If food supplies decrease the population eating that food source will decrease.
If food supplies increase the population eating that food source will increase.
116. A fossil is an imprint of a once living thing in rock. We can learn about organisms that lived in the past
and are extinct and what their environment was like.
117. Evolution is a change in species over time as they adapt to a changing environment.
118. Some causes of pollution are burning fossil fuels, spraying pesticides, and dumping industrial waste.