ARHA 317: Archaeology and History of the Hittites
Department of Archaeology and History of Art
Spring Semester, 2009
Mon-Wed 9:30-10:45
K. Aslıhan Yener
Course Description
This introductory survey course will focus on the archaeological heritage of Turkey
(ancient Anatolia) within the context of important technological, territorial, and cultural
changes taking place in the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1750 BC) and Late Bronze Age
(1750-1200 BC). A survey of theoretical issues in trade and exchange systems will form
the backdrop for understanding the Assyrian trading colonies. Textual material will be
integrated with the archaeological record to illuminate some of the complex relationships
which developed between resource zones in Anatolia and markets in northern
Mesopotamia.
The role of ideology and centralized power in early states and emergent empires will
be presented in the light of the LBA Hittite kingdom. The interplay of complex
relationships both within the Hittite sites and with those in Syria and Mesopotamia will
be investigated. The relationships between Homeric Troy and the Hittites will be
explored. Excavations discussed are Kültepe, Acemhöyük, Atchana/Alalakh, Boğazköy,
Beycesultan, Maşat, Ortaköy, Kuşaklı, Inandık,Troy, Eflatun Pınar, Kaş-Uluburun.
Readings and Lectures
The readings are listed in the syllabus as required and suggested materials. Note that
the class will have powerpoint presentations of visual material some of which are not covered
by the readings. Therefore it is to your advantage not to miss the class sessions since they will
appear on the midterm and finals.
Although most of the readings are available in PDF format, you are encouraged to
familiarise yourselves with the original hard copy publications of monographs, excavation
reports, festschrifts, and periodicals. For this purpose, you are provided with a list of all the
series, journals, and periodicals that are relevant to Anatolianists.
Grade
Evaluation for this course will be based on a map assignment, midterm and a
final. The grade breakdown is as follows:
Attendance and Map Assignments (15 %). The map assignment will require you to locate
a list of significant geographical features, archaeological sites for a specific time period.
Midterm (40 %) will cover the first 5 weeks of the course material (Middle Bronze Age)
the Final (45 %) will second half of the semester (Late Bronze Age through the Neo
Hittites). The Midterm and Final will include short identifications, image identification of
5 slides, and short essay questions.
General References on Anatolia
None of these volumes are assigned as textbooks, but the course will make frequent use
of some of these monographs
Akurgal, E.
2001 The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations. Publications of the Ministry of Culture Art
Series, Ankara.
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2002 Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque.
Klengel, H.
1992 Syria 3000 to 300 B.C.: A Handbook of Political History. Akademie Verlag,
Berlin.
Middle East Culture Center in Japan
1985 Land of Civilizations, Turkey. Catalogue of the Exhibition. Japan: Middle East
Center
Sevin, V.
2003 Eski Anadolu ve Trakya. Başlangıcından Pers Egemenliğine Kadar. Atlaslı
Büyük Uygarliklar Ansiklopedisi. Iletisim Yayınları, Istanbul.
Tanindi, O. et al.
TAY (Archaeological Settlements of Turkey) Project Database:
http://www.tayproject.org/veritabeng.html. Includes d-bases on Palaeolithic,
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and EBA (Early Bronze Age). Good for bibliographies,
maps, and line-drawings
TAVO. Beıhefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Nr. 73 Anatolien. (volumes 12 include site inventories and bibliography for Early, Middle, Late Bronze and
Iron Ages)
Time-Life editors
1995 Anatolia: Cauldron of Cultures. Alexandria, Va: Time-Life Books
Yakar, J.
1985 The Later Prehistory of Anatolia. The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.
Oxford: BAR International Series 268(i).
2000 Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia. Rural Socioeconomy in the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Tel Aviv University Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology
Monograph Series 17. Jerusalem: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
Archaeology.
Course Schedule
WEEK 1
February 9: Introduction, requirements and bibliography; terms, periodization and
chronological sequence.
Required readings
Mellink, M. J.
1992 Anatolian Chronology. In Chronologies in Old World Archeology, edited by R.W.
Ehrich, pp. 207-220. 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. [also consult
related chronology charts in vol. 2]. The details are not important at this point; pay
attention to the general chronological scheme and the mode of reasoning.
Bryce, T.
2002 Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
February 11: Overview of the natural environment
Required readings
Roberts, Neil.
1998 The Holocene. Second edition. Blackwell, Oxford. [Read pp. 129-154, 160-192]
WEEK 2
February 16: End of the third millennium BC; environmental crisis and critical
transformations: from centralized urban settlements to ruralism and migration. Reorganization
of landscape and shifts in settlement patterns in late EB II/EB III – MBA, and implications on
ethnic diversity: Hattians, Hittites, and Hurrians, and the Akkadian impact.
Required readings
Algaze, G. and J. Pournelle
2003 Climatic change, environmental change, and social change at Early Bronze Age
Titris Höyük: can correlation and causation. In From Villages to Cities: Early
villages in the Near East. Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin, edited by M. Özdoğan,
H. Hauptmann, and N. Başgelen, pp. 103-128. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları
Istanbul.
Mellaart, J.
1958 The end of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean. American Journal
of Archaeology 62: 11-33.
Suggested reading
Courty, M.-A
1998 The Soil Record of an Exceptional Event at 4000 B.P. In Natural Catastrophes
During Bronze Age Civilisations: Archaeological, Geological, Astronomical and
Cultural Perspectives, edited by B.J. Peiser, T. Palmer, and M.E. Bailey, pp. 93108. BAR International Series 728. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
Mellaart, J.
1971 Anatolia, c. 2300-l750, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, part II, pp. 681-706.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
February 18: New arrivals in Anatolia or not?
Required readings
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [Read Chapter I:
The Origins of the Hittites, pp. 7-20]
Renfrew, C.
1987 Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge. [Read chapter 7: Early Language Dispersals in Europe]
Suggested reading
Bittel, K.
1976 Les Hittites. Gallimard, Paris. [Review pages 25-50]
Drews, R. (editor)
2001 Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family. Papers presented at
a colloquium hosted by the University of Richmond, March 18-19, 2000. Journal
of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 38. The Institute of the Study of
Man, Washington.
Makkay, J.
1993 Pottery links between Late Neolithic cultures of the NW Pontic and Anatolia, and the
origins of the Hittites. Anatolica 19: 117-128
van den Hout, T.
2004 Review of Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family, edited by R.
Drews. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63/3: 228-230.
WEEK 3
February 23: Kültepe Kanesh and the Origins of Interregional Trade: Market exchange and
its precursors.
Required readings
Özgüç, T.
1986 New Observations on the Relationship of Kültepe with Southeast Anatolia and North
Syria during the Third Millennium B.C. In Ancient Anatolia: Aspects of Change and
Cultural Development, edited by J.V. Canby, E. Porada, B.S. Ridgway and T. Stech,
pp. 31-47. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
February 25: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Kültepe (ancient Kanesh).
Introduction to the site: the archaeology of the Lower Town (Karum)
Required readings
Joukowsky, M. S.
1996 Early Turkey: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from Prehistory
through the Lydian Period. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. [Read
sections on Kültepe and Acemhöyük, pages 212-228]
Özgüç, T.
2003 Kültepe Kanish/Nesha: The Earliest International Trade Center and the Oldest
Capital City of the Hittites. The Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan. [SKIM
sections on Site Layout, Architecture, and Archives]
Suggested readings
Özgüç, T.
2002 Opfer und Libation [SKIM], in Catalogue of Exhibition Die Hethiter und ihr
reich. Das Volk der 1000 Gotter, 122-127. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag.
WEEK 4
March 2: Middle Bronze Age. Archival Texts and History
Required readings
Larsen, M. T.
1976 The Old Assyrian City-State and Its Colonies. Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology,
vol. 4. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen.
Veenhof, K. R.
1995 Kanesh: An Assyrian Colony in Anatolia. In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
vol.II, edited by J.M. Sasson et al., 859-871. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New York.
March 4: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Kültepe (ancient Kanesh). Introduction
to the archaeology of the Palaces and Temples on the Mound.
Required readings
Özgüç, T.
1999 The Palaces and Temples of Kültepe – Kanesh/Nesha. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
WEEK 5
March 9: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Kültepe (ancient Kanesh). Introduction
to seals and sealings.
Required readings
Özgüç, Nimet
1965 The Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from Kültepe. Ankara: Türk
Tarih KurumuYayınları series V no. 22
1968 Seals and Seal Impressions of Level Ib from Karum Kanish. Ankara: Türk Tarih
Kurumu
March 11: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Introduction to the archaeology of
Acemhöyük
Required readings
Özgüç, N.
1966 Excavations at Acemhöyük. Anatolia 10: 29-52
WEEK 6
March 16: Middle Bronze Age Anatolian Kingdoms. Introduction to the archaeology of.
Konya-Karahöyük, Bogazköy (ancient Hattum)
Required readings
Bittel, Kurt
1970 Hattusha, The Capital of the Hittites. [section on Middle Bronze Levels] New
York: Oxford University Press
March 18: midterm
WEEK 7
March 11: The Beginning of the Late Bronze Age: Old Hittite material culture: seals and
relief decorated cult vessels in central Anatolia.
Required readings
Güterbock, H. G. and T. Kendall
1995 A Hittite silver vessel in the form of a fist. The Ages of Homer. In A Tribute to Emily
Townsend Vermeule, edited by J.B. Carter and S.P. Morris, pp. 45-60. University of
Texas Press, Austin.
van den Hout, T.
n.d. Hittites and Asia Minor. Unpublished manuscript.
Suggested reading
Klengel, H.
1992 Syria 3000 to 300 B.C.: A Handbook of Political History. Akademie Verlag,
Berlin.
March 18: Old Hittite sites: Inandiktepe, Bitik Hüseyindede
Suggested readings
Özgüç, T. [SKIM]
1957 The Bitik Vase, Anatolia 2: 57-78
1988 Inandiktepe: An Important Cult Center in the Old Hittite Period. Turk Tarih Kurumu
Yayınları, ser. 5, no. 43. Ankara.
Sipahi, Tunç
2002 New evidence from Anatolia regarding bull-leaping scenes in the art of the
Aegean and the Near East. Anatolica 27: 107-126.
Yıldırım, T.
2000 Yőrűklű / Hűseyindede: eine neue hethitische Siedlung in Sudwesten von Corum.
Istanbuler Mitteilungen 50: 43-62
WEEK 8
March 23: The Middle Bronze Age. Tell Atchana (ancient Alalakh). Woolley’s excavations
1936-1949.
Required readings.
Stein, D.
1997 Alalakh. In Oxford Encyclopedia of the Ancient Near East, edited by E. Meyers, 5559. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Yener, K.A.
2005 The Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Vol. I. Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and
Orontes Delta from the Years 1995-2002. Oriental Institute Press, Chicago.
(Chapter 4 on Alalakh Spatial Organization, pp. 99-113, plates: pp. 114-144)
Woolley, L.
1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949.
Society of Antiquaries no 18, London. [Chapters on Level VII palace, Temple
sequence, & Level VII City Gate]
March 25: The Middle Bronze Age. Tell Atchana (ancient Alalakh). Excavations 2000today
Required readings.
Yener, K.A. ed
ms
Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh: A Bronze Age Capital in the Amuq Valley. Volume 1:
The 2003-2004 Excavation Seasons. Read Chapter 1.
Magness-Gardiner, B.
1994 Urban-rural relations in Bronze Age Syria: evidence from Alalakh Level VII palace
archives. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in
Early Complex Societies, edited by g. M. Schwartz, S. E. Falconer, pp. 37-47.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
WEEK 9
March 30: Tilmen Hoyuk, Masat Höyük.
Required readings
Duru, R. [SKIM]
2003 Unutulmus Bir Baskent Tilmen Höyük / A Forgotten Capital City. TURSAB, Istanbul.
Özgüç, T. [SKIM]
1982 Masat Höyük II: A Hittite Center in the Old Hittite Period. Turk Tarih Kurumu
Yayınları ser. 5, no. 38a. Ankara
April 1: Hittite kingdom in central Anatolia. Beycesultan,
** MAPS DUE
Required readings
Lloyd, S.
1978 Palaces of the Second Millennium BC. Anatolia 21: 195-225
Lloyd, S. and J. Mellaart [SKIM]
1965 Beycesultan II: Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery. Occasional
Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
WEEK 10
April 6-April 10: Spring Break
WEEK 11
April 13: Hittite kingdom in central Anatolia. Sites: Boğazköy (Hattusha),
Required readings
Bryce, T.
2002 Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Güterbock, H.G.
1997 Bogazköy. In Oxford Encyclopedia of the Ancient Near East vol I, edited by E.
Meyers, 333-335. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Seeher, J.
2002 Hattusha Guide: A Day in the Hittite Capital. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul. [SKIM all,
includes Yazılıkaya]
April 15: Hittite kingdom in central Anatolia. Sites: Yazılıkaya
Required readings
Bittel, K.
1970 Hattusha, the Capital of the Hittites. [section on Yazılıkaya]. New York: Oxford
University Press
Seeher, J.
2002 Hattusha Guide: A Day in the Hittite Capital. Ege Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Suggested readings
Houwink ten Cate, P. H. J.
1995 Ethnic diversity and population movement in Anatolia. In Civilizations of the Ancient
Near East, edited by J. Sasson et al, pp. 259-270. New York.
van den Hout, T. P. J.
1994 Death as privilege: the Hittite Royal funerary ritual. In Hidden Futures: death and
Immortality in Ancient Egypt, Anatolia, the Classical, Biblical and Arabic-Islamic
World, edited by J. M. Bremer, T.P.J. van den Hout, and R. Peters, pp. 37-76.
Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.
WEEK 12
April 20: New assessments of chronology at Bogazköy.
Required readings
Seeher, J.
2006 Chronology in Hattusha: new approaches to an old problem. In Structuring and Dating
in Hittite Archaeology, edited by D. P. Mielke, U.-D. Schoop, and J. Seeher, pp. 197214. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologishcen Instituts Istanbul, BYZAS 4.
Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
Suggested readings
BYZAS 4 volume: articles on on Bogazköy ceramics by Schoop
April 22: Hittite kingdom in central Anatolia. Sites: Kuşaklı (Sharissa), Ortaköy
(Shapinuwa)
Required readings
Müller-Karpe, A.
2002 Kuşaklı-Sarissa, in K.A. Yener and H. Hoffner eds., New Perspectives in Hittite
Archaeology: Papers in Memory of Hans Guterbock, 145-156. Eisenbrauns, Winona
Lake.
Süel, A.
2002 Ortaköy-Sapinuwa, in K.A. Yener and H. Hoffner eds., New Perspectives in Hittite
Archaeology: Papers in Memory of Hans Guterbock, 157-167. Eisenbrauns,
Winona Lake.
Suggested readings
van den Hout, T.
1995 Khattushili III, King of the Hittites. In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited
by J. Sasson et al, pp. 1107-1120. New York
WEEK 13
April 27: Hittite kingdom in central Anatolia. Site: Alaca Höyük, Rock monuments:
Eflatunpınar, Fasıllar, Fraktin, Karabel.
Mellink, M.J.
1970 Observations on the Sculptures of Alaca Hüyük, Anatolia l4: l5-27
1974 Hittite Friezes and Gate Sculptures, in K. Bittel et al., eds., Anatolian Studies
Presented to Hans Gustav Güterbock, 20l-2l4. Istanbul: Dutch Historical and
Archaeological Institute
April 29: Hittite Empire expansion east; The Mittanians, the Kadesh war, Cilicia and the
Amuq. Sites: Tell Atchana (Alalakh, Level IV).
Required readings:
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites, pp. 168-240. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wilhelm, G.
1994 The Hurrians, pp. 7-41. Warminster
Woolley, L.
1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949.
Society of Antiquaries no 18, London. [SKIM Chapters on Level IV palace, Level IV
Temple, & Level III castle]
Suggested readings
Gates, M.-H.
2006 Dating the Hittite levels at Kinet Höyük: a revised chronology. In Structuring and
dating in Hittite Archaeology, edited by d.P. Mielke, U.D. Schoop, and J. Seeher, pp.
293-309. BYZAS 4. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
Jean, É.
2006 The Hittites at Mersin-Yumuktepe: old problems and new directions. In Structuring
and dating in Hittite Archaeology, edited by d.P. Mielke, U.D. Schoop, and J. Seeher,
pp. 311-332. BYZAS 4. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
Liverani, M.
1990 Prestige and Interest. International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600-1100. Sargon,
Padova.
Yener, K. A.
1998 A View from the Amuq in South-Central Turkey: Societies in Transformation in the
Second Millennium BC. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium:
Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Cincinnati 18-20 April 1997.
edited by E.H. Cline and D. Harris-Cline, Aegaem 18, 366-374. Université de Liège,
Liège.
WEEK 14
May 4: Mycenaean interactions and Luwian-speaking communities in Anatolia. Sites:
Mediterranean trade: Uluburun shipwreck.
Required readings
Bass, G. F. et al
1989 The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. American Journal of
Archaeology 93(1): 1-29.
Suggested readings
Bass, G. F.
1967 Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. With the collaboration of Peter
Throckmorton et al. Philadelphia, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
new ser., v. 57,
Ersoy, Y. E.
1988 Finds from Menemen/Panaztepe in the Manisa Museum, Annual of the British
School at Athens 83: 55-82
Pulak, C.
1988 The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign. American Journal
of Archaeology 92(1): 1-37
May 6: Hittite Empire: expansion west. Luwian-speaking communities in Anatolia and
the Troy controversy. Sites: Troy
Required readings
Easton, D.F. et al
2002 Troy in Recent Perspective, Anatolian Studies 52: 75 - 109.
Gates, C.
1995 Defining Boundaries of a State: The Mycenaeans and their Anatolian Frontier. In
Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, edited by R. Laffineur and
W.-D. Neimeier. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference.
Heidelberg, 10-13 April 1994. (Aegaeum Vol 11)
Hawkins. J.D. and D. F. Easton
1996 A Hieroglyphic Seal from Troia, Studia Troica 6 (1996).
Suggested reading
Jablonka, P. and C. B. Rose
2004 Late Bronze Age Troy: A response to Frank Kolb, American Journal of
Archaeology 108 No.4: 615-630.
* See “Controversy 2001” and “Recent Articles” on http://www.unituebingen.de/troia/eng
* See Forum on “Troia VI: a trading center & commercial city”
http://www.ajaonline.org/forum/
Mellink, M. J.
1986 Troy and the Trojan War: A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College, October
1984. Bryn Mawr: Bryn Mawr College
WEEK 15
May 11: “Collapse” of the Age of Internationalism, “Dark Age,” “Sea Peoples,”
Required readings
Bryce, T.
1999 The Kingdom of the Hittites, pp. 326-391. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Güterbock, H. G.
1992 Survival of the Hittite Dynasty. In The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.: From
Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, edited by W. A. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, pp.
53-55. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque.
Hawkins, J. D.
1995 Great Kings and Country-Lords at Malatya and Karkamis. In Ancient Near
Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his
65th Birthday, edited by T. P. J. van den Hout and J. de Roos. (Studio Historiae
Ardens, PIHANS 74), 73-85. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut,
Istanbul.
Suggested reading
Genze, H.
2003 The Early Iron Age in Central Anatolia, in B. Fischer, E. Jean and K. Köroğlu
eds., Identifying Changes: The Transition from Bronze to Iron Ages in Anatolia
and its Neighbouring Regions (Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Istanbul
Hoffner, H. A., Jr
1992
The Last Days of Khattusha. In The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.: From
Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, edited by W. A. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky,
46-52. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque.
Klengel, H.
2002 Problems in Hittite History, Solved and Unsolved. In New Perspectives in Hittite
Archaeology. Papers in Memory of Hans Güterbock, edited by K.A. Yener and
H. Hoffner, 101-109. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
Yakar, J.
2006 Dating the sequence of the final destruction / abandonement of LBA settlements:
towards a better understanding of events that led to the collapse of the Hittite
Kingdom. In Structuring and dating in Hittite Archaeology, edited by d.P. Mielke,
U.D. Schoop, and J. Seeher, pp. 33-54. BYZAS 4. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.
WEEK 16:
May 18: Iron Age. The rise of Late Hittite States, Luwians, Aramaeans, and Phoenicians.
Sites: Tayinat, Karatepe, Carchemish, Yesemek, Göllüdag.
Required readings:
Akurgal, E.
2001 The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations. Republic of Turkey, Publications of the
Ministry of Culture Art series, Ankara. [Read “Small Kingdoms Period”, “Late
Hittites”, pp. 210-270]
Duru, R.
2004 Yesemek. The Largest Sculpture Workshop of the Ancient Near East. TURSAB,
Istanbul.
Suggested reading
Harrison, T.
2001 The evidence for Aramaean cultural expansion in the Amuq Plain. In Recherches
Canadiennes sur la Syrie Antique, edited by M. Fortin, pp. 135-144. Canadian
Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Toronto.
Hawkins, J. D.
1995 Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City-States in North Syria, in J. Sasson et
al., eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, volume 2, pp. 1295-1307. New
York.
Kuhrt, A.
1995 The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, Vol. II, pp 410-417. London
Özyar, A.
2003 Architectural reliefs in Anatolia through time: contextualising the Gate Sculptures
of Karatepe-Aslantas / Azatiwataya. In Identifying Changes: The Transition from
Bronze to Iron Age in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions, edited by B.
Fischer, H. Genz, E. Jean, and K. Köroğlu, pp.107-116. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri
Enstitusu, Istanbul.
Schirmir, Wulf
1993 Die Bauanlagen auf dem Göllüdag in Kappadokien, Architectura. Zeitschrift für
Geschichte der Baukunst, 121-132
Ward, William A., and Martha Sharp Joukowsky, eds.
1992 The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C., Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt
May 20: Iron Age continued
May 22: Last day of classes