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ARHA 201: Anatolian Civilizations from 9000 to 500 BC
Department of Archaeology and History of Art
Fall Semester, 2009
Tuesday-Thursday 12:30-13:45 CAS 216
Office: SOS 266, ayener@ku.edu.tr
Office Hours : Tuesday 11:00 – 12:00
Phone: 212 338-1369
Professor Dr. K. Aslıhan Yener
Course Description
This introductory lecture series focuses on the archaeological heritage of Turkey
(ancient Anatolia) from the Palaeolithic period through the pre-classical Iron Age. The
archaeological record is presented chronologically and within a broader ancient Near East; but
more importantly, material culture is presented as part of continually changing research
environments that effect interpretations in history and archaeology. The constant change of
ideas through the 20th and 21st century, reorientation of research questions, and reassessments
of data greatly influenced our perception of archaeology. A survey of the major theoretical
issues will be highlighted such as the recent attempts to understand the roots of agricultural
production, the origin of territorial states, and the rise of empires. The core sequences in
Anatolia provided by Çayönü/Göbeklitepe, Çatalhöyük, Atchana/Alalakh, Alaca Höyük, Troy,
Kültepe/Kanesh and Boğazköy/Hattusha will be used to illustrate the dramatic changes taking
place in culture, technology, environment as well as socioeconomic and political trajectories.
Recent excavations will be examined as well as better-known sites.
Readings and Lectures
The readings are listed in the syllabus as required materials. Note that the class will
have powerpoint presentations of visual material some of which are not covered by the
readings. Therefore it is to your advantage not to miss the class sessions since they will appear
on the midterm and finals.
Although most of the readings are available in PDF format, you are encouraged to
familiarize yourselves with the original hard copy publications of monographs, excavation
reports, festschrifts, and periodicals. For this purpose, you are provided with a list of all the
series, journals, and periodicals that are relevant to Anatolianists. Xerox copies of these
materials can be obtained through the library services.
Grade
Evaluation for this course will be based on a map assignment, midterm and a
final. Graduate students will be given a paper topic in addition to the exams (please see
me after class). The grade breakdown is as follows:
Attendance and Map Assignments (15 %). The map assignment will require you to locate
a list of significant geographical features, archaeological sites for a specific time period.
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Midterm (40 %) will cover the first 5 weeks of the course material (Paleolithic through
the Final (45 %) will second half of the semester (Early Bronze Age through the Phrygian
and Urartian Periods). The Midterm and Final will include short identifications, image
identification of 5 slides, and short essay questions.
General References for Anatolia
None of these volumes are assigned as textbooks, but the course will make frequent use
of some of these monographs
Akurgal, E.
2001 The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations. Publications of the Ministry of Culture Art
Series, Ankara.
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2002 Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque.
Yakar, J.
1985 The Later Prehistory of Anatolia. The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.
Oxford: BAR International Series 268(i).
1991 Prehistoric Anatolia The Neolithic Transformation and the Early Chalcolithic
Period. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology 6.
1994 Prehistoric Anatolia The Neolithic Transformation and the Early Chalcolithic
Period. Supplement no. 1. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology.
2000 Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia. Rural Socioeconomy in the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Tel Aviv University Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph
Series 17. Jerusalem: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology.
Tanindi, O. et al.
TAY (Archaeological Settlements of Turkey) Project Database:
http://www.tayproject.org/veritabeng.html. Includes d-bases on Palaeolithic,
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and EBA (Early Bronze Age). Good for bibliographies,
maps, and line-drawings
TAVO. Beıhefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Nr. 73 Anatolien. (volumes 12 include site inventories and bibliography for Early, Middle, Late Bronze and
Iron Ages)
Sevin, V.
2003 Eski Anadolu ve Trakya. Baslangicindan Pers Egemenligine Kadar. Atlasli
Büyük Uygarliklar Ansiklopedisi. Iletisim Yayinlari, Istanbul.
* Turkish version of Facts-on-File series for Anatolia, text only in Turkish; you
may consult for images.
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Course Schedule
WEEK 1
Sep.29th Tuesday: Introduction, requirements and bibliography; terms, periodization and
chronological sequence.
Required readings
Mellink, M. J.
1992 Anatolian Chronology. In Chronologies in Old World Archeology, edited by R.W.
Ehrich, pp. 207-220. 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. [also consult
related chronology charts in vol. 2]. The details are not important at this point; pay
attention to the general chronological scheme and the mode of reasoning.
Oct. 1st Thursday: Overview of the natural environment. Human origins, hunters-gatherers,
the Palaeolithic background; Sites: Yarimburgaz Cave, Karain Cave, Öküzini rock shelter.
Required readings
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque. [Read
Chapter 2: Palaeolithic and Mesolithic: pp. 51-66]
WEEK 2
Oct. 6th-Tuesday: The first settled communities and early food production strategies.
Aceramic Neolithic of Southeast Turkey; Sites: Hallan Çemi, Çayönü,
Required readings
Özdoğan, M. and N. Başgelen
1999 Neolithic in Turkey. The Cradle of Civilization. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari,
Istanbul.
[Read Introduction and skim chapters on Hallan Çemi, Cafer Höyük, and Urfa Region,
pp. 13-23, 25-33, 65-86, 87-103]
Roberts, Neil.
1998 The Holocene. Second edition. Blackwell, Oxford. [Read pp. 129-154, 160-192]
Oct. 8th-Thurs: The first settled communities and early food production strategies in
Southeast Turkey (continued). Nevali Çori. New research: Göbekli, Mezraa-Teleilat.
Sedentism vs. Mobile, ancestor and mortuary cults.
Required readings
Schmidt, K.
2000 Göbekli Tepe and the Rock Art of the Near East, TÜBA-AR 3: 1-14
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WEEK 3
Oct. 13th Tuesday: The first settled communities and early food production strategies
(continued). Introduction to the significance of obsidian; Central Anatolian Sites: Aşıklı
Höyük, Musular, Kaletepe-Kömürcü.
Required readings
Balkan-Atlı, N.
1999 Obsidian: sources, workshops, and trade in central Anatolia. In Neolithic in Turkey,
edited by M. Özdogan and N. Basgelen, pp. 133-145. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, Istanbul.
Özdoğan, M. and N. Başgelen
1999 Neolithic in Turkey. The Cradle of Civilization. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat
Yayinlari. [Read chapter on Aşıklı, pp. 115-132]
Oct. 15th Thursday: Pottery Neolithic of Central Anatolia; Sites: Çatal Höyük, “postprocessualism” in archaeology - Mellaart to Hodder
Required readings
Hodder, I.
1996 On the Surface: Çatalhöyük 1993-95. McDonald Institute Monographs. British
Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Oxbow books, Oxford. [Read Introduction, pp. 118]
Mellaart, J.
1975 The Neolithic of the Near East. Charles Scribners, New York. [Read pp. 98-111]
Redman, C.L.
1978 The Rise of Civilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near
East. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. [Read pp. 182-186]
Çatalhöyük project website
WEEK 4
Oct. 20th Tuesday: Pottery Neolithic of Central Anatolia; Sites: Çatal Höyük continued,
Indo-European speakers in Anatolia.
Required readings
Makkay, J.
1993 Pottery links between Late Neolithic cultures of the NW Pontic and Anatolia, and the
origins of the Hittites. Anatolica 19: 117-128
Renfrew, C.
1987 Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge. [Read chapter 7: Early Language Dispersals in Europe
October 22nd Thursday: “Neolithization” Early Anatolian – Balkan connections, Neolithic
in the Aegean, Thrace, and Marmara. Sites: Yarimburgaz, Fikirtepe, Toptepe, Ulucak;
Required readings
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Özdoğan, M.
2005 Westward expansion of the Neolithic way of life: what we know and what we do not
know. In How Did Farming Reach Europe? Anatolian –European relations from the
second half of the 7th through the first half of the 6th millennium cal. BC, edited by C.
Lichter, pp. 13-27. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul 20-22 May
2004. BYZAS (Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Istanbul)
2. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
WEEK 5
Oct. 27th Tuesday: “Neolithic culture complexes”; Neolithic of the Lakes District. Sites:
Hacılar; Bademağacı Höyük, Höyücek, Kuruçay, Köşk Höyük. Çatalhöyük West, Can Hasan,
Hacılar,
Required readings:
Duru, R.
1994 Kuruçay Höyük I: Results of the Excavations 1978 – 1988. The Neolithic and Early
Chalcolithic Periods. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara. [SKIM]
French, D. H.
1998 Canhasan Sites I: Stratigraphy and Structures. British Institute of Archaeology,
Ankara. [Read Introduction: pp. 1-8, SKIM pp. 19-59]
Mellaart, J.
1970 Excavations at Hacilar I-II. Edinburgh. [SKIM sections on Early Chalcolithic, Hacilar
I]
1970 Excavations at Hacılar I-II. Edinburgh. [SKIM sections on Neolithic, Hacilar II]
1975 The Neolithic of the Near East. Charles Scribners, New York. [Read pp. 111-119]
Suggested readings:
David, N. et al
1988 Why pots are decorated. Current Anthropology 29: 365-390.
Oct. 29th Thursday (no class)
WEEK 6
Nov.3rd Tuesday: The roots of complexity, continuation of Late Neolithic into Early and
Middle Chalcolithic. The beginning of prestige economies, craft specialization, painted
ceramic traditions, emergence of fortified settlements; Introduction to the Halaf. Late
Neolithic/Early and Middle Chalcolithic of southeast Anatolia; long-distance trade and
prestige economies, Sites: Mersin, Kuruçay, Tell Kurdu, Domuztepe.
Required readings
Campbell, S.
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1998 Problems of Definition: The Origins of the Halaf in North Iraq. In About Subartu:
Studies Devoted to Upper Mesopotamia, edited by M. Lebeau, pp. 39-52. Brepols,
Belgium.
Campbell, S. et al.
1999 Emerging Complexity on the Kahramanmaras Plain, Turkey: The Domuztepe Project,
1995-1997, American Journal of Archaeology 103: 395-418.
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque. [Read
pages 127-130]
Nov. 5th Thursday: Introduction to the Ubaid; between the neolithic and urbanism;
emergence of social stratification. Sites: Değirmentepe, Tell Kurdu
Required readings
Esin, U.
1989 An Early Trading Center in Eastern Anatolia. In Anatolia and the Ancient Near East.
Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç,, edited by K. Emre et al., pp. 135-141. Türk Tarih
Kurumu, Ankara.
Oates, J.
1993 Trade and Power in the Fifth and Fourth Millennia BC: New Evidence from Northern
Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 24(3): 403-422.
Özbal, R. et al
2004 Tell Kurdu Excavations 2001. Anatolica 30: 37-107.
Yener, K.A. et al
2000 Tell Kurdu Excavations 1999, Anatolica 26: 31-117
WEEK 7
Nov. 10h Tuesday (no class):
Nov. 12h Thursday: The domestication of metals and technology. Alternative forms of power
and prestige, economic specialisation in metal production and exchange. Sites: Göltepe and
Kestel Mine
Required readings
Muhly, J. D.
1993 Early Bronze Age Tin and the Taurus. American Journal of Archaeology 97(2): 239253.
Yener, K. A.
2000 The Domestication of Metals: The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia. E.J.
Brill, Leiden. [Chapters 1 and 2]
WEEK 8
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Nov. 17th Tuesday: midterm
Nov. 19th Thursday: Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (EB I) in southeast Anatolia;
Late Uruk expansion; Red-Black Burnished Ware / Early Transcaucasian Wares. Sites: Sos
Höyük, Karaz, Pulur, Arslantepe, Tell Judaidah (Amuq); Interpretations of migration,
diffusion, colonization, imperialism.
Required readings
Algaze, G.
2001 The Prehistory of Imperialism: The Case of Uruk Period Mesopotamia, in Mitchell S.
Rothman, ed., Uruk Mesopotamia and Its Neighbors. Cross-Cultural Interactions in
the Era of State Formation, 27-85. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.
Frangipane, M. et al.
2001 New Symbols of New Power in A “Royal" Tomb from 3000 BC Arslantepe, Malatya
(Turkey), Paléorient, vol. 27/2: 105-139.
Suggested readings
Burney, C.
1989 The Khirbet Kerak Question and the Early Trans-Caucasian Background. In
L'urbanisation de la Palestine à l'age du Bronze ancient, edited by P. de Miroschedji,
pp. 331-339. BAR International Series 527(ii). British Archaeological Reports,
Oxford.
WEEK 9
Nov. 24th Tuesday: The Early Bronze Age. Social complexity and hierarchies in north central
Anatolia. EBA of the Black Sea; The rise of Anatolian city-states, chiefdoms, city-states,
tribal confederacies. Sites: Alacahöyük, Horoztepe, Mahmatlar, Ikiztepe
Required readings
Akurgal, E.
1998 Classification and chronology of the Hattian and Hittite periods in Anatolian history.
In
Karatepe’deki Işık: Halet Çambel’e Sunulan Yazılar / Light on Top of the Black Hill:
Studies Presented to Halet Çambel, edited by G. Arsebük, M.J. Mellink, and W.
Schirmer, pp. 25-33. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque.
[Read Chapter 5: Early Bronze Age, 141-184]
Mellink, J. M.
1956 The Royal Tombs at Alaca Hüyük and the Aegean World. In The Aegean and the Near
East: Studies presented to Hetty Goldman on the occasion of her seventy-fifth
birthday, edited by S. S. Weinberg, pp. 39-58. J.J. Augustin, Locust Valley, NY.
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26th Thursday (no class)
WEEK 10
Dec. 1th Tuesday: Urbanization in western and southern Anatolia. Sites: Troy, Beycesultan,
Liman Tepe, Tarsus, Karataş-Semayük;
** MAPS DUE
Required readings
Akurgal, E.
1998 Classification and chronology of the Hattian and Hittite periods in Anatolian history,
in G. Arsebük, M.J. Mellink, and W. Schirmer, eds., Karatepe’deki Işık: Halet
Çambel’e Sunulan Yazılar / Light on Top of the Black Hill: Studies Presented to Halet
Çambel, pp. 25-33. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
Mellink, M.J.
1993 The Anatolian South-Coast in the Early Bronze Age: The Cilician Perspective. In
Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica et
Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, edited by M. Frangipane, pp. 495-509.
Università di Roma, Rome.
Suggested readings:
Mellink, M.J.
1989 Anatolian and Foreign Relations of Tarsus in the Early Bronze Age. In Anatolia and
the Ancient Near East. Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç,, edited by K. Emre et al.,
pp. 319-331. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
1998 Anatolia and the Bridge from East to West in the Early Bronze Age, TÜBA-AR 1: 1-8
Sahoğlu, V.
2005 The Anatolian Trade Network and the Izmir region during the Early Bronze Age.
Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24 (4): 339-361.
Dec. 2nd Thursday): End of the third millennium BC; environmental crisis and critical
transformations: from centralized urban settlements to ruralism and migration. Reorganisation
of landscape and shifts in settlement patterns in late EB II/EB III – MBA
Required readings
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [Read Chapter I:
The Origins of the Hittites, pp. 7-20]
Weiss, H. et al.
1993 The Genesis and Collapse of 3rd Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization,
Science 261: 995-1004
Suggested readings:
Algaze, G. and J. Pournelle
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2003 Climatic change, environmental change, and social change at Early Bronze Age
Titris Höyük: can correlation and causation. In From Villages to Cities: Early
villages in the Near East. Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin, edited by M. Özdoğan,
H. Hauptmann, and N. Başgelen, pp. 103-128. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları,
Istanbul.
Mellaart, J.
1971 Anatolia, c. 2300-l750, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, part II, pp. 681-706.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
WEEK 11
Dec. 8nd Tuesday: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Kültepe (ancient Kanesh) and
the “Old Assyrian Trading Colonies” Market exchange, textual record and archaeology.
Required readings
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. [Read
sections on Kültepe and Acemhöyük, pages 212-228]
Veenhof, K. R.
1995 Kanesh: An Assyrian Colony in Anatolia. In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
vol. II, edited by J.M. Sasson et al., 859-871. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New York.
Dec. 10th Thursday : Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Kültepe (ancient
Kanesh) and the “Old Assyrian Trading Colonies” Market exchange, trade, textual record
and archaeology. Sites: Acemhöyük, Konya-Karahöyük, Bogazköy
Required readings
Özgüç, T.
2003 Kültepe Kanish/Nesha: The Earliest International Trade Center and the Oldest
Capital City of the Hittites. The Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan. [SKIM
sections on Site Layout, Architecture, and Archives]
WEEK 12
Dec. 15th Tuesday: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms (continued)
Dec. 17th Thursday-: The end of the Middle Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late
Bronze Age. Old Hittite sites: early cult centres, material culture, and cult vessels in central
Anatolia. Sites: Inandiktepe, Hüseyindede, Masat Höyük, Tell Atchana (Level VII), Tilmen
Höyük
Required readings
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites, pp. 21-63. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Woolley, L.
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1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949.
Society of Antiquaries no 18, London. [Chapters on Level VII palace, Temple
sequence, & Level VII City Gate]
Yener, K.A.
2005 The Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Vol. I. Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and
Orontes Delta from the Years 1995-2002. Oriental Institute Press, Chicago.
(Chapter 4 on Alalakh Spatial Organization, pp. 99-113, plates: pp. 114-144)
Suggested readings
Lloyd, S.
1978 Palaces of the Second Millennium BC. Anatolia 21: 195-225
Duru, R. [SKIM]
2003 Unutulmus Bir Baskent Tilmen Höyük /A Forgotten Capital City. TURSAB, Istanbul.
Yıldırım, T.
2001 New evidence from Anatolia regarding bull-leaping scenes in the art of the Aegean
and the Near East. Anatolica 27: 107-126.
WEEK 13
Dec. 22th Tuesday: Hittite kingdom in Central Anatolia. Sites: Boğazköy (Hattusha), and
Yazılıkaya, Ortaköy (Shapinuwa), Kuşaklı (Sharissa). New assessments of chronology at
Bogazköy.
Required readings
Güterbock, H.G.
1997 Bogazköy. In Oxford Encyclopedia of the Ancient Near East vol I, edited by E.
Meyers, 333-335. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Seeher, J.
2002 Hattusha Guide: A Day in the Hittite Capital. Ege Yayinlari, Istanbul. [SKIM all,
includes Yazilikaya]
Suggested readings
Seeher, J.
2006 Chronology in Hattusha: new approaches to an old problem, in D. P. Mielke, U.-D.
Schoop, and J. Seeher, Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology, pp. 197-214.
Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologishcen Instituts Istanbul, BYZAS 4. Ege
Yayınları, Istanbul.
Müller-Karpe, A.
2002 Kuşaklı-Sarissa. In New Perspectives in Hittite Archaeology: Papers in Memory of
Hans Guterbock, edited by K.A. Yener and H. Hoffner, 145-156. Eisenbrauns,
Winona Lake.
Süel, A.
2002 Ortaköy-Sapinuwa, in K.A. Yener and H. Hoffner eds., New Perspectives in Hittite
Archaeology: Papers in Memory of Hans Guterbock, 157-167. Eisenbrauns, Winona
Lake.
van den Hout, T.
n.d. Hittites and Asia Minor. Unpublished manuscript.
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Dec. 24th Thursday: Hittite Empire expansion east; Kadesh war, Cilicia and the Amuq. Sites:
Yumuktepe, Kinet Höyük, Tell Atchana (Alalakh, Levels IV-I). Rock monuments:
Eflatunpınar, Fasıllar, Fraktin, Karabel. Mediterranean trade: Uluburun shipwreck.
Required readings:
Bass, G. F. et al
1989 The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. American Journal of
Archaeology 93(1): 1-29.
Woolley, L.
1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949.
Society of Antiquaries no 18, London. [SKIM Chapters on Level IV palace, Level IV
Temple, & Level III castle]
Suggested readings
Gates, M.-H.
2006 Dating the Hittite levels at Kinet Höyük: a revised chronology. In Structuring and
dating in Hittite Archaeology, edited by d.P. Mielke, U.D. Schoop, and J. Seeher, pp.
293-309. BYZAS 4. Ege Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Houwink ten Cate, P. H. J.
1995 Ethnic diversity and population movement in Anatolia. In Civilizations of the Ancient
Near East, edited by J. Sasson et al, pp. 259-270. New York.
Yener, K. A.
1998 A View from the Amuq in South-Central Turkey: Societies in Transformation in the
Second Millennium BC. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium:
Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Cincinnati 18-20 April 1997.
edited by E.H. Cline and D. Harris-Cline, Aegaem 18, 366-374. Université de Liège,
Liège.
WEEK 14
Dec. 29rd Tuesday Hittite Empire: expansion west. Mycenaean interactions and Luwianspeaking communities in Anatolia. Sites: Troy, Miletus. “Collapse” of the Age of
Internationalism, “Dark Age,” Sea Peoples, and Troy controversy.
Required readings:
Güterbock, H. G.
1992 Survival of the Hittite Dynasty. In The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.: From
Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, edited by W. A. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, pp.
53-55. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque.
Hawkins, J. D.
1995 Great Kings and Country-Lords at Malatya and Karkamis. In Ancient Near
Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his
65th Birthday, edited by T. P. J. van den Hout and J. de Roos. (Studio Historiae
Ardens, PIHANS 74), 73-85. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut,
Istanbul.
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Suggested readings
Easton, D.F. et al
2002 Troy in Recent Perspective, Anatolian Studies 52: 75 - 109.
Gates, C.
1995 Defining Boundaries of a State: The Mycenaeans and their Anatolian Frontier. In
Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, edited by R. Laffineur and
W.-D. Neimeier. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference.
Heidelberg, 10-13 April 1994. (Aegaeum Vol 11)
Hoffner, H. A., Jr
1992 The Last Days of Khattusha. In The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.: From
Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, edited by W. A. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky,
46-52. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque.
Jablonka, P. and C. B. Rose
2004 Late Bronze Age Troy: A response to Frank Kolb, American Journal of
Archaeology 108 No.4: 615-630.
* See “Controversy 2001” and “Recent Articles” on http://www.unituebingen.de/troia/eng
* See Forum on “Troia VI: a trading center & commercial city”
http://www.ajaonline.org/forum/
Dec. 31st Thursday: Iron Age. The rise of Late Hittite States (continued); Luwians,
Aramaeans, and Phoenicians. Sites: Tayinat, Halaf, Carchemish, Karatepe, Yesemek,
Göllüdag.
Required readings:
Akurgal, E.
2001 The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations. Republic of Turkey, Publications of the
Ministry of Culture Art series, Ankara. [Read “Small Kingdoms Period”, “Late
Hittites”, pp. 210-270]
Duru, R.
2004 Yesemek. The Largest Sculpture Workshop of the Ancient Near East. TURSAB,
Istanbul.
Suggested readings
J.D. Hawkins
1995 Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City-States in North Syria, in J. Sasson et
al., eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, volume 2, pp. 1295-1307. New
York.
Kuhrt, A.
1995 The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, Vol. II, pp 410-417. London
WEEK 15
Jan 5th Tuesday: Iron Age (continued). Phrygian sites: Gordion, Büyükkale (Bogazköy).
Urartu and Neo-Assyria. Sites: Tushpa, Ayanis, Altintepe, Giyimli, Ziyaret Tepe.
Identifying change and continuity.
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Required readings
Kuhrt, A.
1995 The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, Vol. II, pp. 562-567 (10b: Phrygia).
London
1995 The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, Vol. II, 548-562 (10a: The kingdom of
Urartu). London
Sams, K.
1995 Midas of Gordion and the Anatolian Kingdom of Phrygia. In Civilizations of the
Ancient Near East, edited by J. Sasson et al, pp. 1147-1159. New
Zimansky, P. E.
1995 The Kingdom of Urartu in Eastern Anatolia, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near
East, edited by J. Sasson et al, pp. 1135-1146. New York
Jan 7th (Final Exam)