VERB + - (a)tion = NOUN
to collect – collection to imagine- imagination to translate – translation
to explain – explanation to dictate – dictation
to invite – invitation
to celebrate – celebration
Form corresponding nouns and use them in sentences:
to observe –
to decorate –
to devote -
to educate to protect to co-operate -
to compose to admire to examine -
Guess the meaning:
to add – addition
to multiply – multiplication
to subtract – subtraction
VERB + -sion, -ment = NOUN
1) to move – movement
to develop – development
2) to impress – impression
to depress – depression
to excite –excitement
to agree – agreement to punish – punishment
to discuss – discussion
to divide - division
VERB + - ing = NOUN
read – reading
feel – feeling end – ending greet – greeting meet – meeting
Read the sentences and translate:
1. The crossing is a place in a street where walkers should cross.
2. Her hearing is not very good.
3. The opening of a new school in our street was a holiday for the children and their
parents.
4. The show of children’s drawings at our school was exciting.
There are some other ways to form nouns from verbs. Study the list:
advise –advice
applaud –applause arrive – arrival
behave – behaviour
believe – belief bore –boredom
choose – choice clean – cleanliness
compare – comparison
complain – complaint laugh - laughter
practice – practice
think – thought
grow – growth decide – decision
defend – defence
fly – flight know – knowledge
lose – loss
please – pleasure
repeat – repetition
hate - hatred
ADJECTIVE + - ness = NOUN
kind – kindness ready – readiness bright – brightness lazy – laziness
happy – happiness idle – idleness
Make a noun : useful selfish -
industrious forgetful -
busy -
friendly –
Read the sentences and translate:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The boy’s laziness made him fall behind the rest of the pupils.
Mike’s readiness to help his classmates is pleasant.
The children’s kindness for their grandmother made her happy.
“Your idleness makes me unhappy, Paul,” Mother said.
NOUN + less = ADJECTIVE ! -less means “without”
heart – heartless
care – careless
use – useless
cloud – cloudless home – homeless end – endless
fear – fearless
hope – hopeless
rest – restless
sense – senseless
worth - worthless
Read and translate:
sleepless nights, colourless late autumn days, a helpless puppy, a cloudless sky,
a heartless man, careless work, endless rains, a noiseless machine
Form the adjectives with the suffix – less and use them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The explorers looked very tired after a long………….. night. (sleep)
He was ill and could not sleep, the nights seemed ………… .(end)
Everything looks so grey on a ….. late autumn day. (colour)
The sky was …. and bright blue; spring was in the air. (cloud)
A ….. mathematics paper has many mistakes in it. (care)
NOUN + - ful = ADJECTIVE - ful means “full of”.
peace – peaceful
power powerful
hope – hopeful
colour – colourful
use – useful
help – helpful
care – careful
Read and translate:
a delightful story, a peaceful morning, helpful tools, healthful food, careful work, useful
exercises, a faithful friend, a colourful book, a restful place.
Form the adjectives with the suffix – ful and use them:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I liked the story very much. I thought it was…. . (delight)
The morning was beautiful, quiet and …. . (peace)
Milk is …. food. (health)
Be …. when you cross the street. (care)
Complete the sentences, using an adjective ending in –ful or in – less:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The man felt no fear when he went hunting. He was really a … hunter. (fear)
My friend talks all the time. His words are … . (end)
Many racing cars have … engines. (power)
This grass snake is not dangerous at all. It is quite … . (harm)
Children should be … to their parents. (thank)
He made a lot of mistakes in his composition due to … writing. (care)
Bright flowers make the room look … (cheer)
A … person can do nothing for himself. (help)
Only a very … craftsman could make such a beautiful thing. (skill)
From some adjectives which end in –ful or –less it is possible to form a noun ending in –
ness.
Read and translate:
Carefulness carelessness helpfulness helplessness hopefulness restlessness
The prefix dis- forms a word opposite in meaning.
like – dislike
obey – disobey
honest – dishonest – dishonesty pleased – displeased
appear – disappear – disappearance agree – disagree
Form the word with the prefix dis- and use it. Translate the sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The boys were …. with their results in the competitions. (pleased)
We watched the airplane but soon it …. behind the clouds. (appear)
We can’t believe …. people. (honest)
It seems to me that you …. that boy. (like) Why do you?
Those children who …. their parents are naughty. (obey)
The opposites of words can be formed by prefixes: un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-.
1) un- armed – unarmed
healthy popular true willing –
certain attractive fair comfortable –
happy employed 2) in- correct – incorrect direct attentive dependent –
humane visible –
capable 3) im- possible –impossible
perfect polite modest - movable –
proper –
patient 4) ir- relevant -irrelevant
regular resistible responsible 5) il- legal - illegal
logical The prefix re- means “again”.
rewrite
refill
rebuild
replace
re-read
Read and translate:
to rebuild a house
to rewrite an exercise
to re-read a text
VERB + -ance (ence) = NOUN
perform – performance
acquaint – acquaintance enter – entrance
clear – clearance appear – appearance allow - allowance
correspond – correspondence
depend – dependence obey - obedience
Read and translate:
a wonderful circus performance, the entrance to the museum, a very old acquaintance, an
unusual appearance, a necessary preference.
Form the nouns with the suffix -ance and use them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The …. to the theatre was crowded with people. (enter)
The …. of the two teams was greeted by the fans very warmly. (appear)
My…. with him has lasted long. (acquaint)
This lively musical….. will be held on Saturday. (perform)
Form nouns from these verbs:
perform
explore
act
move
divide
prove
grow
hate
invite
invent
arrive
complain
Form nouns and complete the sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The room echoed with the … of children. (laugh)
The … soon became well-known all over the world. (discover)
The work of this hospital fills us with … . (admire)
The hot … lasted two hours. (argue)
The children’s … at the concert was excellent. (behave)
The … of the two teams was greeted by loud cheering. (appear)
Complete each phrase and translate:
a clear … (explain)
an exact … (compare)
terrible … (bore)
strange … (behave)
a wonderful… (fly)
a fair … (decide)
wise … (think)
NOUN + -ous = ADJECTIVE
stormy… (applaud)
an important… (discover)
necessary … (practise)
mystery – mysterious
envy – envious
fame – famous
victory – victorious
nerve – nervous humor – humorous
religion - religious
NOUN + -y = ADJECTIVE
Read the words and guess their meaning:
-ment: excite – excitement, amuse – amusement, move – movement, argue – argument;
-tion: act – action, decorate – decoration, inspect – inspection, devote – devotion;
-ous: danger – dangerous, adventure – adventurous, glory – glorious, joy – joyous.
- th: strong – strength, long – length, wide – width, warm – warmth, wealthy wealth,
deep – depth, broad – breadth.
NOUN + ( c )al = ADJECTIVE
geography – geographical
music – musical
nation – national
tradition – traditional
person – personal
history – historical
conversation – conversational
practice –practical
Read and translate:
its geographical position; his personal example; a musical performance; national dances; a
traditional greeting; conversational language; historical monuments.
Use one of the adjectives with the suffix –( c )al in these sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Our geography teacher told us about the … position of Great Britain.
Independence Day is a very important….holiday in the United States.
Each country has its own … dances and songs, its own … instruments.
Lots of people like to spend their holidays visiting … places.
NOUN + ship = NOUN
membership authorship
fellowship
partnership
sportsmanship leadership
Look up in the dictionary:
ownership
friendship
relationship
companionship
seamanship
Read and translate:
family relationship, valuable partnership, true friendship, the club’s membership, remarkable
companionship, unforgettable comradeship.
Read the words and guess their meaning:
-dom: free- freedom, bore- boredom, king- kingdom, wise- wisdom;
-er: explore- explore, lead- leader, settle- settler.
-ist means “one who follows a certain profession”
NOUN/VERB + ist = NOUN
art – artist type – typist novel – novelist journal – journalist piano – pianist
science – scientist
biology – biologist
chemistry – chemist
NOUN + -ian = NOUN
mathematics – mathematician
history – historian
politics – politician
music – musician
physic - physician
ADJECTIVE + -( i )ty = NOUN
popular – popularity able – ability cruel – cruelty noble – nobility
moral – morality possible – possibility safe – safety curious – curiosity
clear – clarity, simple – simplicity.
Make a noun: rare – rarity
active -
difficult -
human -
Read and translate the sentences:
1. The popularity of figure – skating in our country is big.
2. We hope you’ll show greater ability in your work when you’ve had more practice.
3. When we read stories about the nobility of heroes who fight for the happiness of other
people, we always admire them.
NOUN + -ic = ADJECTIVE
patriot – patriotic
fantasy - fantastic
history – historic
hero – heroic
artist – artistic
Read and translate:
a patriotic war, a heroic deed, a historic place, artistic skill.
Don’t mix! historic /historical: a historic event or place is important because it is
remembered or will be remembered as part of history: a historic building/ a historic meeting
between two great leaders;
historical – connected with the study of history: historical research, a historical novel,
historical events, facts, people etc happened or existed in the past.
The suffix – ward(s) forms adverbs.
forward(s)
toward(s)
backward(s)
Read and translate the sentences:
northward(s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The hunter ran forward towards the tiger he had shot.
The sportsman stepped forward and shot his arrow right into the center of the target.
The man was driving his car northwards towards the new town.
Columbus sailed towards the west. He sailed westwards for many days.
The windows look towards the sea.
Study the meaning of the NOUNS with the suffixes –hood:
boy –boyhood
child –childhood brother – brotherhood neighbour –neighbourhood
VERB + -able = ADJECTIVE
enjoy – enjoyable value – valuable understand – understandable eat – eatable
remark – remarkable drink – drinkable
Read and translate:
an enjoyable visit, drinkable water, understandable sounds, valuable forests,
valuable minerals, eatable food, a remarkable place, to be remarkable for.
Complete these phrases and translate:
a … sea (storm)
a … wonder (nature)
a … phrase (poet)
… streets (centre)
… forests (value)
… behaviour (child)
a … deed (courage)
a … class (friend)
a … sound (metal)
a … place (mystery)
a … armchair (comfort)
an … trip (adventure)
Complete the sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The shop was situated in a … square. (centre)
Gold is a very … metal. (value)
The runner was a man of … build. (athlete)
We studied the … sky through a telescope. (star)
He feels quite … in this warm, light room. (comfort)
Mark Twain wrote many … stories. (humour)
VERB + -ive = ADJECTIVE
describe – descriptive
create – creative
decide – decisive
imagine – imaginative
invent – inventive
instruct – instructive
protect – protective
construct – constructive
Read and translate:
descriptive passages, creative abilities, a co-operative character, an inventive mind,
imaginative writings, a communicative language, decisive steps, a protective covering, a
constructive idea, an instructive book.
Read the words and guess their meaning:
-tion ( -sion ): inform – information, discuss – discussion, observe – observation;
-an: history – historian
-y: health – healthy, fur – furry
un-: fair – unfair, believe – unbelievable, lock – unlock
-ness: yellow – yellowness
-ence: differ – difference, defend – defence, depend – dependence, obey – obedience
-en: dark – darken, wide – widen, light –lighten, white –whiten
-ive: create – creative
impress - impressive
ADJECTIVE (-ant,-ent) + -ance,-ence = NOUN
important –importance
different – difference
Read and translate:
to be of great political significance; a short absence; a surprising patience; regular attendance
at lessons; differences between the regions.
NOUN/ADJECTIVE + -ize = VERB
central – centralize
sympathy – sympathize
special – specialize
critic – criticize
memory – memorize
popular – popularize drama – dramatize
character – characterize
Read and translate:
to criticize some works of art; to sympathize with a person’s feelings; to dramatize a popular
story; to characterize a situation; to memorize a dialogue; to popularize classical music.
ADJECTIVE + -en = VERB
black – blacken
dark – darken
wide – widen
bright – brighten
weak – weaken
broad – broaden
weak – weaken
sharp –sharpen
short – shorten
Read and translate:
to widen a path; to sharpen a knife; to shorten a text; to deepen a canal; to brighten shop
window; to broaden co-operation; to deepen one’s knowledge; to widen the international
trade.
NOUN/ADJECTIVE + -ify = VERB
beauty – beautify
false – falsify
glory – glorify
simple – simplify
clear – clarify
intense – intensify
class – classify
pure – purify
Read and translate:
to simplify a question or a difficult explanation, to beautify a yard with flowers, to glorify
heroic deeds, to intensify efforts, to classify books by subjects, to falsify documents, to
classify a collection of minerals, to clarify thoughts, to purify the water of the rivers polluted
by factory waste.