1. Minerals are rocks that have their atoms lined up in a crystal pattern.
2. Molten rock that flows on the surface of the Earth is lava.
3. What are the three main types of rocks? Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary.
4. Molten rock that is below the surface of the Earth is Magma.
5. Molten rock with lower amounts of silica flows faster than molten rock with higher amounts of silica.
6. As lava cools, it changes form and becomes a solid igneous rock.
7. If lava has more silica, it will move slower than lava with less silica.
8. Oil and Natural Gas are formed from ocean plankton that died millions of years ago.
9. Magma that cools and hardens forms an intrusive igneous rock.
10. Lava that cools and hardens forms an extrusive igneous rock.
11. Igneous rocks form from melted rocks.
12. List five ways we use rocks and minerals in our every day life. Toothpaste, cars, toilets, computers, and phones.
13. Because of the heat and pressure required to form metamorphic rocks, they are often found below 16 kilometers.
14. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure.
15. Small amounts of metamorphic rocks are usually found near magma intrusions.
16. Large amounts of metamorphic rocks are usually found underneath large mountain chains.
17. A magma intrusion will heat up the surrounding rocks and form new metamorphic rocks.
18. How do stalagmites and stalactites grow? Water that has natural minerals floating inside slowly drip from the ceilings of caves. Over thousands of years the minerals slowly harden and form rock structures that resemble icycles.

19. Of the following three types of rocks (sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous), igneous is the hardest and sedimentary is the most abundant rock on Earth’s Surface.
20. Sedimentary rocks form from cementation and compaction.
21. Coal is a black, sedimentary rock that is formed from cementation and compaction.
22. Limestone, shale, and sandstone are all examples of sedimentary rock.
23. A footprint of an ancient animal in a rock is called a trace fossil.
24. What is the coolest fossil? Frozen.
25. Superposition states that older layers of rock are below younger layers of rock.
26. Radiometric dating is how geologists determine the age of rocks by measuring the decay of atoms / most accurate.
27. The geologic column is how geologists have organized the entire history of the Earth in chronological order.
28. Coal, Natural Gas, and Oil are all examples of fossil fuels.
29. Caves often form where ancient seas once existed. The seashells left behind for millions of years form limestone and this rock reacts with acids in rain water to form large underground caves.
30. Caves have really neat rock structures in them that look like giant icicles. The ones hanging from the ceiling are called stalactites and the ones sprouting from the ground are called stalagmites.
31. Caves form from slightly acidic ground water slowly seeping through slightly basic rocks underground.
32. Petrified wood forms when water with natural minerals inside slowly fills the pores of wood. Over thousands of years the wood slowly decomposes leaving behind the minerals from the water. The minerals harden and form a rock that looks exactly like the original wood.
33. Amber is tree sap where small insects would occasionally become trapped.
34. Larger animals occasionally became trapped in tar. Tar is actually a surface deposit of thick, sticky oil. This is another example of fossil.
35. How much wood is actually located in petrified wood? 0%.

36. The beginning of the rock cycle is not possible to identify because it is a never ending cycle.
37. Although a volcanic explosion can cause incredible destruction if you live nearby, what positive impact do they provide for our planet’s ecosystems? The volcanic ash provides important nutrients to keep plants growing throughout the world.

Magma
Lava
Igneous
Intrusive
Fossil
Extrusive
Metamorphic
Amber
Sedimentary
Silica
Limestone
Radiometric
Superposition
Petrification
Tar
Trace Fossil
Fossil Fuels
Stalagmite
Stalactite
Rock Cycle