Hess's Law 85. Calculate the standard enthalpy change, Ho, for the formation of 1 mol of strontium carbonate (the material that gives the red color in fireworks) from its elements. Sr(s) + C(graphite) + 3/2 O2(g) SrCO3(s) The information available is Sr(s) + ½ O2(g) SrO(s) Ho = -592 kJ SrO(s) + CO2(g) SrCO3(s) Ho = -234 kJ C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) Ho = -394 kJ Sr(s) + 1 O2(g) 2 SrO(s) + CO2(g) + C(graphite) + O2(g) SrO(s) H° = –592 kJ SrCO3(s) H° = –234 kJ CO2(g) + H° = –394 kJ 88. Three reactions very important to the semiconductor industry are (a) the reduction of silicon dioxide to crude silicon, SiO2 (s) + 2 C(s) Si(s) + 2 CO(g) Ho = 689.9 kJ (b) the formation of silicon tetrachloride from crude silicon, Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g) Ho = -657.0 kJ (c) and the reduction of silicon tetrachloride to pure silicon with magnesium, SiCl4 (g) + 2 Mg(s) 2 MgCl2(s) + Si(s) Ho = -625.6 kJ What is the overall enthalpy change for changing 1.00 mol of sand (SiO2) into very pure silicon? H o moles of product H o f products moles of reactants H fo reac tan ts 91. For each compound below, write a balanced thermochemical equation depicting the formation of 1 mol of the compound. Standard molar enthalpies of formation are found in Appendix J. (a) Al2O3(s) (b) TiCl4( g) (c) NH4NO3(s) 92. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of glucose, C6H12O6(S), is -1274.4 kJ/mol. (a) Is the formation of glucose from its elements exothermic or endothermic? (b) Write a balanced equation depicting the formation of glucose from its elements and for which the enthalpy of reaction is -1274.4 kJ. 94. In photosynthesis, the sun's energy brings about the combination of CO2 and H2O to form O2 and a carbon-containing compound such as a sugar. In its simplest form, the reaction could be written 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) 6O2(g) + C6H12O6(s) Using the enthalpies of formation in Table 6.2, (a) calculate the enthalpy of reaction and (b) decide whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. 99. Iron can react with oxygen to give iron(III) oxide. If 5.58 g of Fe is heated in pure O2 to give Fe2O3(s), how much thermal energy is transferred out of this system (at constant pressure)? 100. The formation of aluminum oxide from its elements is highly exothermic. If 2.70 g of AI metal is burned in pure O2 to give Al2O3 how much thermal energy is evolved in the process (at constant pressure)? 105. M&M candies consist of 70% carbohydrate, 21% fat, and 4.6% protein as well as other ingredients that do not have caloric value. What quantity of energy transfer would occur if 34.5 g of M&Ms were burned in a bomb calorimeter? Chapter 7 5. Tell what happens to atomic size and ionization energy across a period and down a group. 6. Why is the radius of Na+ so much smaller than the radius of Na? Why is the radius of Cl- so much larger than the radius of Cl? 14. Assume that a microwave oven operates at a frequency of 1.00 X 1011 S-1. (a) What is the wavelength of this radiation in meters? (b) What is the energy in joules per photon? (c) What is the energy per mole of photons? 15. IBM scientists have developed a prototype computer chip that operates at 350 GHz (1 GHz = 109 Hz). (a) What is its wavelength in meters? in nanometers (nm)? (b) Calculate its energy in joules. 26. Calculate the energy of one photon of x-radiation having a wavelength of 2.36 nm, and compare it with the energy of one photon of orange light (3.18 X 10-19 J). 32. To eject electrons from the surface of potassium metal requires a minimum energy of 3.69 X 10-19 J. When 600 nm photons shine on a potassium surface, will they cause the photoelectric effect? 37. Which transition involves the emission of less energy in the H atom, an electron moving from n = 4 to n = 3 or an electron moving from n = 3 to n = 1? (See Figure 7.8.) 38. For which of these transitions in a hydrogen atom is energy absorbed? emitted? (a) n = 1 to n = 3 (b) n = 5 to n = 1 (c) n = 2 to n = 4 (d) n = 5 to n = 4 39. For the transitions in Question 38: (a) Which ones involve the ground state? (b) Which one involves the greatest energy change? (c) Which one absorbs the most energy?