RFID Technology Infrastructure for Libraries: a case study
of its implementation at JRDTML
M.Surulinathi
IKM Trainee, NCSI
Bangalore-12
surulinathi@ncsi.iisc.ernet.in
Dr. K. S. Chudamani
Deputy Librarian,
JRDTata Memorial Library, IISc
Bangalore-12
ksc@library.iisc.ernet.in
S. Sivaraj
Librarian
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Sathyammangalam
sivarajs@bitsathy.ac.in
Dr. R. Balasubramani
Assistant Librarian
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Bangalore-78
Abstract
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the technology that is stated to replace
barcodes in library applications. It is a form of identification that is contact-less and does
not require line of sight. The technology, though new to libraries, has been in use in other
sectors for more than 2 decades. The RFID tags are placed in books and generally
covered with a property sticker. Antennas of different sizes, based on application, are
used to read the tags and manage the various library functionsThe tags are “powerless”,
have a very small read range, store a minimum amount of data and carry no patron data
on the tags. The future of the tags will be to have a larger range and storage of more data
on them. RFID system is flexible technology that is convenient easy to use and well
suited for automatic operation. Patron satisfaction has become crucial for librarians.
Today, many libraries are turning to RFID technology because it has proven itself in
terms of security, convenience and efficiency in collection management and effective
services for user community. Libraries benefit from an innovative and state-of-the-art
system to better manage and protect their collection and increase patron satisfaction.
Introduction
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the technology that is slated to replace
barcodes in library applications. It is a form of identification that is contact-less and does
not require line of sight. The technology, though new to libraries, has been in use in other
sectors for more than 2 decades. The RFID tags are placed in books and generally
covered with a property sticker. Antennas of different sizes, based on application, are
used to read the tags and manage the various library functions. The RFID Solution is a
revolutionary application of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)
technology. In a library environment, RFID technology resembles a traditional barcode
system in that it provides a means of assigning an ID to an item and reading that ID to
perform circulation transactions or to take inventory.
JRD Tata Memorial Library was started in 1911 as one of the first four
departments of the Institute. With the changing faces of management of libraries in India,
it has ventured to bring-in new technologies for library automation. One such technology
is the RFID Technology. In this paper, a detailed description of its implementation has
been provided.
What is RFID

RFID is Radio Frequency Identification

A typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on
a substrate. The chip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data.

A reader is a device that has an antenna that emits radio waves and receives signals
back from the tag. The reader then passes the information in digital form to a
computer system.
Components of RFID (According to TAGSYS RFID)
According to “VTLS RFID”

RFID Tags: Flexible, paper-thin smart labels that are applied directly to library
items. Each RFID tag contains a tiny chip, which is both readable and writable
and can store information to identify items in your collection.

Antenna: A conduit between RFID tags and the coupler. RFID antennas emit
radio waves that activate RFID tags as they pass through the activation field.
After a tag is activated, it can send information to or receive information from the
coupler.

Coupler: The link between RFID tags and the PC. The coupler can send
information in two directions: It can read information from a tag and send it to the
PC (read mode), or it can read information from the PC and send it to an RFID tag
(write mode).

PC: The link between the coupler and your library automation system. Many
companies have developed software that runs on local PC to provide an interface
between the RFID hardware and the library automation system.
RFID in Libraries
The most comprehensive application of RFID technology in libraries can be
found in Singapore. Libraries in Singapore, under the leadership of the National Library
Board, aggressively implemented RFID technology in their libraries. A very large
percentage of the public libraries in Singapore are already using RFID technology with
remarkable results. Libraries in the United States and United Kingdom are also deploying
RFID technology. Use of RFID technology in USA can be found in both public and
academic libraries. New Hanover County Public Library in North Carolina and City
Library at Santa Clara California were among the very early implementers of this
technology. Others like Sarasota County in Florida are sufficiently pleased with their
pilot projects that they are expanding the program to cover all libraries. The economic
case is clear – the use of RFID technology is accompanied with improvements in
productivity, better levels of service to patrons, effectiveness of self-check stations and
reduction in losses due to theft.
RFID technology in libraries in India is spreading like Indian Institute of Science has
taken the lead in implementing RFID technology at Bangalore, Indian Institute of
Technology at Chennai, University of Jammu at Jammu; Poona University at Pune etc.
RFID Cycle at Libraries

Tagging in Book

Check out by Staff

Circulation Station

Security Gates

Material Return

Stock Verification
RFID Tags that Revolutionize Library Management
According to “TAGSYS RFID”, the tags have been specifically designed to be
applied onto library media including books, CDs, DVDs and tapes. From the tags
libraries benefit from an innovative state-of-the-art system to better manage and protect
their collection and increase patron satisfaction.
Features

The RFID chip of Folio™ tag has 3 sections: a lockable section for the item
identification, a re-writable one for library specific use, and a security function for
the item antitheft.

Folio™ tags don't need to be visible to be read: books and other media can be
quickly identified in any orientation.

The RFID chip integrates a "multi-read" function, allowing several items to be
processed simultaneously.

Folio™ tags are compatible with traditional library security systems.
Benefits

The use of RFID facilitates material handling, eases librarians' daily tasks
and enables the use of self-service stations (for material check-out and return).

Performing both identification and antitheft in a single operation, the Folio™ tag
saves time at each step of the item processing function, from item programming to
check-in and check-out operations.

FID dramatically relieves Librarians of repetitive tasks, allowing more time to
spend with patrons. Moreover, it helps reduce waiting lines.

The Folio™ tag is the ideal "all-in-one" identification and security device for all
items of the library collection.
Library Inventory Reader
RFID Reader to revolutionize collection management
According to “TAGSYS RFID”, The TAGSYS Inventory Antenna is unique in
its shape and functionality and enables librarians to easily identify items on the shelves.
This RFID reader has been designed to perform fast and accurate inventory checks and
also to search for specific items (re-shelving, weeding, on-hold management, etc.). It is
connected to a PC which stores and displays item data. Data is then transferred to the
library database.
Features: TAGSYS Inventory Reader consists of a lightweight easy-to-handle RFID
antenna connected to a powerful RFID reader. It enables instant data capture as soon as
the RFID antenna is passed alongside the items in a continuous movement. All items are
identified regardless of their thickness and proximity to the shelf's edge (any type of
shelf, even metallic ones).
Benefits

The unique ergonomics of this Inventory Reader revolutionizes the collection
management:
- Having both hands free, library staff can perform inventory taking in a more
convenient way.
- Items do not have to be handled one-by-one nor removed from the shelves.

The TAGSYS Inventory Reader, inventory checks require minimum staff and a short
amount of time and Since inventory taking is no longer a tedious operation, libraries
are now able to perform inventories more often.
Library Dual-Technology Reader For a Smooth and easy conversion to RFID
As picture shows handheld RFID/barcode reader that can perform three
operations: scan the barcode, program the RFID tag and activate/de-activate the antitheft
function of the RFID tag. It is a convenient tool to help libraries move from a barcode
system to an RFID system. It provides the necessary flexibility for a smooth transition to
RFID and is the ideal product for the management of inter-library loans.
Features

Library Dual-Technology Reader is lightweight and ergonomic.

A single device enables the management of barcodes and RFID tags.

Scanning and programming functions can be performed via the push button or in
continuous mode at user convenience.

It connects to any PC and laptop, just like any scanner.
Benefits

Library Dual-Technology Reader is a low-cost and efficient solution for the
conversion of your collection, proving reduced operation and programming time.

In a mobile configuration (connected to a laptop), the TAGSYS Library DualTechnology Reader enables on-the-shelf programming.

The use of one single reader saves time in the item handling process.
Library Circulation Station
According to “TAGSYS” Circulation Station is staffs RFID station enabling
librarians to simultaneously checkout and check-in several items. Each item must first be
equipped with an RFID tag. This Station will identify all the items placed in a stack, onto
the designated area, while activating or de-activating the antitheft functions of the tags at
the same time. Processing check-in and checkout has never been so fast and convenient
as with the RFID tag.
Features

Library Circulation Station is easy to integrate into or under existing circulation
desks thanks to a low footprint and a smooth design.

Item identification and security management are performed in one single
operation, making for a very efficient station.

It offers 'multi-read capabilities': up to 16 items can be processed simultaneously
in a few seconds.

An additional RFID antenna can be used to increase the number of items
processed.

It is integrated into self-service checkout stations.
Benefits

Circulation Station fits into the circulation counter and is convenient to handle
items.

Relieved from repetitive tasks, library staff can work at higher-level cognitive
tasks (such as assisting patrons and referencing materials).

Waiting lines for checkout desks or return desks has been reduced.
TAGSYS Library Programming Station
The TAGSYS Programming Station is designed to allow an efficient conversion
of a collection from existing barcodes to TAGSYS Folio™ RFID tags. Its ergonomic
design allows staff to quickly process materials: once the item is placed onto the
Programming Station, barcode data is instantly programmed into the memory of the
RFID tag and the antitheft function is activated at the same time. Converting the
collection to RFID is simple and fast.
Features

Small in size and ergonomic, the TAGSYS Programming Station is immune to
metallic desks and electronic interferences.

Reading/writing and antitheft programming are performed in one single operation.

The Programming Station connects to any computer and interfaces easily with the
Library Information System..

The Programming Station can be used in conjunction with any barcode scanner.

It can co-exist with conventional antitheft equipment.
Benefits

The TAGSYS Programming Station easily integrates to the library environment.

It provides a low-cost and efficient solution for the conversion of the collection,
with reduced operation and programming time.

It can be used to convert a collection to RFID as well as to check-out and check-in
single items
Library Security Gates
Launched in the late 90’s, the TAGSYS security system benefits from the latest
design innovations to combine both item identification and security into a single device:
the Folio™ RFID Tag.
TAGSYS Security Gates feature the most modern detection algorithm that constantly
detects non de-activated antitheft function. During check-out and check-in operations, the
antitheft function is automatically de-activated or activated at the same time. Items that
have not been checked out properly instantaneously trigger the gate's alarm as they pass
through the detection field. This provides enhanced security system for the protection of
the collection.
Features

Each pedestal is standalone and plug and play to the main power, and does not
require additional equipment to operate.

TAGSYS Security Gates provide maximum detection speed and field,
regardless of the RFID tag orientation.

There is no anti-collision limit: any non-de-activated RFID tag will be
instantaneously detected.

The plastic cover of the pedestal can be changed to other material to better match
the library furniture and style.
Benefits

Being a standalone solution, TAGSYS Security Gates need not to be linked to the
library database, and therefore they can still operate when the Library network is
down or overloaded.

The TAGSYS security system uses a single RFID tag for both identification and
security, as well as a single piece of hardware equipment, to offer an efficient,
reliable and cost-effective solution.
Problems Faced by Libraries
Nowadays libraries and Information Centres are facing the following problems:

Rising labour costs

Need to improve the services for user community

Increased material handling time

Increasing theft of valuable materials (rare materials and costly materials)

Mis-shelved Materials

Poor inventory accuracy and Lack of security arrangements
Application of RFID for libraries

RFID tags replace the bar code (anti-theft detection) device allowing for
much faster conversion of library materials in new branches.

RFID Station enables an easy and simple conversion of the collection, from
existing barcodes to RFID tags.

Check-out stations can be automated with easy, intuitive interfaces

Book returns can be automated with check-in, EAS activation, and systems
updates completed simultaneously in the book return chute. (Book drop)

Fast on-the-shelf inventory allows for much better accuracy in collection
management. This allows libraries to expand their collections without
increasing their budgets and Quickly identity the misplaced and Shelf
location
Advantages of RFID over Barcode (According to “LIBSUITE RFID”)
Visibility
Range
Multiple tags
reading
Durability
Security
RFID
Non Directional - does not require
line of sight
About 40 cms
Upto 200 tags per sec
Barcode technology
Directional, requires line
of sight
Not more than 15 cms
About 1 or 2 per sec
Withstands harsh environments Prone to scratching and
(snow, rain, sunlight), and dirty tearing
environments (dirt, dust, moisture
and oil) and will last for decades
Possible to detect theft on the spot
Not possible to detect
theft of items
RFID Implementation at JRD Tata Memorial Library
Owing to the reasons Pointed about in the earlier section, the RFID hardware was
procured from Tagsys, Ltd. by the library. The panels were fixed at the exit turnstile.
Further checks were made about its feasibility using the software support provided by
Libsys. It has facility for RFID tag generation based on bibliographic details. A screen
shot of the same has been shown below. The functions carried out are tagging, check-in,
check-out, retag, etc. All these functions are essential for smooth management of the
library system.
Initially highly used books from the circulation desk were tagged on a priority
basis. In a Parallel phase the computer section also tagged new books processed in the
cataloguing section. This brought in a degree of importance for prevention of theft of new
books as well as highly used books. The staffs were trained to carry out the check-in,
checkout, etc. So far about 10000 books have been tagged. In spite of this, the security
check cannot be reduced owing to fears of possibility of removal of the tags, etc. We are
yet to implement the advanced stages of RFID tag usage - such as user dropping books in
a collection box and later shelving of the books after checking.
However, as the RFID technology is very costly, small libraries cannot afford to
buy it. But, large libraries can go for it to safeguard their collection to the possible extent
as they are open access libraries and their collection is very valuable for research.
Conclusion
The tags are “powerless”, have a very small read range, store a minimum amount
of data and carry no patron data on the tags. The future of the tags will be to have a larger
range and storage of more data on them. RFID system is flexible technology that is
convenient easy to use and well suited for automatic operation. Patron satisfaction has
become crucial for librarians. Today, many libraries are turning to RFID technology
because it has proven itself in terms of security, convenience and efficiency in collection
management and effective services for user community. Libraries benefit from an
innovative and state-of-the-art system to better manage and protect their collection and
increase patron satisfaction.
References

VIKAS MEHTA et al. (2004). “Radio Detection System for Information
Handling”, DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, Vol.24 (4), pp. 19-23,
2004

CHACHRA, VINOD and MCPHERSON, DANIEL, “Personal privacy and use
of RFID Technology in Libraries: VTLS, 2003

Www.tagsys.net/rfid_in_library.html

http://www.tagsys.net/index.php?module=tagsys&func=menu&m=7&sm=1

http://www.libsuite.com/libsuite_rfid/rfid_files/Default.htm