Classification and
Kingdoms
Phylogeny
Is the study of the
evolutionary history of a
species...
how it developed over
time.
Phylogenetic Tree
Example
How are living
organisms
organized?
• They are grouped into
categories according to
their similarities
Taxonomy
The science of
classifying organisms
according to their
natural relationships.
Carolus Linnaeus
( 1707 - 1778 )
Swedish naturalist,
devised the system we
still use today. It uses
two names to identify
each species
All Organisms
were classified
and given a
Scientific Name
He placed
structurally similar
animals into groups
he called species
Linnaeus grouped
similar species
into a larger
category called a
genus
( plural: genera )
He grouped
similar genera
into a stilllarger category
called a family
Families make up larger groups
called orders.
Orders make up larger groups
called classes.
Classes make up larger groups
called phyla. (singular: phylum)
Phyla make up the largest
group called a Kingdom.
In Kingdoms
Plantae and Fungi ....
the second-largest group
is called a
Division
instead of a Phylum.
8 Level System of
Classification of Living
Things
(In order from Largest to Smallest)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How can anyone ever
remember all of
these names -AND in the correct order
???
How can anyone ever
remember all of
these names -AND in the correct order
???
There’s a secret to it!
If you can remember
the following
sentence, you can
remember all of these
groups too!
Dashing King
Phillip Came
Over For
Great
Spaghetti
Domains
• Today Scientists have added a new
group called Domains. There are 3
domains: Eukarya
Archaea
Eubacteria
• Domains are larger than Kingdoms so
we now can add DASHING King Philip
Came Over For Great Spaghetti !
Members of a species
can reproduce and
create offspring which
are also capable of
reproducing.
A horse and a donkey can
mate and produce offspring.
However, the offspring
(called a mule) is sterile and
cannot reproduce.
Therefore, horses and
donkeys belong to
different species.
System of Scientific Naming =
Binomial
Nomenclature
Binomial
means “two names.”
Nomenclature
means
“a system of naming.”
Scientific Name =Genus species
• Written in LATIN
• Always Written in
Italics or underlined
• Genus is always written with a
CAPITAL letter
• species is always written with a
LOWER CASE letter
You are a member of :
Homo sapiens.
Your genus is Homo and your
species is sapiens; therefore,
your scientific name is
Homo sapiens.
Your COMMON NAME is Human
Classification of Man:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
You are a
multicellular
mobile
heterotroph
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
We named
ourselves
after our
ability to
think
Examples of
Scientific Names
and their
Common Names
Alligator
mississippiensis
Alligator
mississippiensis
American Alligator
Dichotomous Key
A written set of opposite
choices that is used to
identify a species
Dichotomous Key Example
Does the organism have spines?
If “Yes” continue, if “No” skip to
question 114.
Does the organism have five
appendages (legs)?
If “Yes” continue, if “No” skip to
question 21.
There are:
6
Kingdoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
EXAMPLES
and
CHARACTERISTICS
EuBacteria
= Bacteria (Domain)
Eubacteria
 Unicellular
 Prokaryote
Cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan. (sugar)
Archaebacteria
Domain Archaea
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular
• Live in extreme environments like hot
springs, the dead sea and places with
no oxygen. ( Thermophiles, Halophiles,
methanogens)
• Cell walls DO NOT contain
peptidoglycan.
Protista =
Protozoans
and
Algaes
Protista =
 Unicellular
 Eukaryote
 Mobile and Non-Mobile
 Autotrophs and
Heterotrophs
Fungi =
Mushrooms
Molds and
Yeasts
Fungi =




Multicellular
Eukaryote
Non-Mobile
Heterotroph
Plantae =
Oak Trees and
Roses etc...
Plantae =




Multicellular
Eukaryote
Non-Mobile
Autotroph
Animalia =
Sponges, Humans
Grasshoppers, Cats
etc...
Animalia =




Multicellular
Eukaryote
Mobile
Heterotroph