Chapter 17
Fat + Lye  Soap (contain lye)
Triglyceride + NaOH  salt of fatty acid
+ glycerin
O
O
R'
C
H2C
O
O
CH
H2C
O
tryglyceride
(fat or oil)
O
C
R
O
+
C
R"
+
H2C
3KOH
HO
CH +
H2C
base
OH
glycerin
R'
K
O
C
O
O K
O
carboxylate salt
(soap)
fats& oils with superheated steam
Additives: dyes, perfumes, creams, oils
Scouring soap: abrasivesilica,pumice,oatmeal
deoderant soap
air blown in
potassium soaps softer, finer lather
Shampoos, cosmetics-fatty acid,
triethylamine
R
O
K
OH
C
C
R"
How soaps work
O
C12H25-
-SO 2-OH
+ NaOH
C12H25-
-S
O- Na +
O
Anionic
disadvantages: acidic solution, hard
water (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+)
water softeners:sodium carbonate,
trisodium phosphate, ion exchange
Synthetic detergents: ABS
alkylbenzenesulfonates, LAS linear
alkylsulfonates
CH3 (CH2)10 CH2O-SO3 H + NaOH 
An alkyl sulfuric acid
CH3 (CH2)10 CH2O-SO3- Na+
An alkyl sulfate salt (a detergent)
surface-active agent
builder: sodium tripolyphosphates,
sodium carbonate, zeolites
optical brighteners
liquid detergents more convenient
LAS
unbuilt liq. detergents: sodium or
triethylamine salts
built: potassium salts
AES alcohol ether sulfates: hydrocarbon
from alcohol, polar from ethylene oxide,
efficient but more expensive
LAS and AES anionic surfactants
Nonionic: alcohol ethoxylates
Builders: phosphates, zeolites, sodium
carbonate
Fillers: sodium sulfate
corrosion inhibitors: sodium silicate
suspension agent:
carboxymethylcellulose
enzymes
bleaches: perborate, sodium perchlorate
optical whitener: flourescent dye
fragrance
coloring agents: bluing effect
Dash: Cleaning agents (anionic
surfactants), water softener (sodium
carbonate), processing aids (sodium
sulfate), washer protection agents
(sodium silicates), soil suspending
agent, fabric whitener, perfume
Tide: biodegradable surfactants (anionic
and nonionic) and enzymes. Forms
activated hydrogen peroxide in the wash
dishwashing detergent: surfactants
automatic dishwashers: caustic
cationic surfactants: fabric softeners,
germicides
bleaches
all-purpose cleaners: surfactants,
ammonia, baking soda, vinegar,
solvents, disinfectants, deoderants
toilet bowl cleaners: sodium bisulfate,
HCl, citric acid to remove calcium
carbonate
scouring powder: silica, surfactant,
bleach
glass cleaners: isopropyl alcohol,
ammonia
drain cleaners: sodium hydroxide, Al,
bleach
oven cleaners: sodium hydroxide
organic solvents: petroleum distillate
paint: pigment, binder, solvent, additives
waxes: beeswax, carnauba wax,
spermaceti wax, lanolin
skin lotion: emulsion of tiny oil droplets
in water
skin cream: tiny water droplets in oil
ingredients: humectants, emollients,
collagen, UV protection
lipstick: similar to skin cream,
antioxidants, bromo acid dyes
mascara: soap, oil, fat, waxes
pigment: iron oxide, carbon,
chromium oxide, ultramarine
eye shadow: petroleum jelly, fats, oils,
waxes, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, dye
deoderant: perfume, germicide
Power Stick: Proplyene glycol, water,
sodium stearate, lauramide DEA,
fragrance, triclosan,
hydroxyethylcellulose, D&C green
No. 5, FD&C blue No. 1
antiperspirant: aluminum or zirconium
chlorides & hydroxides
Power Stick: Aluminum Zirconium
Tetrachlorohydrex Gly.,
cyclomethicone, stearyl alcohol,
hydrogenated castor oil, talc, peg-8
distearate, fragrance
toothpaste:
detergent: soap, sodium laurel
sarcosinate
abrasive: silica, calcium salts, baking
soda
sweetener: saccharin
flavors: wintergreen, peppermint
thickeners: cellulose gum,
polyethylene glycols
perservatives: parabens
plaque: sodium pyrophosphate
fluoride
Colgate Total: Hydrated silica,
water, glycerin, sorbitol, PVM/MA
copolymer, sodium lauryl sulfate,
flavor, cellulose
gum, sodium hydroxide,
propylene glycol, carrageenan,
sodium saccharin, titanium oxide
Perfume: fragrance, solvent
Hair:keratin, protein held together by
hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, disulfide
linkages, hydrophobic interactions,
lubricated with sebum
Shampoo: pH ~5, sodium dodecyl
sulfate, amphoteric shampoo for
children, collagen or keratin
Conditioners: long chain alcohols or
quaternary ammonium salts
Silkience: water, cetyl alcohol,
dicetyldimonium chloride, stearyl
alcohol, sorbitol, ceteareth-20.
phenoxyethanol, stearamidopropyl
dimethyamine, fragrance, steareth100, behenyl alcohol, panthenol,
fluoroquaternary, FD&C red No. 4,
FD&C yellow No. 10
Hair coloring: temporary Vs permanent
Permanent:
reducing agent-thioglycolic acid
oxidizing agent-hydrogen peroxide
Hair removers: soluble sulfur
compounds, strongly basic, sodium or
calcium sulfide
Hair restorers: Minoxidil-Rogaine (treat
high-blood pressure)
Problems: 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5,
17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 18,
20, 22, 26, 28, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44,
46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 64, 66,
68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 80, 82, 84, 86