SBI4U
GRADE 12 UNIVERSITY BIOLOGY - FINAL EXAM REVIEW
(Revised January 2012)
The final exam will be worth 30% of your final mark.
There are a total of 102 marks on the exam:
-44 marks are for multiple choice questions, and
-58 marks are for short answer questions (with some fill-in-the-blank)
*You will need an HB pencil for the multiple choice section of the exam.*
*Calculators are permitted, but no other electronic devices or dictionaries.*
Use the following list of topics/terms to focus your studies. The textbook, your class notes, unit in review sheets, tests,
quizzes, and assignments are all excellent resources. Good luck!!
**Please remember to bring your textbook to the final exam.**
Unit 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY
Nelson Biology 11: Sections 1.2-1.4 and 2.2-2.8
[about 25% of the exam]
Nelson Biology 12: Sections 1.2-1.4
•the major structures/organelles of plant and animal cells, and their functions
•the basic structure (including polarity), major types, and functions of: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
•recognize the following functional groups and in what types of macromolecules they occur: hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
•the types of reagents or tests used to test for the presence of monosaccharides, proteins, starch, lipids
•the basic structure of the cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)
•methods of transport across the cell membrane (passive and active)
•basic structure & function of enzymes, as well as factors affecting the rate of activity
•examples of technological applications related to enzyme activity in the food & pharmaceutical industries
Other Key Terms:
protoplasm, cytoplasm, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, chromosomes, genes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), nucleolus,
ribonucleic acid (RNA), selectively permeable membrane, cellular respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
vesicles, plastids, vacuole, turgor pressure, macromolecules, dehydration synthesis, polypeptide, denature
coagulation, Brownian motion, concentration gradient, isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution,
homeostasis, exocytosis, endocytosis, pinosytosis, phagocytosis, tertiary or quaternary level of protein
structure, substrate, substrate-enzyme complex, active site, induced-fit model, cofactors, coenzymes, allosteric
site, competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors, activators, feedback inhibition
Unit 2 - METABOLIC PROCESSES
[25-30% of the exam]
Nelson Biology 12: Section 1.3; Chapter 2 (2.1-2.3); Chapter 3 (3.1-3.6)
•what are the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics? how do they explain energy transfer in the cell during
cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
•describe the structure of a leaf and how it relates to photosynthesis
•describe the major structures of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and what their functions are during
respiration and photosynthesis, respectively
•describe the chemical changes and energy conversions associated with:
-aerobic cellular respiration
-anaerobic cellular respiration (ethanol fermentation & lactic acid fermentation)
-photosynthesis
•role of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD and NADP+
•for each stage of cellular respiration & photosynthesis, know the structures involved, the major reactants & products, as
well as the relative amounts of coenzymes and ATP used or produced
•processes and energy transfer in protein and lipid catabolism
Other Key Terms:
energy, metabolism, kinetic energy, potential energy, work, bond energy, potential energy diagram, activation
energy (EA), transition state, entropy, Gibbs free energy, exergonic reaction, endergonic reaction, catabolic,
anabolic, redox reaction, reduction, oxidation, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, isomerization, decarboxylation,
photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes,
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC), electrochemical gradient, proton-motive force (PMF),
chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, deamination, ßoxidation, proton pump, photolysis, Calvin cycle, light and dark reactions, cyclic phosphorylation, noncyclic
phosphorylation
Unit 3 - MOLECULAR GENETICS
[25-30% of the exam]
Nelson Biology 12: Chapter 4, (4.1-4.3); Chapter 5 (5.1-5.7 only) Chapter 6 (6.1, 6.3, 6.4 only)
•describe the contributions to our knowledge of DNA structure & function and interpret experimental results of: Friedrich
Miescher, Joachim Hammerling, Frederick Griffith, Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase, Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin,
Maurice Wilkins, James Watson & Francis Crick, Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl
•compare structures and functions of DNA and RNA, and explain their roles in protein synthesis
•describe the current model of DNA replication (including all of the relevant enzymes)
•central dogma of molecular genetics
•describe the contributions to our knowledge of protein synthesis and interpret experimental results of: Archbald Garrod,
George Beadle & Edward Tatum, Vernon Ingram
•explain the steps involved in protein synthesis (transcription & translation)
•control of genetic expression in eukaryotic cells: posttranscriptional modifications
•control of genetic expression in prokaryotic cells: lac operon, trp operon
•types of mutations, causes & their effects
•describe the following biotechnological tools & techniques
-restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)
-gel electrophoresis
-plasmids, plasmid digestion, plasmid maps
-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
-Sanger dideoxy method of DNA sequencing
Other Key Terms:
antiparallel, semiconservative replication, DNA polymerase I, II, and III, DNA ligase, DNA helicase, DNA gyrase,
leading strand, lagging strand, Okazaki fragment, translation, transcription, mutagens
Unit 4 - HOMEOSTASIS
[about 20% of the exam]
Nelson Biology 12: Chapter 7 (7.1-7.7); Chapter 8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.5 only), Chapter 9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.4 only)
•describe types of feedback mechanisms in living organisms
•describe the anatomy and physiology of these systems and explain how they interact to maintain homeostasis:
endocrine system
-excretory system
-endocrine system
-nervous system
•explain how reproductive hormones act in human feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
•describe how the human body maintains homeostasis with respect to the following:
-water balance (in particular how is urine formed?)
-body temperature (thermoregulation)
-stress
•electrochemical impulse
-action potential: changes in membrane potential
-synaptic transmission
-
Other Key Terms:
homeostasis, dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback, positive feedback, thermoregulation, hypothalamus,
deamination, urea, uric acid, contractile vacuole, nephron, filtration, reabsorption, secretion, interstitial fluid,
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), osmoreceptors, aldosterone, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles,
peritubular capillaries, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, pituitary gland,
adrenaline (epinephrine), glucagon, testosterone, estrogen, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system,
autonomic nervous system, neurons, synapse, acetylcholine
Unit 5 - POPULATION DYNAMICS
Nelson Biology 12: Chapter 14, Chapter 15
[0% of the exam]