AP European History
Exam, Unit 13
1. All of the following characterize existentialism EXCEPT a. writings that show the isolation of one human being from another b. intellectual ties to the nineteenth-century philosophers Kierkegaard and Nietzsche c. acceptance of the responsibility of humans for their choices d. a buoyant optimism about human existence and perfectibility e. writings that reflect the conditions of the twentieth century
2. Which of the following is NOT typical of social conditions as they have evolved in twentieth-century
Western Europe? a. A trend toward smaller family size b. A rise in the number of women who are employed full-time outside the house c. An increasingly rigid class structure d. The emergence of a “consumer society” e. A declining rate of infant mortality
3. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the postwar economic recovery in Western Europe from
1945 to 1965? a. The Marshall Plan b. The presence of many educated and skilled workers c. A rapid rise in the standard of living in most Western European countries d. The decline in the relative value of the American dollar e. The formation of the European Coal and Steel Community
4. Which of the following is true of both the 1956 revolt in Hungary and the 1968 revolt in
Czechoslovakia? a. Each was a popular grass-roots attempt to establish an American-style democracy. b. Neither received assistance from the United States because they were within the Soviet sphere of influence. c. Each received the military and political support of the Warsaw Pact members. d. Neither had indigenous leadership; they were led by émigré political figures. e. Each resulted in an increase in individual freedom.
5. By 1948 Soviet-dependent regimes existed in all of the following countries EXCEPT a. Bulgaria b. Hungary c. Poland d. Romania e. Yugoslavia
6. The immediate aim of the Truman Doctrine of 1947 was to a. promote the economic recovery of Europe b. block the spread of communism in France and Italy c. prevent the overthrow of the Greek and Turkish governments d. bring about Soviet withdrawal from Czechoslovakia e. forestall Soviet plans with regard to West Germany
7. The Western Allies and the Soviet Union agreed to all of the following measures to be implemented after the Second World War EXCEPT a. the disarmament of the German military b. the placing of Germany under the control of the United Nations c. a denazification program d. an international trial at Nuremberg of major Nazi leaders e. the division of Berlin into four occupation zones

8. Nikita Khrushchev’s program of de-Stalinization involved all of the following EXCEPT a. curbing the power of the political police b. attacking Stalin’s cult of personality c. disbanding agricultural collectives d. reestablishing the primacy of the Communist party e. loosening controls over culture and society
9. Which of the following was a major achievement of Soviet society during the Khrushchev years? a. Soviet space successes exceeded those of the United States. b. The Five-Year Plans achieved their goals. c. The virgin lands program resulted in Soviet agricultural self-sufficiency. d. Construction of new housing units equaled that of the United States. e. Press censorship was ended.
10. Which of the following was a result of the Marshall Plan? a. United States political and economic influence increased in Western and Southern
Europe. b. The boundaries of European nations were redrawn along ethnic lines. c. Germany was divided into four zones, each zone controlled by one of the Allies. d. Eastern Europe joined the Common Market. e. European colonies in Asia and Africa achieved independence.
11. Which of the following resulted from the close relationship between science and government in industrialized nations during the Second World War? a. The pace of discovery and invention noticeably slowed. b. Specialization decreased. c. Much scientific research became financially dependent on military funding. d. Fewer students were interested in scientific training. e. The benefits of scientific advances were no longer questioned.
12. A major goal of the European Economic Community was to a. promote ethnic autonomy within the member countries b. prevent the reassertion of German industrialism c. achieve the industrialization of Africa and Latin America d. stop labor migration within Western Europe e. coordinate industrial and agricultural policies of the members
13. During the 1950’s many Western European countries experienced a. acute poverty due to a series of food shortages b. rising mortality rates due to deterioration in health care c. a significant rise in the unemployment rate d. strict governmental controls over the size of families e. a rapid increase in the birth rate
14. Konrad Adenauer, Alcide de Gaspari, and Robert Schumann were alike in their: a. leadership of the Christian Democratic parties in their respective countries after 1945 b. refusal to cooperate with American policies in Europe after 1947 c. determination to lessen Western European dependence on the United States after 1970 d. advocacy of totalitarian governments for postwar Europe e. establishment of socialist political parties in Europe after 1945
* Hungary
* East Germany
* Poland
* Czechoslovakia
15. The nations listed above after 1955 were all: a. ethnically Slavic b. predominantly agricultural c. members of the original Common Market d. practitioners of capitalist economics e. members of the Warsaw Pact

16. The indentations at points X and Y on both sides of the graph above are best explained as the result of: a. drought and poor crop yields during the First and Second World Wars b. low number of births during the First and Second World Wars c. influenza epidemics following the First and Second World Wars d. deportation of French citizens by Germany during the First and Second World Wars e. military losses suffered by France in the Indochinese and Algerian wars
17. Which of the following is true of the Catholic Church’s Second Vatican Council (1962)? a. It reaffirmed the Syllabus of Errors. b. It promoted dialogue with other faiths. c. It authorized the marriage of priests. d. It was opposed by John XXIII. e. It decreed that Mass be said in Latin.
18. The primary instrument of economic integration in Western Europe since the Second World War has been the: a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) b. European Union (EU) c. World Bank d. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) e. United Nations
19. Which of the following statements about twentieth-century existentialists like Albert Camus and Jean-
Paul Sartre is true? a. They questioned the efficacy of reason and science in understanding the human condition. b. They counseled an integration of Christian principles into everyday life. c. They promoted the development of nuclear technology. d. They advocated a return to the ideals of the Enlightenment. e. They advocated nationalism and the strengthening of the individual nation-states.
20. In the 1960s a factor that distinguished Soviet social structure from the societies of advanced industrial natio ns in Western Europe was the Soviet Union’s: a. lack of linguistic and ethnic divisions b. high percentage of workers engaged in agriculture c. rising number of workers in service-sector jobs d. integration of women into the political elite e. system of compulsory education

21. The table above supports which of the following statements? a. In the 1840s the majority of Britons did not live past fifteen years of age. b. The British infant mortality rate was lower in 1841 than in 1967. c. The average age of Britons at first marriage was lower in 1967 than in 1841. d. The change in the age composition of the British population between 1841 and 1967 resulted primarily from emigration. e. The average age of the British population was higher in 1967 than in 1841.
“…we are for a socialism that is proper to a highly developed country and is devoid of those repulsive features imposed upon our country by a handful of narrow-minded, dogmatic, power-hungry careerists and unscrupulous despots. We have no reason to assume an anti-Soviet attitude insofar as the Soviet
Union’s internal policy is concerned. We object only to brutal interference in the affairs of other nations.”
22. This passage reflects the attitude of: a. an Italian fascist in 1925 b. a Germany communist in 1929 c. a Spanish anarchist in 1936 d. a British Tory in 1937 e. a Czech dissident in 1969
23. During the 1950s many Western European countries experienced: a. a significant rise in the unemployment rate b. strict governmental controls over the size of families c. a rapid increase in the birth rate d. rising mortality rates due to deterioration in health care e. acute poverty due to a series of food shortages
24. “Inasmuch as the regime, because of its rigidity, will find it increasingly more difficult to raise industrial output, it is obvious that the standard of living in many sectors of our society may be threatened.” This statement was most likely written by a contemporary observer of: a. France after the death of Robespierre b. Nazi Germany after the purge of the SA (stormtroopers) c. Western Europe during the 1968 student revolts d. the Soviet Union at the time of Brezhnev e. Great Britain at the time of Margaret Thatcher
25. As described in the Treaty of Rome (1957), the European Economic Community most closely resembled: a. a military alliance b. a federal form of government c. an international court of law d. a tariff union e. a communications corporation

26. One of the first actions taken by Mikhail Gorbachev when he became leader of the Soviet Union in
1985 was to: a. dismantle the communist system in which he no longer believed b. propose a series of reforms designed to save the failing communist regime c. purge political opponents in both the Soviet Union and Eastern European nations d. expand Soviet military commitments in Afghanistan and Eastern Europe e. stamp out democratic movements throughout the Soviet bloc
27. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) moved its headquarters in the 1960s because: a. de Gaulle wanted to build a French military policy independent of NATO b. the Soviet Union was becoming increasingly aggressive c. Great Britain offered a base for NATO military operations d. West Germany was already occupied by three Western powers e. Adenauer wanted to strengthen the status of Bonn as the capital of West Germany
28. After the death of Stalin, Khrushchev modified Soviet policy by: a. emphasizing the production of consumer goods b. ending censorship of newspapers and books c. privatizing heavy industry d. eliminating the death penalty e. bringing the Cold War to an end
29. All of the following were major goals of the European feminist movement of the late 1960s and early
1970s EXCEPT: a. expanded employment opportunities for women b. better and more affordable child-care facilities c. suffrage for women over the age of 21 d. reform of civil legislation on marriage and divorce e. improved access to birth control information and technology
30. A major goal of the 1991 Maastricht Treaty was to: a. adopt a single language and curriculum for all European Union schools b. negotiate trade accords between the European Union and North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) c. unify all of the European Union national armies into a single force d. create a single currency and central bank for the European Union e. empower the International Court of Justice as the Supreme Court of Europe
31. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 demonstrates: a. the ongoing conflict between the United States and Western Europe b. the end of the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union c. a last-ditch effort to avoid war in Bosnia d. further efforts toward European economic integration e. the triumphant return of leftist governments to Western Europe
32. After the Second World War, Western European governments employed which of the following to avoid the type of widespread social unrest that had plagued them in the interwar period? a. paramilitary police forces b. use of slogans and propaganda to build popular support c. providing extensive social welfare benefits d. exploiting the "generation gap" to win votes e. adopting a Stalinist model of economic development
33. Which of the following nations was least willing to grant independence to its colonial possessions following the Second World War? a. Great Britain b. France c. Netherlands d. United States e. Italy

34. A major grievance of student protestors in 1968 in Paris was: a. the overcrowding of student classrooms and dormitories b. government expansion of elderly pensions at the expense of student loans c. the lack of consumer goods, such as televisions and automobiles d. the resignation as president of the beloved war hero Charles DeGaulle e. the increasing cultural influence of the United States
35. Following the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991, which of the following leaders prompted a series of wars by claiming land for Serbia? a. Franjo Tudjman b. Slobodan Milosevic c. Lech Walesa d. Alexander Dubcek e. Janos Kadar
36. All of the following are associated with the feminist movement following the Second World War
EXCEPT: a. equality with men in holding high political office b. an increase in the number of women working outside the home c. the publication of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex d. increased access to birth control and a decline in the birth rate e. the elimination of laws prohibiting divorce and abortion
"We are convinced that society can no longer be saved without strong and vigorous resolutions on the part of the Governments in establishing the principle of stability. Union between monarchs must now be followed to save society from total ruin. Let them be just, but strong; beneficent, but strict. Let them maintain religious principles in all their purity, and not allow the faith to be attacked."
37. Which of the following political figures is associated with these words and in what context? a. Louis XIV, legitimating his claim to the Spanish throne b. Robespierre, calling for the execution of Louis XVI c. Metternich, justifying the Concert of Europe d. Bismarck, exalting the unification of Germany e. Khrushchev, defending the invasion of Hungary
38. Which of the following eastern European nations was the most dissatisfied with Soviet rule after the
Second World War and was the first to overturn its communist government in 1989? a. East Germany b. Romania c. Poland d. Bulgaria e. Czechoslovakia
39. Which of the following was a major result of the Catholic Church’s Second Vatican Council (1959-65)? a. dialogue toward common understandings with Protestants was promoted b. the Papacy agreed to share much of its power with Church councils c. John Paul II, the first non-Italian in centuries, was elected Pope d. the Church softened its opposition to birth control and abortion e. the Soviet Union and United States entered into a period of détente
40. Which of the following was a major political goal of President Charles DeGaulle of France (1958-69)? a. creating a partnership with Great Britain in European affairs b. excluding Germany from entrance into pan-European institutions c. pursuing a foreign policy independent of the two superpowers d. maintaining a strong presence in France’s African and Asian colonies e. creating a coalition with France’s left-wing political parties

41. “We must be ever vigilant, applying pressure when needed and make sure every move made by the
USSR is met with a counter move.” This statement summarizes the key elements of: a. the containment policy pursued by the United States b. the financial plan conceived by George Marshall c. the recommendation of the French communist party to De Gaulle d. Mao Zedong’s statement against Stalin e. Poland’s foreign policy under Gomulka
42. Which two countries laid the foundation for peace and prosperity in the post-World War II era by reaching out to cooperate with one another? a. Soviet Union and Great Britain b. Soviet Union and United States c. France and Germany d. Soviet Union and Germany e. France and the United States
43. Decolonization took place after World War II for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. pressure from the United States b. weakness of European economies c. successful indigenous leadership d. German leadership e. ideals of nationalism and self-determination
44. The most difficult challenge facing the European Union in the 1990s has been: a. establishing a parliament b. issuing common passports c. negotiating trade agreements d. drafting a human rights charter e. establishing a common foreign policy
45. The final collapse of the communist party in the Soviet Union in 1991 was triggered by: a. Yeltsin’s murder b. Reagan’s re-election c. a failed coup d. invasion by Ukraine e. a major famine
46. The “Green Party” of the 1980s can best be described as: a. militant environmentalists b. Irish nationalists c. right-wing conservatives d. terrorists e. pro-war
47. The most violent uprising leading to the overthrow of a communist regime in the period 1989-91 took place in: a. USSR b. Czechoslovakia c. Hungary d. Ukraine e. Romania
48. Which of the following statements is an example of Existentialist thought? a. “Certain innate principles comprise human understanding.” b. “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” c. “All are born free and everywhere all are in chains.” d. “Comrades, we must abolish the cult of the individual decisively, once and for all.” e. “A person is the sum of his or her acts.”

49. Which of the following best describes the condition of guest workers in post-Second World War
Europe? a. They were given little opportunity to achieve citizenship in many host countries. b. They were integrated into the host country’s society. c. They were employed on short-term contracts for highly skilled technical jobs. d. They were concentrated in the well-paid service sector. e. They were invited to Europe as part of the decolonization process.
50. The movements of nineteenth-century German unification and of late twentieth-century German reunification were similar in that both: a. depended on the role of warfare to accomplish political ends b. disregarded the claims of legitimate rulers c. violated principles of German law d. created fear about the disruption of the European balance of power e. intensified internal class conflict
51. The Russian political cartoon above from the Cold War era ridicules the motivation of the: a. Marshall Plan b. Berlin Airlift c. Warsaw Pact d. Hungarian revolt e. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
52. Pope John Paul II (1978-2005) did which of the following? a. Reversed the Second Vatican Council’s outreach to other religions. b. Liberalized Roman Catholic teachings regarding birth control and abortion. c. Supported the Solidarity labor movement in Poland. d. Embraced capitalism as a means to human freedom. e. Promoted women to positions of leadership in the Roman Catholic Church.

53. The primary message of the cartoon above is to show Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s: a. readiness to use violence to implement her domestic policy b. support for radical feminist ideas in her policies and methods c. agreement with the economic policies of the Labour Party d. determination to overcome the opposition of organized labor e. desire for radical industrial reform in Western Europe
54. Nikita Khrushchev did which of the following? a. Denounced Stalin’s cult of personality. b. Permitted withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. c. Completed collectivization of agriculture. d. Privatized industry and transportation. e. Eliminated the secret police.
55. Which of the following best describes a primary goal of the Christian Democratic parties in Western
Europe after the Second World War? a. Elimination of the welfare state b. Separation of church and state c. Continuation of a strong anticommunist foreign policy d. Maintenance of ethnic and national boundaries e. Establishment of a worker controlled state
56. The Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) is associated with all of the following
EXCEPT a. military intervention in the Falkland Islands b. cuts in government spending for education and health programs c. government ownership of heavy industry d. reduction in income taxes to spur investment e. criticism of the political power of labor unions
57. The term “Prague Spring” refers to the a. impact of the French Revolution on Czech intellectuals b. uprising in Prague in 1848 c. founding of the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918 d. liberation of Czechoslovakia from the Nazis in 1945 e. reforms by the Czechoslovak government in 1968

58. Which of the following occurred as a result of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) oil embargo of the 1970s? a. A rapid rise in inflation and unemployment in the developed world b. The overthrow of the Saudi Arabian monarchy c. A peace treaty between Israel and Jordan giving Jordan control of Jerusalem d. An increase in the volume of world trade e. The expansion of OPEC to include the Soviet Union
59. Which of the following triggered the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991? a. Subversion by the United States and its European allies b. The failure of a hardline coup and Boris Yeltsin’s subsequent challenge to Mikhail
Gorbachev’s leadership c. The resistance of Soviet leaders such as Mikhail Gorbachev to necessary reforms in the Soviet system d. The failure of the Soviet Union to modernize its military forces and its intelligence apparatus e. The political alliance of Mikhail Gorbachev and Andrei Sakharov
60. Which of the following did European nations commit to when they signed the Treaty of European
Union (Maastricht Treaty) in 1992? a. The adoption of a single official language for Europe b. A new agricultural policy to increase productivity c. A united effort to promote basic human rights outside of Europe d. The introduction of a common currency e. The establishment of a unified military force for all member nations
61. Political violence and armed conflict in the first and last decades of the twentieth century resulted from disputes over the status of what territory? a. Alsace-Lorraine b. Poland c. Belgium d. Romania e. Bosnia
62. Despite the wartime leadership of Conservative prime minister Winston Churchill, the Conservative
Party was defeated by the Labour Party in the British elections of 1945 largely because of a. widespread frustration over the failure of Britain to develop the atomic bomb b. fear that Churchill would prove weak in postwar dealings with the Soviet Union c. concern that Churchill and the Conservative Party would not do enough to alleviate economic hardship in postwar Britain d. worries that joining the United Nations would make it impossible for Britain to have an independent foreign policy e. popular desire to maintain British imperial rule in India for as long as possible
63. Which of the following was most directly responsible for the founding of the Fifth Republic in 1958? a. Economic recession b. The Suez Crisis c. The French defeat at Dien Bien Phu d. Political conflict over the war in Algeria e. The resignation of Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle