Name: _____________________________
AP Biology : Willis
Guided Reading 1.5
Chapter 1: Exploring Life
Page 12-16
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea (page12)
1. There seems to be a human tendency to ________________ diverse items according to
_________________. For instance, perhaps you organize your _______________ collection according to
______________. And then maybe you group the various artists into _______________ categories, such
as _____________ music, party music, _________________ music, and study-time music. In the same
way, grouping species that are _________________ is natural for us.
2. We may even sort _____________ into __________________ categories, such as _____________
(which include squirrels) and insects (which include butterflies). _____________________, the branch of
biology that __________________ and ______________________ species, formalizes this ordering of
species into a series of __________________ increasing breadth (Figure 1.14). You will learn more about
this taxonomic scheme in Chapter 25. For now, we will focus on ____________________ and
_______________, the __________________ units of classification.
The Three Domains of Life ( page 13)
3. Until the last decade, most biologists adopted a ____________________ scheme that divided the
diversity of life into ____________ kingdoms, including the plant and animal kingdoms. But new
methods, such as comparing the DNA _________________ of diverse species, have led to an ongoing
_____________________ of the number and __________________ of kingdoms. Different researchers
have proposed anywhere from _________ kingdoms to _________________ of kingdoms. But as debate
continues at the ____________________ level, there is more of a consensus that the kingdoms of life can
now be grouped into _____________ even _______________ levels of classification called ___________.
4. (page 13-14)The first ________ domains, domain __________________ and domain
___________________, both consist of __________________________ (organisms with prokaryotic
cells). Most prokaryotes are _____________________ and microscopic. In the _________ kingdom
system, bacteria and ___________ were ___________________ in a single kingdom, called kingdom
_____________________, because they shared the ___________________ form of cell structure. But
evidence now supports the view that __________________ and archae represent two very ____________
branches of prokaryotic life, different in _______ ways that you’ll learn about in Chapter 27. There is also
_________________ evidence that archae are at least as closely related to ___________________
organisms as they are to bacteria.
5. All the eukaryotes (organisms with eukaryotic cells) are now grouped into the various kingdoms of the
domain __________________ (Figure 1.15). In the era of the five kingdom scheme, most of the singlecelled eukaryotes, including the microorganisms known as _______________________, were placed in a
single kingdom, the kingdom ___________________. Many biologists extended the boundaries of the
kingdom Protista to include some ______________________ forms, such as seaweeds, that are closely
related to certain _____________________ protests.
6. In addition to these __________________ kingdoms the domain _______________ includes ______
kingdoms of ________________________ eukaryotes: the kingdoms of ___________________,
________________, and Animalia. These three kingdoms are distinguished partly by their modes of
_________________. Plants produce their own ___________________ and other food s by
____________________. Fungi are mostly _______________________ that absorb nutrients by breaking
down _____________ organisms and _________________ wastes, such as leaf ______________ and
animal feces. Animals obtain food by _______________________, which is the eating and digesting of
other organisms,.
Unity in the Diversity of Life (page 14)
7. As ___________________ as life is, there is also ______________________ of remarkable
____________, especially at the _____________________ and cellular levels. An example is the universal
___________________ language of _____________, which is common to organisms as different as
__________________ and animals. And among ___________________, unity is evident in many features
of cell ___________________.
8. How can we account for life’s _______________ nature of unity and ______________________? The
process of _________________, introduced in the next concept, illuminates both ___________________
and differences among Earth’s _______________.
9. Figure 1.16 (page 15) Cilia (singular, cilium) are ________________________ of cells that function
in ________________________. They occur in eukaryotes as diverse as the single-celled
______________________ and humans. Draw a picture of the “Cilia of Paramecium” in the space below.
Evolution accounts for Life’s Unity and diversity (page 15)
10. The history of life, as documented by __________________ and other evidence, is a saga of a
changing Earth ___________________ of years old, inhabited by an ___________________ cast of living
forms (Figure 1.17). This evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus in November ___________,
when Charles Robert ____________________ published one of the most important and controversial
books ever written. Entitled ______ _________ ______________________ _____
___________________ _____ _________________ ______
_______________
_________________________, Darwin’s book was an immediate best-seller and soon made “Darwinism”
almost synonymous with the concept of __________________ (Figure 1.18)
11. (page 15-16)The Origin of Species articulated __________ main points. First, Darwin presented
evidence to support his view that contemporary species _______________ from a succession of
_______________________. Darwin called this evolutionary ________________ of species
“_______________ with __________________________.” It was an insightful phrase, as it captured the
_______________ of life’s unity and _____________________- unity in the kinship among species that
____________________ from common ancestors; diversity in the ______________________ that evolved
as species ___________________ from their common ancestors (Figure 1.19).
12. Darwin’s ___________________ main point was to propose a mechanism for ______________ with
_______________________. He called this evolutionary mechanism _________________ ___________.
Natural Selection (page 16)
13. Darwin synthesized his theory of ______________ selection from _____________________ that by
themselves were neither new nor profound. Others had the pieces of the puzzle, but Darwin saw how they
fit together. He __________________ natural selection by connecting __________ readily observable
________________ of life.
OBSERVATION # 1: (UPPER RIGHT CORNER OF PAGE 16)
14. Individual Variation: Individuals in a ____________________ of any species ____________ in
many heritable traits.
OBSERVATION # 2: (UPPER RIGHT HAND CORNER OF PAGE 16)
15. Overproduction and Competition: A population of any species has the ________________ to
produce ________ more offspring than will survive to produce _______________ _____ _________
________. With more individuals than the environment can ___________________, competition is
_____________________.
16. INFERENCE: UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS: From the observable facts of heritable
variation and ____________________ of offspring, Darwin _________________ that individuals are
____________________ in their ______________________ of surviving and ____________________.
Those individuals with ______________________ traits _______________ suited to the local environment
will generally produce a ______________________________ large number of healthy, fertile offspring.