Biology !! Final Exam Review –
Evolution
Darwin’s theory of natural selection
Fitness
Genetic variation and mutation
Adaptation
Artificial selection
Evidence for evolution
MRSA, cychlids
H-W equilibrium
Genetic drift, gene flow, bottleneck,
founder’s effect
Phylogenetic trees
Types of selection
Sickle cell anemia and connection to
variability of genotypes/phenotypes
Macroevolution vs microevolution
Using species concepts to determine
speciation
Reproductive isolation: pre and post
types
Sympatric, allopatric
Punctuated equilibrium vs.
gradualisms
Interpreting phylogenetic treesmany
Origin of life hypotheses
Miller and Urey
Early molecules and their formation
Classification of life and correlation
to evolution
Cladograms, systematics
Paralogous vs orthologous genes
Pseudogenes
Clades, derived characters
Bioinformatics
Reading nucleotide sequences to
determine
relatedness
Polyphletic, paraphletic,
monophyletic
Themes of Biology/Intro. to Biology
Review the themes of Ch. 1
Life’s hierarchy of organization
Observation vs. inference
Scientific method, purpose of models
Three domains of life
Chemistry of Life/Energy of Life/Cells
Structure and properties of water
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Organic chemistry basics
Metabolism
Dehydration/hydrolysis
Catabolic/anabolic
Exergonic/endogonic
Entropy/Free energy
Cell size limits
Organelles
Endomembrane system
Fluid mosaic model
Active vs. passive transport
Movement of water through
membrane
ATP, ATP cycle
Enzymes
Cell respiration equation
Photosynthesis equation
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC, chemiosmotic
phosphorylation
Energy carriers
Fermentation
Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis action spectrum
Light and dark reactions
Cell Communication/Cell
Reproduction
Purpose of cell signaling
Basics of signaling
Mitosis, meiosis, purpose and
processes
Cell regulation
Sexual vs. asexual reproduction
Independent assortment
Crossing over and the frequency of it
Mendel and his work
Probability problems using rule of
addition and multiplication
DNA, Biotechnology, Gene
Regulation
DNA structure
Replication players/process
Transcription players/process
Translation players/process
The universal code
Inducible/repressible Operons
players/process
Epigenetics
Restriction enzymes
Recombinant DNA technology
players/process
Applications of DNA technology