РОСЖЕЛДОР
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения»
(РГУПС)
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ
ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНАМ КАФЕДРЫ
«ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ»
(Английский язык)
Часть 1
Ростов-на-Дону
2010
УДК 42 (07) + 06
Методическое обеспечение самостоятельной работы студентов по
дисциплинам кафедры «Иностранные языки». (Английский язык). – Ч. 1./
Рост. гос. ун-т путей сообщения. – Ростов н/Д, 2010. – 242 с.
В коллективном учебном пособии представлены контрольные работы
и задания для самостоятельной работы студентов очной и заочной форм
обучения всех направлений подготовки по дисциплинам кафедры
«Иностранные языки»: «Иностранный язык» (английский, немецкий,
французский и испанский), Русский язык и культура речи», «Речевая
коммуникация».
Учебное пособие может быть использовано при подготовке студентов
к промежуточной и итоговой аттестации, а также в процессе их
самостоятельной работы по овладению рядом общекультурных,
профессиональных и коммуникативно-ориентированных компетенций.
Авторский коллектив:
Контрольные работы по английскому языку:
Аврускина Е.Б., Бандурина И.А., Бессарабова О.Н., Горюнова Е.Р.,
Григорянц Л.Е., Исаева Т.Е., Колесниченко А.Н., Майорова Э.Е.,
Недоспасова Л.А., Нестерук Е.В., Первухина С.В., Ражина В.А.,
Симонова О.Б., Свиридова Л.А., Сорокина М.М, Хлебникова М.В.
Рецензент: к.ф.н., доцент М.Н. Черкасова
Научный редактор д-р пед. наук проф. Т. Е. Исаева
Ответственный редактор преп. А. В. Тактарова
© Ростовский государственный университет
путей сообщения, 2010
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ …………………………………………………………......…
2
Требования, предъявляемые к контрольной работе……………………..
4
Контрольные работы по английскому языку:
Вагоны. Локомотивы. Электрический транспорт железных дорог…….
5
Менеджмент (Управление персоналом)……………………………….…
37
Документоведение и архивоведение……………………………………..
64
Туризм / Сервис / Социальная работа……………………………………
108
Экономика
и
управление
на
предприятии.
(Деловой
английский)……………………………………………………………...…
138
Юриспруденция……………………………………………………………
148
Информационные системы…………………………………………..……
192
Строительство железных дорог, путь и путевое хозяйство /
Строительство……....…………………………………………………...…
210
Для железно-дорожных и инженерных специальностей…………..……
230
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ТРЕБОВАНИЯ, ПРЕДЪЯВЛЯЕМЫЕ К КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЕ
Каждый вариант контрольной работы состоит из нескольких заданий.
Студент должен выполнить один из вариантов контрольного задания в
соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты,
шифр которых оканчивается на 1, выполняют вариант № 1, на 2 – вариант
№ 2 и т. д.
1. Выполнять письменную работу следует в отдельной тетради. На
обложке тетради пишется фамилия, инициалы, шифр, адрес, вариант
контрольной работы. В конце работы необходимо указать список
использованной литературы.
2. Контрольная работа должна быть написана самостоятельно,
аккуратным, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы
необходимо оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений
и методических указаний рецензента.
3. Преподаватель, принимающий зачёт (экзамен), оставляет за собой
право задать дополнительные или уточняющие вопросы по заданиям,
выполненным не в полном объёме или с ошибками, потребовать объяснить
позицию автора контрольной работы, если она вызывает сомнения.
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КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ВАГОНЫ. ЛОКОМОТИВЫ. ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ ТРАНСПОРТ
ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ
Контрольная работа №1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу, необходимо повторить
следующий материал по грамматике английского языка:
1. Словообразование – основные словообразовательные суффиксы.
2. Видовременные формы глагола в активном залоге.
3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
4. Многозначность глаголов “to be”, “to have”.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. We have been reading the newspaper for two hours.
2. They discussed every detail of the building.
3. During the last few years we have witnessed remarkable progress in the
space research techniques.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами.
1. People cannot see well in the evening.
2. You may come in and sit down.
3. My friend must go to work tomorrow.
Задание 3. Определите значения глаголов to be, to have в следующих
предложениях. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
многофункциональность этих глаголов.
1. I have good work.
2. You were to help me.
3. They have already done it.
Задание 4. Определите по суффиксу, какой частью речи являются
следующие слова. Переведите их.
- equal
- productivity
- presence
- lengthen
- crystallize
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- effective
- useful
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
HISTORY OF TRANSPORT
Transportation takes us where we want to go, and bring us nearly everything
we eat, wear, and use in daily life. Developments in transportation have cut
travel time greatly in the past 200 years. In 1800, it often took a businessman a
month to travel by sailing ship from London to New York City. Today, he can
fly this distance by jet airliner in only few hours.
The airplane has made New York City closer in time to Sydney, Australia,
than it was to Montreal, Canada, only a hundred years ago. Americans and
Canadians can easily travel to Europe and back on a two week vacation. Modern
transportation also makes it possible to travel in comfort. The pioneers jolted
westward over rough trails in springless wagons with wooden wheels. Today,
tourists ride on raved roads over the same routes in automobiles and buses with
wheels that have soft, air-filled tires.
Passengers of the first trains sat on hard wooden seats and often choked in
clouds of smoke and dust. Many of today’s trains have soft reclining seats. Air
conditioning may keep the air clean and cool, and dining cars serve tasty meals.
Transportation would not be possible without communication. Automobiles
and trucks could not travel on crowded streets and highways without street
signals and traffic lights. Automatic block signals and other means of
communication enable railroads to operate safely. Light houses and radio
compasses provide information for ships at sea. Airplanes cannot land and take
off safely without radio, radar and other electronic devices.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. In what way does transportation affect our lives?
2. What is the difference between modern travelers and travelers of the
previous centuries?
3. What means of communication can help transport to operate safely?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Considerable changes are currently taking place in the organization of
research.
2. By the first of September he will have been working at our university for
10 years.
3. Many new houses are built in our city.
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Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами.
1. In order to see certain stars we must use a telescope.
2. The students must continue the experiment.
3. Mercury may receive more heat and light than any other planet.
Задание 3. Определите значения глаголов to be, to have в следующих
предложениях. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
многофункциональность этих глаголов.
1. The students are at the Institute.
2. We had to meet him at the railway station.
3. What are you doing now?
Задание 4. Определите по суффиксу, какой частью речи являются
следующие слова. Переведите их.
- strengthen
- breakage
- wonderful
- humanity
- characterize
- happiness
- productive
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION
There are three main kind of transportation: land, water and air. Each has
advantages and disadvantages. For example, trucks and trains can operate in
storms that may ground airliners or keep ships in harbours. Weather and
geographical conditions may also determine the type of transportation used in a
region.
On land, the chief forms of transport are automobiles, railroads, trucks, and
pipelines. Railroads haul about half of the freight transported in the world.
Trucks carry about a fifth of this freight, and pipelines transport a little less than
a fifth. Boats, barges, and airliners transport the remaining freight. Railroads
have equal or greater importance in the transportation of freight in Russia,
Europe, and other areas. In addition to hauling freight, most railroads provide
passenger service between cities and towns. Commuter trains transport
thousands of persons daily between their homes in suburban areas and large
cities.
Railroads move every type of material, but are best suited to haul great
quantities of heavy freight. For this reason, railroads play an important role in
transporting coal, iron, ore, grain, timber, and other heavy products. Trains can
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haul freight cheaply because a single locomotive can pull as many as 200 freight
cars.
Trucks cost relatively more than railroads for transportation because, they
require more power and more men to move the same amount of freight. But
trucks can travel wherever there are roads. Special trucks used in mining,
drilling oil wells, and laying pipelines can operate even in areas that lack roads.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. What are the main kinds of land transport?
2. For what kind of freight are railroads suited best of all?
3. What are the main disadvantages of air transport?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. By the first of March you will have been working in our shop for two
years.
2. Science is becoming a leading factor of progress of mankind.
3. The operator will start the engine.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами.
1. He may use any transmitter for this system.
2. The engineers must investigate new means of radio communication.
3. I can do this work just now.
Задание 3. Определите значения глаголов to be, to have в следующих
предложениях. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
многофункциональность этих глаголов.
1. She has just come by car.
2. They were at the conference on Monday.
3. He had to make an important decision recently.
Задание 4. Определите по суффиксу, какой частью речи являются
следующие слова. Переведите их.
- valuable
- organize
- dependency
- broaden
- useless
- safety
- different
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Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION
Many problems must be overcome in the task of transporting people and
materials from one place to another. Transportation services must be able to
operate day and night, the year round, in all kinds of climate and weather. They
must be able to operate over mountains and rivers, and through snow and
storms.
On land, snow and ice often block railroads and highways. In extreme northerly
regions it is difficult to build railroads and highways because the ground stays
permanently frozen short distance below the surface. During the summer, the
surface of such ground thaws and becomes a muddy bog. In winter, the
extremely low temperatures in these areas make steel rails so brittle that they
can break easily.
In rainy tropical regions, dense jungles must be cleared before railways and
roads can be built. In these regions, railroads must use steel ties and telegraph
poles. Wooden poles and ties rot in tropical climates. In desert regions, such as
the Sahara and Gobi, and the southwest of the United States, extremely high
daytime temperatures cause transportation equipment to overheat and break
down. Drifting sands blows into machinery, and may block roads and railway
tracks.
But weather is the greater threat to air transportation. Small aircraft caught in
violent storms must either fight their way through or find a safe landing place.
All pilots consult weather reports and maps before taking off, so they can avoid
bad weather conditions. Since 1940’s radio, radar, and other electronic devices
have made flying safer.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. What are the main problems of land transport in desert regions?
2. In what way does the weather influence air transport?
3. What are the main problems of transportation in extremely northerly
regions?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The plan of the building was discussed several times.
2. We had been discussing this problem for some time, when you came to
the meeting.
3. How long does it take you to get home from work?
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Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами.
1. The designers can improve the operation of these receivers.
2. The students may use all the laboratory equipment.
3. He must take part in this work.
Задание 3. Определите значения глаголов to be, to have в следующих
предложениях. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
многофункциональность этих глаголов.
1. The students have to take five examinations.
2. Our institute was founded in 1929.
3. I haven’t seen you for ages.
Задание 4. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова.
Переведите их.
- greatness
- atmospheric
- revolutionize
- powerful
- lighten
- dependant
- active
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS
By the 18th century workers in several mining areas had discovered that
movement of a loaded wagon was easier if its wheels ran on, and were guided
by, a crude track of metal plates because friction was thereby reduced. The
wagonways served only to move goods from their source to the nearest
waterway, then the principal means of bulk transport. The onset of the Industrial
Revolution in early 19th century Europe demanded more efficient means of
moviwng raw materials to the new factories and finished goods from them. The
solution was pioneered by Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer. In 1804 he
successfully adapted the steam engine to drive a wheeled locomotive that hauled
wagons at the Pen-y-Darren ironworks, South Wales.
The world’s first public steam railway, the Stockton & Darlington in
north-east England, engineered by George Stephenson, was opened in 1825. For
some years this railway carried only freight, and also made some use of horses.
The first public railway to carry both passengers and freight, and to be worked
entirely by steam locomotives, was the Liverpool & Manchester, opened in
1830.
The commercial, financial and technical success of the Liverpool &
Manchester transformed the concept of a railway, and not only in Britain.
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Previously regarded as a short –haul medium of primary benefit to mining, it
was now seen as capable of revolutionizing long-haul transport, both of
passengers and freight. And from the mid-1830s onward inter-city railway
construction developed rapidly in Britain and Continental Europe.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. Who was the pioneer of creation of steam engine on railway?
2. When and where was the first public railway opened?
3. Who organized this railway?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. How long have you been working here?
2. The world of physical theory is developing at a very high rate.
3. In our experiment we shall apply the latest instruments.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами.
1. I must get up early every day.
2. The students may conduct experiments in this field of science.
3. He can use any transmitter for this system.
Задание 3. Определите значения глаголов “to be”, “to have” в следующих
предложениях. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
многофункциональность этих глаголов.
1. The designer was to use low weight equipment.
2. They didn’t have to analyse these data.
3. He wasn’t at work yesterday.
Задание 4. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова.
Переведите их.
- widen
- efficiency
- relative
- magnetize
- important
- usage
- activity
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
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RAILROAD
The railroad made it possible to carry goods and people overland for long
distances at high speed. Railroads were first built in Great Britain and in the 19 th
century, as the Industrial Revolution developed, the railroads were the most
important and fastest growing form of transportation.
There were railroads long before there were railroad engines or locomotives.
As early as the 16th century, wagon-ways made of wooden rails were used to
convey wagons loaded with coal from the mines in Durham and
Northumberland in northeast England. It was found that horses could pull
heavier loads along a smooth track than a rough road.
Later, iron plates were used to protect the wood and around 1800 L-shaped
rails came into use for guiding the wagon wheels. These “plate-ways” and
“tramways” were also used in South Wales and it was there in 1804 that the
Cornish mine owner Richard Trevithick worked on a steam locomotive able to
haul a load of 20 tons. With the development of steam engine, the way was open
for the start of the railroad age.
In Russia the beginning of railway construction may be traced as far back as
the second half of the 18th century, when the country was awakening from the
long slumber of the Middle Ages. Since capitalism was gaining ground in
Russia, new industrial enterprises began to spring up all over the country and
then the existing machines could not cope with the ever increasing demands of
the mines. The first steam locomotive in Russia was constructed by the
Cherepanovs, father and son, who were considered to be the most skilled and
most talented workmen of their time.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. Where were the first railways used?
2. Why did Russia begin rapid construction of railways?
3. Who were the pioneers of creation a steam locomotive in Russia?
Контрольная работа № 2
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить работу, необходимо повторить
следующий материал по грамматике английского языка:
1. Словообразование – основные словообразовательные суффиксы.
2. Видовременные формы глагола в пассивном залоге.
3. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
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1. The operation of the receiving station is influenced by a number of
factors.
2. During the last several years some attempts have been made to classify
the elementary particles.
3. A conference on those problems is being hold now.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. The policeman fined the driver for exceeding the speed limit.
2. The looked for him everywhere.
3. They have told us a lot of interesting things.
Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. The new cinema in our district (big) than the old one.
2. The problem is (important) than you think.
3. This is (beautiful) view I have ever seen in my life.
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя следующие суффиксы: ic, -al, -ive, -able, -ible, - ful.
- magnet
- electric
- achiev(e)
- compress
- doubt
- attract
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES
A disadvantage of the steam locomotive, which loomed larger as 20 th-century
road transport competition put pressure on railway costs, was its limited
availability for continuous work, because of the frequency of its need for
servicing. Diesel-traction engines need less attention, while electric-traction
engines can run continuously for a period of days; thus to work a given number
of trains, an electrified railway needs the fewest locomotives or self-powered
railcars.
Steam’s demise was signaled in the early 1930s, when the US and German
industry almost simultaneously developed high-power diesel engines of a size
and weight capable of use in a rail vehicle. By 1958, 90 per cent of the traffic of
the principal US railways was hauled over 27,600 diesel locomotives, and only
1,700 steam locomotives were left.
The diesel locomotive mostly takes the form of a mobile power station, in
which the diesel engine drives a generator providing current for electric traction
motors. It has all but eliminated steam worldwide on lines with insufficient
13
traffic to repay the high first cost of electrification. A continuous output of
5,000-6,000 hp is now obtainable from a single diesel-electric locomotive.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. What do you know about the disadvantages of steam locomotives?
2. What can you say about the advantages of diesel locomotives?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Your order will be fulfilled in five days’ time.
2. In recent years much of our interest has been centered round the problem
of the evolution of the comets.
3. The work of Rutherford was followed by great research work of many
other scientists.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. I am sure we’ll settle the matter very easily.
2. Industrial pollution ruined our city.
3. Thousands of people attended this meeting.
Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. My son is two years (old) than my daughter.
2. It was (bad) mistake I’ve ever made.
3. The Thames is (short) than the Volga.
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя следующие суффиксы: ic, -al, -ive, -able, -ible, - ful.
- еlectron
- spectr(um)
- decis(ion)
- change
- exhaust
- peace
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
RAILWAY BUILDING AFTER WORLD WAR I
After World War I, new railway building in the developed world was mostly
of underground city and suburban railways until the construction of new highspeed inter-city passenger lines was initiated by Japan in the 1960s. But in the
14
developing world – especially in India, the Soviet Union and China, where trains
remained the prime movers of passenger and freight – extension of the
traditional railway network continued throughout the 20 th century. Between
1950 and 1990 China doubled its length of railway, constructing a succession of
new main lines; it was still building at an annual rate of over 400 km in the
1990s, aiming to have an 80,000-rm network in place by the year 2000.
Continual advances in the size, power and speed of the steam locomotive in
the railway’s first 100 years had their most impressive results in North America.
In the 1920s the requirement on some US railways for haulage of 4,000-5,000tonne freight trains up lengthy grades in mountainous country prompted the
development of the articulated steam locomotive. In this type, one long boiler
supplied two separate engines that pivoted independently of each other so that
the lengthy locomotive could negotiate curves comfortably. The final examples
of this type, which with their big multiwheeled tenders carrying coal and water
grossed over 500 tones, could sustain an output of 7,000-8,000 hp.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. What can you say about the railway construction after World War I?
2. In what countries does the traditional railway network continue to
develop?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The experiment will be described in several journals.
2. A few improvements have lately been recommended to facilitate the
experiments on atomic collisions.
3. Some singers were being interviewed when I switched on the radio.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. The earthquake ruined several big cities.
2. We haven’t solved the problem yet.
3. A discussion will follow the lecture.
Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. This road is about mile (long) than that one.
2. Their team is definitely (good) in the world.
3. Today the weather is (cold) than it was yesterday.
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя следующие суффиксы: ic, -al, -ive, -able, -ible, - ful.
- аtom
15
- culture
- attract
- vary
- success
- convert
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE ELECTRIFICATION OF RAILWAYS
Experiments with electrical railways were started by Robert Davidson in
1838. He completed a battery-powered carriage capable of 6.4 km/h (4 mph).
The Giants Causeway Tramway was the first to use electricity fed to the trains
en-route, using a third rail, when it opened in 1883. Overhead wires were taken
into use in 1888. The first conventional electrified railway was the Roslag Line
in Sweden. During the 1890s, many large cities, such as London, Paris and New
York used the new technology to build rapid transit for urban commuting.
Widespread trunk-route electrification in the developed world followed World
War II. Continental European countries restoring war-damaged main lines took
the opportunity to electrify them.
Then in the 1950s the French perfected an electrification system making
direct use of 25-k V alternating current at the industrial frequency. This is only
secured marked improvement of an electric locomotive’s performance, but cut
the capital cost of electrification, which now become economically feasible for
lines with lower traffic levels, in the developing as well as the developed world.
Much of the extensive railway building in China and the former USSR since
1950 has been accompanied by electrification.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. When did electrification of railways begin?
2. What were the results of electrification?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. I was asked to fill in the form in both Russian and English.
2. During the last decades a great number of researches have been involved
in the study of cancer problems.
3. The lists are still being typed.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. The flood has seriously damaged the city library.
2. They are interviewing the delegates.
16
3. We shall do the work in the evening.
Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. You were ten minutes (late) than we were.
2. Chinese is (difficult) than English.
3. The Caucasus are (high) mountains in Europe.
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя следующие суффиксы: ic, -al, -ive, -y, -ous, - ful.
- vary
- rain
- realist
- electric
- act
- wonder
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
RAILWAY EVOLUTION IN THE 20th CENTURY
In the 20th century’s last quarter railway evolution has been marked chiefly
by reaction in the developed world to the strength of road and air competition;
by exploitation of electronics; and by a rapid spread of “Metro” (urban) systems,
in the developing as well as the developed countries. In rural areas with good
roads, the railway can no longer match the car, bus, or, lorry, either in cost or
convenience, for local transport. The result in Europe has been steady closure of
local railways since World War II.
In Western Europe, population centers are much more closely spaced; there,
modernization of track and signaling, plus new traction technology, have
enabled sustained running speeds of 160 or even 200 km/h. This has kept trains
on historic main lines competitive in speed with planes and private cars for
inter-city journeys.
These inter-city trains have been helped to retain enough traffic for viability
by great improvements in comfort: advances in running gear and elimination of
rail joints by long-welding has made passenger carriages very smooth riding;
and interiors are often air-conditioned and sound-insulated.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. What new types of transport appeared in the last quarter of the 20 th
century?
2. What improvements appeared in passenger service in Western Europe?
17
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Valuable information has been obtained in recent years on the age and
composition of the moon.
2. The application of quantum generators in this branch of industry is being
investigated.
3. The tourists are asked to be in the hotel lobby at exactly ten.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. The fire has done a lot of damage.
2. We test each piece of equipment very carefully.
3. They will build a stadium here in the near future.
Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. The question was (long) than the answer.
2. The problem is (important) than you think.
3. Which is (beautiful) place in this part of the city?
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя следующие суффиксы: ic, -al, -ive, -able, -ous, - ful.
- cosm(os)
- univers(e)
- suit
- continue
- use
- conduct
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER TRAINS
The development of the modern inter-city passenger trains began in the
1869s, when George Pullman persuaded US railway companies to let him run
his own sleeping cars, and later the dining cars in their trains. G. Pullman built
his first car remodeling a stage-coach body for this purpose. This car didn’t look
like the cars we are familiar with and was much simpler in design. However, it
proved to be so much suitable for long distance travel that passengers gladly
paid the extra money for travelling in it. These carriages, on which a
supplementary Pullman fare was charged, set standards of comfort previously
unknown on trains.
18
Pullman’s initiative was copied in Europe by a Belgian, Georges
Nagelmakers, the founder in 1876 of the International Sleeping Car Company.
As a result, by the century’s end the furnishing, facilities, and cuisine of longhaul US and some European international trains (such as the Orient Express)
justified their description as “hotels on wheels”.
As the century ended, railways were driven by their passengers’ enthusiasm
for travel to begin significant improvement in the comfort and speed of their
ordinary trains, in all classes of accommodation.
Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы согласно тексту.
1. What is George Pullman famous for?
2. Why are European international trains called “hotels on wheels”?
Контрольная работа № 3
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить работу, необходимо повторить
следующий материал по грамматике английского языка:
1. Многозначность слов “it”, “one”.
2. Инфинитив и его формы. Сочетание модальных глаголов с
перфектным инфинитивом.
3. Объектный инфинитивный оборот.
4. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
значения слов “it”, “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. To locate target on the surface of the sea or on the ground, it is necessary
to determine not only in which direction it lies, but also how far way it is.
2. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere at tension of one
volt; therefore watts equal volts times amperes.
3. A new science, radio astronomy emerged it is very closely allied to
astronomy, astrophysics and physics.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения,
пассивный залог. Переведите полученные предложения.
1. We must purify the solution.
2. Other factors may affect the process.
3. These organelles may accumulate energy.
4. They must have underestimated the result.
5. They should have included other works in the review.
19
употребляя
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом.
1. Your assistants must have brought the journal you wanted to look
through.
2. This student is late, he may have missed the train.
3. It must have been known for centuries that a colored glass is cooler at the
bottom of a pot than a colorless glass.
4. Jonson’s data published in 2002 could have been used in our work but
they lacked precision.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. Unfortunately everyone knew him to have done it on purpose.
2. The engineers consider this device to be the simplest and oldest type of
accelerator.
3. We thought these superconductive materials to be produced in China.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. Electronics is thought to be a young science.
2. The electric generator is known to be a machine that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
3. Alpha rays are considered to be positively charged helium atom.
4. Shakespeare is known to have been an actor and playwright in one of the
leading companies of players at the end of 1580.
Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
TRAINS
A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along the track.
Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual
motors in selfpropelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load,
although non-revenue cars exist for the railway’s own use, such as for
maintenance-of-way purposes. The railroad engineer or engine driver controls
the locomotive or other power cars, although people movers and some rapid
transits are driverless.
Traditionally, trains are pulled using a locomotive. This involved a single or
a multiple powered vehicles being located at the front of the train and providing
sufficient adhesion to haul the weight of the full train. This remains dominant
for freight trains, and is often used for passenger trains. A push-pull train has
the end passenger car equipped with a driver’s cab so the engineer can remote
control the locomotive. This allows one of the locomotive hauled trains
drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the end of
20
the train each time the train changes direction. A railroad car is a vehicle used
for haulage of either passengers or freight.
A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. This is used
for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul
passenger trains. A railcar is a single, self-powered car. Multiple units have a
driver’s cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to
build electric motors and engines small enough to build under the coach. There
are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains.
Задание 7. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
значения слов “it”, “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. There are no new radio techniques for investigating comets directly, but
their close relation to meteors makes it desirable to describe their main
features.
2. When one talks over a telephone, it is not the sound of the voice that
travels over the wire, it is an electric current.
3. It does not mean that in all the applications of induction heating only the
surface of the body is heated.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя
пассивный залог. Переведите полученные предложения.
1. We must dilute the acid.
2. Ultraviolet radiation may produce ionization.
3. We can control the process.
4. They must have overlooked their possibility.
5. They could have estimated this contribution more precisely.
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом.
1. Your friend must have forgotten your promise.
2. To get better results another method ought to have been applied.
3. They said that the first telescope can have been invented by a Dutch
worker.
4. The magnetized body may have exerted some attractive or respulsive
force on the other one.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. This is quite the wrong view to take.
2. He considers this device to be made on semiconductors.
21
3. The engineers wanted this phenomenon to be investigated in their
laboratory.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. An electric cell is believed to consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes.
2. This voltage source was supposed to supply current for this circuit.
3. Due to these experiments this substance was shown to be a good
conductor.
4. It appeared to be quite another man.
Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
MOTIVE POWER
Steam locomotives are locomotives with a steam engine that provides
adhesion. Coal, petroleum, or wood is burned in a firebox. The heat warms up
water in the fire-tube boiler to create pressurized steam. The steam travels
through the smoke box before leaving via the chimney. In the process it powers
a piston that transmits power directly through a connecting rod and a crankrip on
the driving wheel or to a crank on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been
phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons.
Electric locomotives draw power from a stationary source via overhead wire
or a third rail. Some also or instead use a battery. A transformer in the
locomotive converts the high voltage, low current power to low voltage, high
current used in the electric motors that power the wheels. Modern locomotives
use three-phase alternating current induction motors. Electric locomotives are
the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide les
noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments
both for the catenary and the supporting infrastructure. Accordingly, electric
traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail.
Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover. The energy
transmission may be either diesel-electric, diesel-mechanical or diesel hydraulic,
but diesel-electric is dominant. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as
diesel-electric on unelectrified sections and as an electric locomotive on
electrified sections.
Alternative methods of motive power include magnetic levitation, horsedrawn, cable, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbine.
Задание 7. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
значения слов “it”, “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
22
1. It is the gas turbine engine, which has been responsible for the revolution
in aircraft.
2. The sailors found it difficult to wash off this ash and soon they were
suffering from the first symptoms of radiation sickness.
3. When put together in a molecule, these tiny fragments do not form a rigid
structure, but one that can vibrate, rotate and perform other relative
motions about its center of mass.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения,
пассивный залог. Переведите полученные предложения.
1. This mechanism may involve an unknown factor.
2. We must regulate the temperature conditions.
3. The structural changes can produce a marked effect.
4. They may have disregarded smaller defects.
5. They might have neglected smaller errors.
употребляя
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом.
1. These students must have written their prices already.
2. The operator should have test the trouble caused due to the overheated
conductor.
3. You could not have seen him there because he left the place two months
ago.
4. These important results might have been easily overlooked, as they were
published in a popular scientific journal.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. Scientists expect microminiaturization to be widely used in future.
2. Every student knows two kinds of electric charges to exist.
3. This is my purpose in this paper to describe all the parts of this engine in
detail for you to understand what a complicated mechanism it is.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. The value of the output voltage of the cell was found to depend only on
the material used.
2. The secondary coil of the transformer is assumed to have more turns than
the primary one.
3. Cadmium was reported to be useful application in transistor.
4. He is said to have been met by a man who led him to the place his friend
where expecting him at.
Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
23
PASSENGER TRAINS
A passenger train travels between stations where passengers may embark and
disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a conductor. Passenger trains
are part of public transport, often make up the stem of the service, with buses
feeding to stations.
Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities.
Trains typically have amenities such as a dining car. Some lines also provide
over-night services with sleeping cars. Some long-haul trains have a specific
name. Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with
outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service. Airport rail links
quick access from city centres to airports.
Rapid transit is built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any
passenger transport system. It is grade separated and commonly built
underground or elevated. At street level, smaller trams can be used. Light rails
are upgraded trams that have step-free access, their own way and sometimes
sections underground. Monorail systems operate as elevated, medium capacity
systems. A people mover is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a
few stations, of as a shuttle.
High-speed rail operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways,
the limit being regarded at 200 to 320 km/h. High-speed trains are used mostly
for long-haul service, and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia.
The speed record is 574.8 km/h, set by a modified French Magnetic levitation
trains such as the Shanghai airport train use under-riding magnets which attract
themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway, and this line has
achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than
conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances.
Задание 7. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
значения слов “it”, “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. From this experiment it is clear that these devices are low power ones.
2. One would like to know, for example, that the effect of the ambient
atmosphere is on the slow-state density and energy distribution.
3. It is very easy to receive a fatal chock when working on the transmitter
final stage, particularly when neutralizing it.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя
пассивный залог. Переведите полученные предложения.
1. This defect may account for the discrepancy in the results.
2. We must subject the material to special treatment.
3. The environmental conditions can bring about such changes.
24
4. They may have postponed the further work.
5. They must have overestimated the potentialities of this technique.
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом.
1. The experiment must have been done in a wrong way because the
obtained data are in contradiction with Lenz’s law.
2. There are so many mistakes in your exercises! You should have been
more attentive.
3. He cannot have entrusted this scientific work to a man he has known for
such a short period of time.
4. These events might not have been detected much earlier for the lack of
precise documents.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. They supposed the greater part of energy to be used for supplying plants
in that region.
2. We know scientists to study this problem.
3. Maxwell found the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves to be
equal to the ratio of electromagnetiс to the electrostatic of charge.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. This scientist is expected to make report on the fundamentals of radio
engineering.
2. The designer is said to construct a new device by using semiconductors.
3. The antenna was found to receive only a small part of energy radiated by
the transmitter.
4. The years that he had spent abroad seemed to have taught him much.
Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
A BRITISH STEAM LOCOMOTIVE-HAULED TRAIN
The development of the steam engine spurred ideas for mobile steam
locomotives that could haul trains on tracks. The first patented by James Watt in
1794. In 1804, Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first locomotive-hauled
train. Accompanied with Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success, breaking
some of the brittle cast-iron plates. Two years later, the first passenger horsedrawn railway was opened nearby between Swansea and Mumbles. In 1825
George Stephenson built the locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington
Railway, north east England, which was the first public railway in the world. In
1829 he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhil Trials. This
success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder
25
of steam locomotives used on railways in the United Kingdom, the United States
and much of Europe. In 1830, the first intercity railway, the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, opened. The gauge was that used for the early wagonways,
and had been adopted for the Stockton and Darlington Railway.
The 1,435 mm width became known as the international standard gauge,
used by about 60% of the world’s railways. This spurred the spread of rail
transport outside the UK. The Baltimore and Ohio that opened in 1830 was the
first to evolve from a single line to a network in the United States. In 1867, the
first elevated railway was built in New York. The symbolically-important first
transcontinental railway was completed in 1869.
Задание 7. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
значения слов “it”, “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in
medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.
2. One of the most important things for the pilot to know how high he is
flying.
3. One should know that geometry treats of the properties, construction, and
measurements of lines, surfaces and solids.
Задание 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя
пассивный залог. Переведите полученные предложения.
1. We must slow this reaction.
2. This radiation dose can damage the cells.
3. These conditions may affect the course of the reaction.
4. They could have reorganized the physics department long ago.
5. They must have violated the conservation law.
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом.
1. That post-graduate may have passed the exam on his speciality.
2. The stone, which drew iron to it, must have been magnetized.
3. The definition of this event suggested by Smith lacked clarity; otherwise
it could have been taken for general use.
4. This work might not have been completed for the support and
encouragement of colleagues.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. We consider nuclear energy to be the prime source of heat energy.
26
2. The designers assume the system operation to be improved as a result of
replacing some of its parts.
3. The teacher expected him to make this experiment successfully.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный
инфинитивный оборот.
1. Atomic nuclei are believed to be composed of protons and neutrons.
2. Yablochkov is known to be the inventor of the electric candle.
3. All the members of the committee are reported to have been enthusiastic
about the plan.
4. Substances are known to burn when they unite with the oxygen of the air.
Задание 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
FREIGHT TRAINS
A freight train hauls cargo using freight cars specialized for the type of
goods. Freight trains can be very efficient, with economy of scale and high
energy efficiency. However, their use is reduced by lack of flexibility, often by
the need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the
points of pick-up and delivery. Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail
transport due to its environmental profile.
Container trains have become the dominant type in the US for non-bulk
haulage. Containers can easily be transshipped to other models, such as ships
and trucks, using cranes. This has succeeded the boxcar (wagonload), where the
cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. In Europe the
sliding wall wagon has largely superseded the ordinary covered wagons. Other
types of cars include refrigerator cars, stock cars for livestock and auto racks for
road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a roadrailer will allow
semi-trailers to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between
road and rail.
Bulk handling represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low oven zero
transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs
allow trains to handle bulk much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo
includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in open-topped cars
and tank cars.
Задание 7. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.
Контрольная работа № 4
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 4,
необходимо повторить следующий материал по грамматике английского
языка:
27
1. Причастие и его формы, его синтаксические функции в
предложении.
2. Независимый причастный оборот.
3. Герундий и его формы. Синтаксические функции герундия в
предложении.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Определите форму причастия в следующих предложениях и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions.
2. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.
3. Having lost the address of her cousin’s new flat, she couldn’t come to see
her.
4. The dimensions of the body referred to in that textbook will be used in our
experiment.
5. Placed in different surrounding medium the device operates differently.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый
причастный оборот.
1. Electrons moving through the conductor, electrical energy is generated.
2. There being no traffic, the driver can maintain a constant speed of 90
km/h.
3. The fundamental of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both
being branches of physics.
4. The travelled distance having been given in meters and the time in
seconds, speed was measured in m.p.s., that is, in meters per second.
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные
формы герундия.
1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means the
improving living standards of people.
2. We know of the electric furnace being an ideal melting and refining unit
for the steel industry.
3. He objected to the goods being paid in advance.
4. By raising the cathode temperature we increase the number of emitted
electrons.
5. The chain reaction releases great quantities of x-radiation and neutrons,
which must be prevented from escaping into the atmosphere.
Задание 4. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова:
причастие, герундий или отглагольное существительное. Определите их
функцию в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. When translated the article was typed.
28
2. At the continued heating of a solid body the movement of its molecules
becomes still faster.
3. The results obtained being of prime importance, engineers used them in
their investigations.
4. The specific heat solid elements known, the approximate atomic weight
can be easily calculated.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
A LOCOMOTIVE
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train.
The word originates from the Latin loco – “from a place”, ablative of locks,
“place” + Medieval Latin motivus, “causing motion”, and is shortened form of
the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th century to distinguish
between mobile and stationary steam engines.
A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its sole purpose is to
move the train along the tracks. In contrast, some trains have self-propelled
payload-carrying vehicles. These are not normally considered locomotives, and
may be referred to as multiple-units, motor coaches and railcars. The use of
these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains, but
very rare for freight. Vehicles which provide motive power to haul an
unpowered train, but are not generally considered locomotives because they
have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power
cars.
Traditionally, locomotives pull trains from the front. Increasingly common
is push-pull operation, where a locomotive pulls the train in one direction and
pushes it in the other, and is optionally controlled from a control cab at the
opposite end of the train.
Locomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum
or natural gas), or they take power from an outside source of electricity. It is
common to classify locomotives by their source of energy. The common ones
include: steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and hybrid
locomotives.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Определите форму причастия в следующих предложениях и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. The antenna receives only a small part of energy radiated by the
transmitter.
2. The site having been chosen, many houses are being built there.
3. Part of signal travelling along the ground is called the ground wave.
4. The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by Faraday was a
very important scientific discovery.
29
5. Being equipped with modern instruments the laboratory carried out
important experiments.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый
причастный оборот.
1. The speed of light very great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.
2. Part of energy being changed into heat, is transformed into electrical
energy.
3. The size of the electrodes being increased, the current capacity also
increases, the voltage output remaining the same.
4. Thermostats are very sensitive to light, this property being very important.
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные
формы герундия.
1. Testing a new receiver for the application in the system was the prime
task of the laboratory.
2. After investigating many materials engineers selected aluminum for
constructing this device.
3. I remember you having objected to the schedule.
4. Charging by induction will be discussed in the next article.
5. We know of all the substances consisting of atoms.
Задание 4. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова:
причастие, герундий или отглагольное существительное. Определите их
функцию в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The results obtained were of great importance.
2. While compressing the gas we can turn it into liquid.
3. The new building housing the laboratory will be located at some distance
from the main building of the plant.
4. This splitting of the hydrogen molecule is attended by the absorption of a
large amount of energy.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
ADVANTAGES OF LOCOMOTIVES
There are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been
traditionally isolated in a locomotive, rather than in self-propelled vehicles.
Should the locomotive fail, it is easy to replace it with another. Failure of
the motive power unit does not require taking the entire train out of service. Idle
trains waste costly motive power resources. Separate locomotives enable costly
motive power assets to be moved around as needed. Large locomotives can be
substituted for small locomotives where the grades are steeper and more power
is needed. Separating the motive power from payload-hauling cars enables one
30
to be replaced without affecting the other. At times locomotives have become
obsolete when their cars were not, and vice versa.
There are several advantages of multiple-unit trains compared to
locomotives. Multiple-units are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled
trains and more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the train’s weight
is placed on driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered
coaches.
Many multiple-unit trains have cabs at both ends or arranged so that a set of
cars has cabs at both ends, so that the train may be reversed without
uncoupling/re-coupling the locomotive, giving quicker turnaround times,
reducing crew costs, and enhancing safety. Multiple units normally have
completely independent braking system on all cars, meaning the failure of the
brakes on one car does not prevent the brakes throughout the train from
operating safely.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Определите форму причастия в следующих предложениях и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. Without using superconducting materials it was impossible to perfect this
system operation.
2. He got a Capitol Hill having changed a tram for a bus.
3. The new measuring instrument being developed in this laboratory will be
tested by that engineer.
4. Gagarin’s first space flight followed by many others was very important
for the development astronautics.
5. When heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый
причастный оборот.
1. Transistors being very sensitive to light, engineers use this property.
2. The current distribution over the cross section of the conductor being nonuniform, the resistance increases.
3. The condenser being placed in a direct currents circuit, the current will
stop flowing.
4. The fastest way to detect an artificial satellite is radio, largely used for
that purpose.
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные
формы герундия.
1. The new means of improving radio communication has been discovered
by our engineers.
2. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.
3. We knew of glass having been invented some hundreds years ago.
4. He entered the room without noticing her.
31
5. In making Bessemer steel, molten iron direct from the blast furnace is
poured into the converter.
Задание 4. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова:
причастие, герундий или отглагольное существительное. Определите их
функцию в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We are proud of being students.
2. The breaking of the circuit causes the magnetic field to disappear.
3. Obtaining new data on the device sensitivity will be of great help for
designers.
4. There are several types of microphones being used, the most important of
these being the dynamic microphone, the velocity microphone and the
crystal microphone.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
FREIGHT CARS
Railroad freight cars, also known as rolling stock, first were used in quarries
and coal mines as early as the 1820s. The very first freight car designs were
simple planks on axles or the standard flatcar and covered gondolas (a shorter
version in height of a boxcar). These first freight cars were used to carry almost
all types of merchandise the railroads handled accept coal and other bulk loads
which used “jimmies,” or the predecessor of today’s common open-top hopper
cars.
As the railroads began to show their superior advantage to horses and
canals in being able to haul large amounts of freight in any type of weather, it
quickly became the preferred mode of transportation by the mid-19th century.
As demand grew so did the need for more specialized car types and better
construction of them. Early railroad cars were simple things, usually with only
one axle attached rigidly to each end of the car. As demand grew it quickly
became clear that better designs were needed as these single axle, simple
designed cars were very impractical when used to haul heavier and heavier
loads. The single-axle cars would bend around curves and by the axles being
rigidly mounted to the car’s frame, there was no cushion for the freight, which
was often damaged by the time it arrived at its destination.
In any event, the major milestone in railroad freight car development was
the switch from wood to steel in construction, which began to appear in cars in
the late 19th century, mostly in areas of structural integrity such as sills and
trusses. Even though all-steel cars became favored by the early 20th century,
those made of wood remained in use as late as the 1960s until their age forced
them into retirement.
32
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Определите форму причастия в следующих предложениях и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. When produced in one tube, minimum grid voltage is produced in the
other tube.
2. The transmitter operating on the low frequencies was constructed by these
students.
3. The site of the city was chosen by G. Washington and was accepted by
Congress in the act of 1790, establishing the Federal district of Columbia.
4. New data being obtained are necessary for nature investigations.
5. Negatively charged ions are attracted to the anode, positively charged ions
are attracted to the cathode.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый
причастный оборот.
1. Some radioactive materials have been found in nature, uranium being one
of them.
2. Chemistry and physics are interconnected sciences, any chemical change
resulting in a physical change.
3. The velocity, length and frequency of the wave are independent of each
other, the frequency being equal to the velocity divided by the
wavelength.
4. The cyclotron may be regarded as a modification of the linear accelerator,
the particles being transferred from one to the other at the proper instants
by the action of a magnetic field.
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные
формы герундия.
1. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative electrodes since these
materials produce a high charge.
2. He remembered once having read that at a very low temperature some
metals become superconducting, having practically minimum specific
resistance.
3. He insisted on the question being reconsidered.
4. The explanation lies in the product being more stable.
5. Nothing could prevent Maria Curie from changing her course.
Задание 4. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова:
причастие, герундий или отглагольное существительное. Определите их
функцию в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in
technology.
2. The energy of the body is its capacity for doing work.
33
3. We know that the conversion of heat into chemical energy is reversed
when the burning of coal converts chemical energy into heat.
4. The charge of the electron being determined, it was easy to calculate its
mass.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
BOXCARS
Railroad boxcars are perhaps not only the best-recognized freight car to
operate of all time but also one of the most identifiable symbols of the railroad
industry itself. This is partly due to the fact that through the 1960s the boxcar
was used to haul about any and every type of non-bulk traffic (like coal,
aggregates, chemicals, etc.). This in itself, the fact that many cargoes must be
transported out of the weather en route to its destination, is what spurred the
development of the boxcar.
For the first years of the railroad industry freight was hauled on simple
flatcars or early gondolas, which were essentially flatcars with short sides to
keep the lading from rolling or falling off in transit (or in the case of bulk
materials, to keep them confined). The early 1930s is when the true boxcar came
to life (originally known as “house” cars), with one of its founders the Mohawk
& Hudson Railroad (a very early subsidiary of the New York Central). By the
latter part of that decade this new style of car was beginning to catch on across
the rest of the industry as its versatility and value began to be realized.
What made boxcars great, at least in the eyes of the railroads, was, their
ability to haul about anything! Railroads thrive on redundancy to maximize
efficiency which was the reason they loved the boxcar so much (if it was not for
shippers who requested many different specialized cars for their needs, railroads
would have been happy to haul everything in boxcars). For instance, for many
years the car carried everything from automobiles and paper to car parts and
fresh produce, literally almost anything that would practically fit into the car’s
empty, open spaces.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Определите форму причастия в следующих предложениях и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. If arranged according to the atomic weights, elements show the
periodicity of their properties.
2. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions.
3. Building a network of transmitting stations in that region was of prime
importance.
4. The work of Rutherford followed by great help for understanding many
natural phenomena.
34
5. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be
eliminated.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый
причастный оборот.
1. The resistance of the body being high, small current flows through the
body.
2. Two bodies having potentials of 100 volts and 50 volts, a potential
difference exists between them of 50 volts.
3. A charge of one coulomb increasing the potential between plates by one
volt, a capacitor had a capacity of one farad.
4. The value of voltage was the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit,
the value of current being different.
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные
формы герундия.
1. Important results on the ionization were obtained by measuring those
particles.
2. The transistors are successfully used for transforming heat energy into
electrical energy by means of thermal elements.
3. Every student knows of copper being one of the first metals used by man.
4. He improved the report by changing the end.
5. In spite of its having been compressed, the gas returns to its original
volume as soon as the applied force removed.
Задание 4. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова:
причастие, герундий или отглагольное существительное. Определите их
функцию в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Inductance is successfully provided with the silver coating and
capacitance by the inner and outer surface of this silver with the porcelain
as dielectric.
2. He went away without waiting for reply.
3. The main advantage of this instrument over the moving coil type
instrument is that it is capable of measuring both alternating current and
direct current.
4. This article is worth reading.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
TANK CARS
Tank cars have become more prolific and diversified in recent years hauling
increasing types of materials such as food-based products, petrochemicals, and
ethanol. However, at one time this was not the case and in many ways the tank
35
car is "specialty" freight car, meaning that its creation came about to haul a
specific commodity or commodity type.
While the perception has started to change in recent times for many years,
even through the latter half of the 20th century, railroads have been quite
stubborn about accepting new technologies or any change at all for that matter.
So, when new oil companies began to spring up after oil reserves were
discovered in the 1860s railroads were, not surprisingly, hostile to developing a
new type of car to haul the commodity.
Prior to the 1870s the first true tank car began to take shape, transitioning
from an early vertical vat-on-flat-car design to a horizontal iron tank which was
mounted to a traditional flat car, very roughly similar to what is commonly used
today. This new design allowed for much more of a commodity type to be
shipped via one car and quickly became widely used, especially to haul crude
oil. As the 20th century progressed the car was constructed of better materials.
For instance, with the development of steel and welded seams the car was much
stronger and thus could be built larger to haul much heavier loads. Also during
the 20th century many more commodity types became available from eatable
liquids to various oil products, which required differing types of tank cars to be
built (such as those with interior glass-linings to accommodate edible
commodities and chemicals). Over the last half-century or so the tank car's
overall design has not changed significantly, with any alterations within the
general design itself to accommodate various commodities (such as differing
positions of the dome, walkways, and pressurized/non-pressurized railroad cars).
36
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ (МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ)
II СЕМЕСТР
Контрольная работа № 1
Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
1. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
2. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future
Indefinite. Неправильные глаголы. Видовременная система глаголов в
активном и пассивном залогах.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
ВASIC INGREDIENTS OF THE U.S. ECONOMY
The first ingredient of a nation’s economic system is its natural resources.
The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is
blessed with a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from
far within the continent and the Great Lakes- five large, inland lakes along the
U.S. border with Canada- provide additional shipping access. These extensive
waterways have helped shape the country’s economic growth over the years and
helped bind America’s 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.
The second ingredient is labor, which converts natural resources into
goods.
Labor mobility has likewise been important to the capacity of the
American economy to adapt to changing conditions. When immigrants flooded
labor markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, often to farmland
waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic opportunities in industrial, northern
cities attracted back Americans from southern farms in the first half of the 20th
century.
But natural resources and labor account for only part of an economic
system. These resources must be organized and directed as efficiently as
possible. In the American economy, managers, responding to signals from
markets, perform this function. The traditional managerial structure in America
is based on a top-down chain of command: authority flows from the chief
executive in the boardroom, who makes sure that the entire business runs
smoothly and efficiently, through various lower levels of management
37
responsible for coordinating different parts of enterprise, down to the foreman
on the shop floor. Numerous tasks are divided among different divisions and
workers. In early 20th-century America, this specialization, or division of labor,
was said to reflect “scientific management” based on systematic analysis. Many
enterprises continue to operate with this traditional structure, but others have
taken changing views on management.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый абзац текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What is the first ingredient of any economic system?
2. What is the traditional managerial structure in America?
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. They had finished painting the ceiling by two o’clock.
2. Sometimes he publishes his articles in the Financial Times.
3. The firm didn’t reduce their prices because their goods were in demand.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. He is much (good) now than yesterday.
2. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town.
3. She is (old) than her best friend.
Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. Many people send greeting cards on holidays.
2. Are people making changes in your city now?
3. They will stage this play at the beginning of next season.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
THE MANAGER: ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Managers are coordinators of economic activities in business organizations.
Coordination of group efforts is an essential function in a company, and
whoever acts as a coordinator is a manager.
Managers do not perform physical tasks which are necessary to produce
and sell goods and services that are the output of the company. All this is done
38
by workers and employees. On the other hand, the latter would be unable to
achieve the goal of the organization without the guiding hand of management.
There are literally thousands of decisions in a company about what is to be
done, who is to do it and how it is to be done. It is managers who make these
decisions and see that they are implemented.
The duties of a manager include: the determination of the best form of
organization, development of a control system, budgeting and forecasting,
marketing and sales policies, effective performance of the sales staff,
development of improved methods for planning and control of ordering,
handling and sorting out of the material and supplies, determination of wages
and salaries, the establishment of incentives for good performance.
The work of managers is, by no means, confined to manufacturing
industries. It is indispensable in offices, banks, insurance agencies and other
similar activities.
Speaking about personnel qualities it should be noted that he/she needs
energy, good judgment, a sense of reality and social responsibility.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. Why are managers considered to be coordinators?
2. What are the decisions which are made in any company about?
3. What do the duties of a manager include?
4. In what fields must a manager be knowledgeable?
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The student made no mistakes in his translation.
2. Yesterday evening Tom was watching an interesting film when the
telephone rang.
3. The car has just stopped because there isn’t any petrol in the tank.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. This book is (interesting) of all I have ever read this year.
2. What is your height? You are (tall) than me.
3. The Alps are (high) than the Urals.
Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. We discussed the matter some days ago.
2. Americans have eaten turkey on Thanksgiving Day since the nation was
young.
3. She promised an interesting entertainment.
39
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
ADVERTISING IN THE USA
The influence of advertising in the mass media market has both
advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side is the fact that people get an
incredible variety of information, entertainment and culture at minimal cost. The
disadvantage is that nearly all of America’s mass communications are heavily
overloaded with commercial or persuasive messages.
All advertising contains both information and persuasion. The classified
advertisements in the daily newspapers are almost pure information. So are most
of the supermarkets specials.
In Latin ad vertere means “to turn the mind towards something”. The
American Marketing Association (AMA) point out that advertising is a tool of
marketing along with the product price, distribution and personnel selling. It
also reminds us that advertising can be used to promote ideologies and services.
This kind of promotion is “non-personal” – it is directed “to whom it may
concern” – and therefore it is effective because the audience is very receptive to
it.
The first function of advertising is to distinguish among identical
products. This attempt was exercised at the end of the 19th century by means of
brand identification. It seemed that the brand name would become synonymous
with the product or its quality. The next technique applied to advertising was
brand image. Its aim was to create an image for a product that puts it a little
above the competition and hence makes it a little more desirable. Since the late
1960s, a new concept has come to national advertising called positioning.
Positioning consist of segmenting a market by persuading the customer that the
new product will meet the needs of a selective group. Positioning recognized the
differences in people as individuals and the impossibility of any product
capturing the entire potential market.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are the advantages of advertising in the mass media?
2. What does the AMA recommend to do to make advertising effective?
3. What is the main function of advertising?
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. They told us that they had spent all the money.
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2. We were discussing the prices when you telephoned us.
3. All the newspapers will publish this information tomorrow.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. We should eat (healthy) food.
2. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer.
3. This is the (beautiful) view I have ever seen in my life.
Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention.
2. They are building a new concert hall in our district.
3. They will translate this article tomorrow.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
ACCOUNTING
If one wants to the financial picture of a company, one has to deal with
accounting, the latter being the best way of analyzing the business activities of
the company. It is the accounting department that keeps the necessary records
and gives an assessment to the business activities of the company. The
department systematically reports on the financial results of the deals struck and
their impact on the company’s financial condition.
Accounting records offer very significant information which is used by
banks and governmental offices, stockholders and creditors, managers, and
independent analysts.
In most cases business organizations prepare two kinds of records: income
statement and balance sheet. These documents show how money was obtained
and used by the company.
The analysis of accounting record is carried out with the help of a ratio
analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate
with three main categories of ratios. One of them deals with profitability. It is
used as a measure of a company’s operating efficiency.
The other group of ratios treats of assets and liabilities. It helps a company
to assess its current financial situation. The third group of ratios has to do with
the overall financial structure of the company. It gives a profound analysis of the
property value of the company.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
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1. What role does the accounting department play?
2. What types of documents do business organizations prepare?
3. What is a ratio analysis?
4. What does the first group of ratios deal with?
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. They have recently built a new plant in our town.
2. We have been looking for you the whole evening.
3. By three o’clock the workers had loaded the trucks.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. Today the weather is (cold) than it was yesterday.
2. It is (easy) to swim in the sea than in the river.
3. He is one of the (dangerous) criminals in the world.
Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. What holidays do people celebrate in your country?
2. They are repairing his car at the moment.
3. They were building this bridge when I was here last year.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
INTEREST RATES
The Bank’s influence on short term interest rates arises from its role in the
domestic money markets. As bankers to the government and to the banks, the
Bank is able to forecast fairly accurately the pattern of flows between the
government’s accounts on the one hand, and by commercial banks on the other,
and acts on a daily basis to smooth out the imbalances which arise. When more
money flows from the bank to the government than vice versa, the bank’s
holdings of liquid assets are run down and the money market finds itself short of
funds. When more money flows the other way, the market can be in cash
surplus, but the pattern of government and bank operations usually results in a
shortage of cash in the market each day – a shortage which the Bank then
relieves. Because the Bank is thus, on a day – to – day basis, the final provider
of liquidity to the system, it can choose the interest rate at which it will provide
funds each day.
Rather than deal directly with every individual bank, the Banks uses the
discount houses as an intermediary. These are highly-specialized dealers who
hold large stocks of commercial bills and with whom the major banks place their
surplus cash. The discount houses have borrowing facilities at the Bank. The
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Bank may provide cash either by purchasing securities from the houses, or by
lending to them direct. The rates at which the Bank deals with the discount
houses are quickly passed on through the financial system, influencing interest
rates for the whole economy.
When the Bank changes its dealing rate, the commercial banks promptly
change their own base rates from which deposit and lending rates are
calculated.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 2-ой абзац текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are the reasons for the shortage of funds on the money market?
2. When can the market be in cash surplus?
3. When does the market find itself short of funds?
4. What is an interest rates?
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The written test had just begun and the students were writing their names
at the top of their papers.
2. By this time next year I will have saved $ 1000.
3. Five years ago this company manufactured only this equipment.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
прилагательного.
1. He is one of the (experienced) economists in our firm.
2. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California.
3. My sister speaks English (good) than I do.
Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя пассив.
1. He stole a lot of money from the shop.
2. They will sign this contract in a month.
3. They serve breakfast from eight to eleven at this hotel.
Контрольная работа № 2
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
OUTSTAFFING
Outstaffing market nowadays is one of the most dynamically developing:
the average annual demand increment comprises 30-35 per cent. What is the
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reason for that? First of all, companies want to balance their budget. The
availability of these or those ‘established posts’ in accounting controls obliges
too much. A staff member has a full right for different social packs: benefits,
additional payments, the preservation of a part of salary in case of illness,
vacation bonus etc. Medium and big companies face the following problem: a
big number of employees are hired temporarily. For example, students during
summer vacations find a job of delivery persons. Temporary jobs are usually
offered to junior staff. Besides, the work with such employees encroaches a big
amount of time upon the personnel department, the majority of season
employees later lay claim to be transferred to permanent staff that leads to labor
disputes.
Besides, the Russian law regulates minimal terms of making temporary
labor agreements. If the project is quite lengthy it will automatically mean that
the invited employees will have to be hired permanently. This arouses problems
connected with the situation when the employees will learn that their position is
subject to reduction because of the project completion. Another aspect
influencing the relationships between the employee and the employer is staff
reduction. The Russian labor code stipulates payments of substantial
indemnities.
And, at last, tax payments: the bigger is the company the more substantial
are sums transferred to the state or a federal entity budget.
Outstaffing lets solve most problems. The main advantages of outstaffing
are:
- Reduction of employees number in the staff list;
- Reduction of administrative and financial load preserving the ultimate
direction of employees;
- Relief of the company of employment agreement obligations;
- Maximal flexibility in personnel management and adequacy of manpower
amount to a real volume of work;
- The possibility of remaining within the allotted budget with an increased
number of employees.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый абзац текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are the reasons for dynamic development of outstaffing market
nowadays?
2. Is it problematic for season employees to be transferred to permanent
staff? Why?
3. Does the Russian law regulate all the terms of personnel employment?
What are the gaps?
4. Why does outstaffing give a company flexibility in personnel
management?
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Задание 4. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
1. Headhunters often attend trade shows and other meetings nationally or
even internationally that may be attended by potential candidates and
hiring managers.
2. Headhunters are often used to recruit very specialized individuals.
3. How do you have to develop the potentials of the employees in order to
ensure that your company stays successful?
4. No wonder, it is the big companies who are lobbying for pro-outsourcing.
5. Introduce yourself and explain that you have been chosen to be
interviewed for a position in their company and would like some
information.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола (инфинитив,
причастие I, II, герундий). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Today’s recruitment industry is fairly competitive, therefore agencies
have sought out ways to differentiate themselves and add value by
focusing on some area of the recruitment life cycle.
2. A large employer may choose to outsource all or some of its recruitment
process.
3. The proper start to a recruitment effort is to perform a job analysis, to
document the actual or intended requirement of the job to be performed.
4. Online recruitment websites can be very helpful to find candidates that are
very actively looking for work and post their resumes online.
5. To avoid being fired as a cost-cutting measure, an employee may agree to
take time off without pay.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
STAFF LEASING
Leasing service let the client involve the personnel selected in accordance
with all requirements for the work on temporary projects out of the actual staff
of the company.
When you need personnel leasing:
- The company needs additional employees for temporary projects but has no
resources for high quality search and evaluation of the specialists;
- Company needs additional employees because of the season grow of work
volume;
- For the period of long-term absence of indispensable specialists (maternity
leaves etc.);
- Performing of the new projects not connected with the main profile of the
company;
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- Staff quantity and salary budget limits;
- The client wants to transfer obligations and risks concerned with personnel to
the qualified provider.
Obligations of the staffing agency on the project:
- Search, selection and recruitment of the personnel in accordance with the
client’s requirements;
- Registration of legal relations with the employees selected by the client;
- Performing all procedures in the field of personnel in accordance with the RF
Labor Code;
- Calculation and providing an employee with a salary, calculation and
transferring taxes and payments stated by the RF Labor Code;
- Resolution of questions and conflicts with the employees;
- RF norms and lows observance.
Staff exchange in case of preliminary valid requirements of the client:
Service advantages:
- Saving the time on the search and evaluation of the personnel;
- HR service is released from the administrative tasks connected with
employees’ registration;
- Reduction of the personnel paperwork volume;
- Exclude expenses connected with calculation of salary;
- Reducing expenses for all kinds of compensation packages (they are either not
presupposed or are minimal for temporary employees);
- Reducing of legal risks and obligations out of labor relations with temporary
staff;
- Opportunity to exchange the employees in case they do not satisfy the
requirements for some reasons;
- Replacing the employees for the period of illness or vacation;
- Exclude the costs on personnel recruitment in case the client wants to transfer
the employee he likes to the permanent staff after the year of his work in the
company.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. Is personnel leasing obligatory for a company?
2. Can you suppose at least a couple of negative points for a company
concerning personnel leasing? What are they?
3. Are there any benefits for employees in case they are leased?
Задание 4. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
1. In spite of the absence of specific legal regulations, staff leasing is not
prohibited by the law.
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2. In almost all fields of activities of the financial services industry, there is
fierce competition for qualified staff.
3. What is the future of personnel outsourcing? Will it be banned by law or
is it there to grow in the coming years?
4. How would you rate the level of support you received to perform your job
duties?
5. An employer who accommodates the need to make time during the
business day for employees’ medical emergencies or school functions will
be rewarded with more productive, loyal and happy employees.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола (инфинитив,
причастие I, II, герундий). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting
qualified people for a job at an organization or firm.
2. Headhunters may use advanced sales techniques, such as initially posing
as clients to gather employee contacts, as well as visiting candidate
offices.
3. In some countries, employers are legally mandated to provide equal
opportunity in hiring.
4. Fast-growing high tech companies were hard-pressed to locate and hire
the technical specialists they required, and so had little choice but to pay
large fees to highly specialized external recruiters in order to staff their
projects.
5. Unjust firings may result from a workplace manager or supervisor
wanting to retaliate against an employee.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
PERSONNEL ASSESSMENT
Personnel evaluation is the basis for professional human resources
management in any organization
Goals and objectives of Personnel Assessment. It is aimed at examining of
the psychological potential and professional skills of an employee that are
necessary for them to perform the duties that they are assigned. Personnel
evaluation is the basis for making the right decision in many fields of activities
that are connected to human resources:
- Recruiting new personnel;
- Organizational work with the personnel;
- Personnel training;
- Organizational and human resources planning;
- Concluding compensation and benefits agreements;
- Providing bonuses for the employees.
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Selection of a specific method depends on the specific needs of the
company; no matter what, it should be aimed at solving a definite problem,
getting the desired measurable result; the method chosen should be adapted to
the actual needs of the company, the specific character of its activity, its
organizational structure and competitive environment.
Express diagnostics. General evaluation of the personality structure that
helps determine the aptitude of a person to certain activities, predict his or her
successfulness and evaluate individual personality features. Interviewing also
includes the candidate’s professional background evaluation.
Psychological testing. Personality analysis is carried out with a view to
determine the behavior model, emotional intelligence and general intellectual
abilities of a candidate and their suitability for effective execution of a specific
role in their present or new position
Professional testing. Evaluation of professional skills and knowledge of
the candidate in the selected field is carried out with the use of specially
developed tests and interviews with an expert in the given field.
Assessment center. The evaluation tasks offered within the frame of such
examination enable the company to receive comprehensive and reliable
information that helps anticipate and prevent unwanted situations with the
employee. They also help anticipate his or her specific behavior in situations
that are of vital importance to the company. These tasks also help the company
reach conclusions about the abilities and individual/personal characteristics of
this employee. This method makes it possible to identify, analyze and evaluate
the degree of manifestation of professional qualities and competencies of the
candidate with the help of specifically modeled situations, typical for the field of
activity being examined.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What are the aims of employers and employees in personnel assessment
process?
2. What’s important for choosing a personnel evaluation method?
3. What personnel assessment methods are mentioned in the text? Do you
know any other?
Задание 4. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
1. The new person you’ve just hired had an impressive resume.
2. Many candidates are also very well educated about what type of salary
they can expect, as a good deal of information is available from
governmental and online publications.
3. The more you know about what’s happening across the company, the
better you’ll be at making strategic suggestions and decisions.
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4. The Trainer concern is to ensure that the training that has been provided is
effective or not.
5. The actual act to source candidates can usually be split out into two
clearly defined techniques: primary sourcing and secondary sourcing.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола (инфинитив,
причастие I, II, герундий). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The recruitment industry is based on the goal of providing a candidate to a
client for a price.
2. Due to their higher costs, headhunters are usually employed to fill senior
management and executive level roles.
3. Niche firms tend to be more focused on building ongoing relationships
with their candidates as it is very common the same candidates are placed
many times throughout their careers.
4. Job descriptions need to be reviewed or updated prior to a recruitment
effort to reflect present day requirements.
5. The employer and employee make a joint decision to end employment.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
PROS AND CONS OF EXIT INTERVIEWS
Exit interviews with departing employees are often conducted in a
perfunctory, haphazard manner. But these workers’ last words can provide
valuable insights into corporate culture, dysfunctions and opportunities to do
better at retaining top talent. It’s important to listen carefully during an exit
interview; but more important is to act on the information you receive.
Some HR experts think the exit interview serves no purpose, coming far
too late in the employment relationship to be useful. Regardless of your track
record as a manager, however, take your exit interviews seriously and try to
learn from what your employees have to say. In addition, use interviews as an
opportunity to convince a valuable employee to stay.
Exit interviews provide a unique chance to get candid feedback from
employees, which can be very helpful for identifying ways in which HR
management could improve. Departing employees have nothing to lose by being
totally honest about their reasons for leaving, their experiences with co-workers
or their opinions of company policy.
One thing a leaving worker does have to worry about, however, is
damaging relationships that extend beyond the term of employment. The
employee may be less frank about management’s shortcomings due to fear of a
bad job reference. Some staff may plan to stay in touch with former co-workers
and don’t want to burn bridges. Others simply don’t feel comfortable badmouthing the people they will leave behind.
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Feedback, though illuminating, is not useful from just one exit interview.
Only speaking with all departing employees will allow you to identify trends
that point to chronic or systemic weaknesses in the company’s retention
management. For this reason, it is important to design effective exit-interview
protocols and administer them consistently.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. In what case can an exit interview be conducted? Is it always possible?
2. What is important to do while you are exit interviewed?
3. Why can an exit interview be life guided for both employer and
employee?
4. What opportunities does exit interview give for the company?
Задание 4. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
1. Flexible hours, or flextime as it’s commonly called, have been hailed by
some as a revolution in the way that employees work because it allows
them to strike a work-life balance that just isn’t possible under a rigid
schedule.
2. Which staff competences are required for the tasks to be accomplished
within the enterprise?
3. It should also be noted that even in slower economic times or higher
unemployment, recruitment process outsourcing is still considered by
companies to assist in an increasing need to screen through a larger
candidate pool.
4. Candidates who don’t meet the requirements will be discouraged from
applying, while qualified candidates will recognize that you're serious
about looking for experienced candidates.
5. One of the main problems with the outstaffing business in Russia is that it
does not have a special legal framework that regulates the rights and
duties of the client company, outstaffing provider and the outsourced
personnel.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола (инфинитив,
причастие I, II, герундий). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Larger employers tend to undertake their own in-house recruitment, using
their human resources department, front-line hiring managers and
recruitment personnel who handle targeted functions and populations.
2. Business management software is used by many recruitment agencies to
automate the testing process.
3. Many companies have onboarding campaigns in hopes to retain top talent
that is new to the company.
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4. To allow the dismissed employee to ‘save face’ in a more ‘graceful’ exit,
the employer will often ask the employee to resign ‘voluntarily’ from
their position.
5. The candidate submittal service will often vet, edit or enhance the job
seeker’s application before passing it on to the employer.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING
When organization has invested in some training, how do we know if it
has a success? Our gut feeling might be that skills and practice have improved.
But in what ways and by how much has it improved, and did organization get
value of money? Answer of these questions can be given by doing evaluation.
The evaluation of training forms is the remaining part of the training cycle
which starts with the identification of training needs, establishing objectives and
continues through to the design and delivery of the training course itself.
It is the function of evaluation to assess whether the learning objectives
originally identified have been satisfied and any deficiency rectified. Evaluation
is the analysis and comparison of actual progress versus prior plans, oriented
toward improving plans for future implementation. It is part of a continuing
management process consisting of planning, implementation and evaluation;
ideally with each following the other in a continuous cycle until successful
completion of the activity. Evaluation process must start before training has
begun and continue throughout the whole learning process.
Functions of evaluation: There are basically two functions of evaluation,
- Qualitative evaluation is an assessment process ‘How well did we do’?
- Quantitative evaluation is an assessment process that answers the question
‘How much did we do’?
Principles of Training Evaluation:
- Training need should be identified and reviewed concurrently with the
business and personal development plan process.
- There should be correlation to the needs of the business and the individual.
- Organizational, group and individual level training need should be identified
and evaluated.
- Techniques of evaluation should be appropriate.
- The evaluation function should be in place before the training takes place.
- The outcome of evaluation should be used to inform the business and training
process.
Why Training Evaluation: Training cost can be significant in any
business. Most organizations are prepared to incur these cost because they
expect that their business to benefit from employees development and progress.
Whether business has benefited can be assessed by evaluation training.
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There are basically four parties involved in evaluating the result of any
training: Trainer, Trainee, Training and Development (T&D) department and
Line Manager. The Trainee wants to confirm that the course has met personal
expectations and satisfied any learning objectives set by the T&D department at
the beginning of the program. The Trainer concern is to ensure that the training
that has been provided is effective or not. Training and Development want to
know whether the course has made the best use of the resources available. The
Line manager will be seeking reassurance that the time hat trainee has spent in
attending training results in to value and how deficiency in knowledge and skill
redressed.
The problem for many organizations is not so much why training should
be evaluated but how. Most of the organizations overlook evaluation because
financial benefits are difficult to describe in concrete terms.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are the first main steps in the employee training cycle?
2. When the evaluation of the effectiveness of training should be started?
3. What training evaluation should be done for?
4. How many parties are involved in evaluating the results of any training?
5. Do you know any methods of training evaluation?
Задание 4. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
1. Bringing in an employee with an M.B.A. is sometimes perceived as a sign
that ‘ordinary’ employees are not good enough to get the job done.
2. The opportunity to meet you and become acquainted first hand with the
fine work you and your team have been doing, has strengthened my
interest in working for Sealico.
3. Corporate incentive systems are considered the most effective method for
motivating employees to work harder.
4. For more than a century, most workers have been tied to a nine-to-five
schedule that they planned their lives around.
5. Specify whether the person is expected to work odd hours, be on-call or
work in sensitive environments.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола (инфинитив,
причастие I, II, герундий). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. With conduct problems, the firing is frequently (but not always) part of a
‘progressive step’ process, meaning the employee will have been warned
and given an opportunity to improve before more severe measures are
taken.
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2. An employee getting charged with a crime will affect the employer’s
ability to trust the employee.
3. The employee is sometimes offered some extended pay or benefits and a
glowing reference in exchange for departure. In turn, the ex-employee
agrees not to sue, file for unemployment, or take any other action that
would hurt the employer.
4. In some cases, when an employee departed on good terms, they may be
given special priority by the employer when seeking rehire.
5. Companies will generally employ a number of different methods to fill
their recruitment needs including employee referral, company websites,
recruitment agencies and job boards.
IV СЕМЕСТР
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1) Видовременные формы глагола (действительный и страдательный
залоги).
2) Неличные формы глагола (причастие, герундий, инфинитив).
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF RECRUITMENT PROCESS
OUTSOURCING (RPO)
Today many companies are turning to recruitment process outsourcing to
streamline their business processes. Research shows recruiting is one of three
functional areas HR executives and professionals are likely to outsource.
Strategic sourcing is a key to reinforcing clients’ employer branding and market
presence, enabling them to attract and retain top quality talent.
While a typical external candidate sourcing process might begin with a
posting on internet job boards, strategy enhances this process.
What non-traditional methods of recruitment are rising in popularity?
The unique characteristics of Generation X and Generation Y require that
you to modify your recruiting strategy; the vast majority of Gen Xers and Gen
Yers are computer literate and much more likely to utilize digital forms of
communication. They also tend to make key decisions based on input from
social networking services, which tend to be widely popular among younger
professionals.
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The recruitment methodologies that have emerged include non-paid
internet sites and job boards, as well as social recruiting and networking search
engines; interactive websites that incorporate video, pictures, blogs and career
sites have sprung up. Portals such as Facebook and MySpace also offer the
opportunity for individuals to create online resumes. The key is to understand
the different generational traits and refine your recruiting message through
alternative channels, technologies and media.
How can an external Recruitment Process Outsourcing provider help a
company?
Industry research shows that an increasing number of companies define
RPO as a key differentiator within their businesses. As the market continues to
expand, Recruitment Process Outsourcing providers are building increased
functionalities into their technology platforms to provide end-to-end, employee
life cycle solutions. Implementing an RPO solution enables a company to
operate more productively and efficiently by managing the strategic, tactical and
administrative elements of the recruitment process.
An external Recruitment Process Outsourcing solution may make sense
because it allows your company’s HR department to focus on strategic
initiatives, leverage its core competencies, and reduce human capital expenses.
Bringing this capability in-house may be too costly whereas working with a
Recruitment Process Outsourcing provider gives your company the ability to
leverage their expertise, cost-efficiencies, industry best practices and other
economies of scale to improve the recruitment process.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий, 4-ый
абзацы текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. Why is outsourcing very prospective nowadays?
2. What non-traditional methods of recruitment are rising in popularity?
3. How can an external Recruitment Process Outsourcing provider help a
company?
Задание 4. Определите тип условного предложения. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Sarcasm does not often translate well through business writing, and even
if the hiring manager does get it, he or she probably won’t appreciate it.
2. What would be your highest priority for me to accomplish if you hired
me?
3. If you do not have the skills required, you will not get the job and will
have to implement a career plan that makes use of your present skill level.
4. If only I had met with the employer in person, I could have convinced him
that I was the right person for the job!
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5. If the employer has no idea how to reach you, you will not get the
interview, regardless of how good your resume is and how qualified you
are.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях сложное подлежащее и сложное
дополнение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Section headings give you a system for organizing your information in a
resume and allow you to focus on the most pertinent facts.
2. It is important to familiarize yourself with the various types of interviews
and question formats that you are likely to encounter in your job search.
3. Highlighting your keywords at the top of your resume allows a manager
to quickly scan your resume and to immediately see your qualifications.
4. Downloading your “electronic portfolio” on CD, allows you to easily send
it in the mail to a perspective manager.
5. Resume is supposed to list only the facts about your previous
employment, and not contain any subjective comments.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
WHY USE A RECRUITING CONSULTANT TO HIRE EMPLOYEES?
The process of maximizing human resources and productivity is perhaps
the most challenging task confronting today’s business executives. The supply
of quality talent is as vital to corporate profitability as any other factor.
This condition has prompted business management more and more to seek
the assistance of Recruiting Consultants. The reasons most commonly identified
include:
1. Utilizing the Recruiting Consultant’s special resources and knowledge.
2. Implementing cost effective methods to meet personnel requirements.
3. Maximizing time management principles.
4. Maintaining confidentiality.
5. Protecting a positive Corporate Image.
6. Realizing the benefit of the consultant’s unique position.
7. Meeting equal opportunity objectives.
A Recruiting Consultant’s expertise often yields to an introduction of
candidates who would not otherwise be accessible to the client. Recruiting
Consultants routinely refer highly qualified individuals simply because the
opportunity was more effectively communicated on a personal level. Experience
has demonstrated that a search for the right candidate is a full-time endeavor,
requiring special skills and techniques not generally found in conventional
businesses.
Cost effectiveness and time management are critical concerns of every
business enterprise today. By using the services of a Recruiting Consultant,
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Corporate decision makers have the opportunity to control expenses, minimize
extraneous costs, and maximize their time utilizations. Let a Recruiting
Consultant do all the preliminary legwork of market research, advertising, initial
screening, checking references, scheduling and interview arrangements. The
financial impact of a prolonged search, leaving the position vacant or improperly
staffed, can be a highly significant cost factor.
The process of filling that vacancy can be completed in far less time with
the assistance of a Recruiting Consultant. Additionally, time taken from the
normal responsibilities of corporate decisions makers is expensive. The
consideration of only a few qualified candidates is a quantifiable savings for
clients companies in both time and money. Unproductive, unprofitable
involvement with unqualified applicants can virtually be eliminated.
Finally, Recruiting Consultants are a viable resource to the business
community in meeting equal opportunity commitments. Recruiting Consultant,
like employers, are subject to state and federal statutes and regulations regarding
fair employment practices. In the final analysis, the individual performance of
the Recruiting Consultant represents a composite of specialized skills and serves
as a measure by which a client company can gauge their worth.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What are the companies’ reasons to seek the assistance of recruiting
consultants?
2. What are the differences between the in-house HR departments and
recruiting consultants?
3. What are the determinants in decision-making to apply for a recruiting
consultant?
Задание 4. Определите тип условного предложения. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. If he had worked for Capital Corp. seven or eight years, then the
chronological format, which stresses his ability to stick with a job for a
long time, would have been preferable.
2. However, if your goal is a new career, it may be worth sacrificing the
present to build a more satisfying future.
3. If he were seeking another job in sales, he would place his sales skills
first, even though his last job was not in sales.
4. If you haven’t worked in a managerial position for more than five years,
you’ll be outed with a simple phone call to your last boss and immediately
disqualified from the rest of the hiring process.
5. Background checks are standard at most offices, and even if you get the
job, your lack of skill will quickly be revealed.
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Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях сложное подлежащее и сложное
дополнение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. While employers usually expect your resume to be posted into your email, in many instances the employer will request that you send your
resume as an “attachment.”
2. When he or she finally reads your chronology, it is less likely to be an
issue that you have not held one job for a long period.
3. At first glance, it seems to be more expensive to have temporary
personnel but, as soon as the company understands the costs it can avoid
it immediately makes use of outstaffing.
4. Section headings allow the employer to quickly scan a resume for
pertinent information.
5. Your resume is a history of your past, but your cover letter allows you to
make a statement about your future.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
HR HISTORY
While temporary, contingency and executive search firms have provided
staffing services for many decades, the concept of an employer outsourcing the
management and ownership of part or all of their recruiting process wasn’t first
realized on a consistent basis until the 1970s in Silicon Valley’s highly
competitive high tech labor market. Fast-growing high tech companies were
hard-pressed to locate and hire the technical specialists they required, and so had
little choice but to pay large fees to highly specialized external recruiters in
order to staff their projects. Over time, companies began to examine how they
might reduce the growing expenses of recruitment fees while still hiring hard-tofind technical specialists. Toward this end, companies began to examine the
various steps in the recruiting process with an eye toward outsourcing only those
portions that they had the greatest difficulty with and that added the greatest
value to them. Initial RPO (Recruitment Process Outsourcing) programs
typically consisted of companies purchasing lists of potential candidates from
RPO vendors. This ‘search/research’ function, as it was called, generated names
of competitors’ employees for a company and served to augment the pool of
potential candidates from which that company could hire.
Over time, as business in general embraced the concept of outsourcing
more and more, RPO gained favor among Human Resource management: not
only did RPO reduce overhead costs from their budgets but it also helped
improve the company’s competitive advantage in the labor market. As labor
markets became more and more competitive, RPO became more of an
acceptable option. Furthermore, through the advent in the 1980’s and 1990’s of
human resources outsourcing (HRO) companies that began taking on the
processes associated with benefits, taxes, and payroll, companies began
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recognizing that recruiting – a significant cost of HR – should also be
considered for outsourcing. In the early 2000’s more companies began
considering the outsourcing of recruitment for major portions of their recruiting
need.
There have been fundamental changes in the US labor market that serve to
reinforce the use of RPO as well. The labor market has become increasingly
dynamic: workers today change employers more often than in previous
generations. De-regulated labor markets have also created a shift towards
contract and part-time labor and shorter work tenures. These trends increase
recruitment activity and may encourage the use of RPO. It should also be noted
that even in slower economic times or higher unemployment, RPO is still
considered by companies to assist in an increasing need to screen through a
larger candidate pool.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый абзац текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. When and where did the concept of ‘recruiting process outsourcing’
appear?
2. Why did the concept of ‘recruiting process outsourcing’ appear?
3. What difficulties did Silicon Valley companies face?
4. What are the trends human resources outsourcing companies develop in?
Задание 4. Определите тип условного предложения. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. If you didn’t know about the upcoming promotion, you could never make
this connection and would thus lose some of your power as an employee.
2. If the fact that big businesses held an insurmountable advantage over
startups when it comes to recruiting the best available talent were true,
former startups such as Microsoft Corp., Google and Starbucks Corp.
would have never been able to grow into the corporate giants that they are
today.
3. If employees see that the company acts on the employee survey results,
they will be more willing to take the survey the next time around.
4. If you’re distracted by an aching back and a sore throat, you’ll hardly be
able to do your work effectively.
5. What would you change about your education if you could?
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях сложное подлежащее и сложное
дополнение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. To facilitate the ongoing flow of information, build time into the
onboarding schedule to allow both parties to sit down and discuss –
uninterrupted – whatever happens to be on their minds.
2. Employers expect every applicant to have solid references.
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3. Do not rely on the employer to take action; that is, never end a letter with
“If you are interested,” “Please call me,” or any other phrase that expects
the employer to take action. You want the job, you take the action.
4. Multimedia techniques allow individuals to use their creativity in
presenting themselves in a far more effective way than with just a
traditional resume.
5. It seems to be any employer’s dream fulfilled – to have professional
personnel and get rid of all the problems related to human resources.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
PROS & CONS OF RECRUITMENT PROCESS OUTSOURCING
Benefits. RPO’s promoters claim that the solution offers improvement in
quality, cost, service and speed.
Quality and Cost – RPO providers claim that leveraging economies of scale
enables them to offer recruitment processes at lower cost while economies of scope
allow them to operate as high-quality specialists. Those economies of scale and
scope arise from a larger staff of recruiters, databases of candidate resumes, and
investment in recruitment tools and networks. RPO solutions are also claimed to
change fixed investment costs into variable costs that flex with fluctuation in
recruitment activity. Companies may pay by transaction rather than by staff
member, thus avoiding under-utilization or forcing costly layoffs of recruitment
staff when activity is low.
Service and Speed – The commercial relationship between an RPO
provider and a client is likely to be based on specific performance targets. With
remuneration dependent on the attainment of such targets, an RPO provider will
concentrate their resources in the most effective way – at times to the exclusion
of non-core activity. Traditional internal recruitment teams are less likely to
have such clearly defined performance targets.
Risks. RPO can only succeed in the context of a well-defined corporate
and staffing strategy. As with any program, a company must manage its RPO
activities, providing initial direction and continued monitoring to assure the
desired results.
Loose Definition of RPO – As RPO is a commercial concept rather than a
specific definition, there is little regulation to RPO providers. As such, a
recruitment agency may brand their services as RPO without actually structuring
them in a way that will provide the most benefit to their clients.
Cost – The cost of engaging an RPO provider may be more than the cost
of the internal recruitment department, as an RPO provider is likely to have
higher business overheads.
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Effectiveness – Improperly implemented RPO could reduce the
effectiveness of recruitment, should an RPO provider not understand or seek to
understand the recruitment solution that they will be providing.
Failure to Deliver – RPO service providers may fail to provide the quality
or volume of staff required by their clients, especially when finding candidates
in industry sectors where there are staff shortages.
Lack of Competition – Placing all recruitment in the hands of a single
outside provider may discourage the competition that would arise if multiple
recruitment providers were used.
Pre-Existing Issues – An RPO solution may not work if the company’s
existing recruitment processes are performing poorly, or if the service provider
lacks appropriate recruitment processes or procedures to work with the client. In
this situation, it is better for the company to undergo a recruitment optimization
program.
Employer Branding – RPO providers do not necessarily act as custodians
of their clients’ employer brand in the way that a strongly aligned retained
search firm or internal recruiting resource would.
Engagement – Many RPO organizations perform their staffing functions
and service offsite or offshore, disconnecting the provider from the client
company’s growth and recruiting strategy. While this effect can be mitigated
through strong relationship management, some of the momentum and energy
associated with the rapid upscaling of a workforce through recruitment may
dissipate.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What’s more weighty and influential – pros or cons of recruitment process
outsourcing? Why?
2. Can you name any other benefits of recruitment process outsourcing?
Characterize them in brief.
3. How can a company avoid the risks of recruitment process outsourcing?
Задание 4. Определите тип условного предложения. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. People will be more likely to spend lunch time in the break room instead
of at their desks if it’s an inviting and comfortable space.
2. If employees see that the company acts on the appraisal results, they will
be more willing to take the appraisal the next time around.
3. He would have done a better job if I hadn’t hurried him.
4. Your resume should also inform the employer of your career objective
and communicate in a concise manner the benefits you would bring the
job if hired.
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5. If the project is quite lengthy it will automatically mean that the invited
employees will have to be hired permanently.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях сложное подлежащее и сложное
дополнение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The marketing team is planning a big promotion of a new product, and
you happen to work with customers who could give fantastic testimonials
to support the campaign.
2. My M.B.A. doesn’t seem to be opening very many doors, so I’m playing
up my experience now.
3. Employers want you to substantiate your resume, and see if you have the
personality they are looking for.
4. The Internet’s e-mail program allows you to keep in touch with your
interviewer as well as send him or her follow-up materials, such as your
electronic portfolio.
5. Use your Summary of qualifications if you have unique or outstanding
qualifications you want your employer to see at the offset.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст:
FIRING OF PROBLEM EMPLOYEES
Though many employers would like to get rid of their ‘problem employees’,
some employers are reluctant to fire those who one would expect would be
deserving of termination. There are many reasons for this, which may include:
Some positions may be hard to fill. This may be the case with a rare skilled
position, or with certain low-wage jobs that are generally unattractive, where
finding applicants is difficult. A person who has unusual skills, or who is doing a
job that is considered undesirable, such as cleaning sewage from pipes may be hard
to replace. As such, a person in this position may be retained even if they have
absenteeism or conduct problems.
Another reason that bosses do not fire some problem employees is from a
fear of retaliation. Sometimes the employer must be concerned about various
types of action the ex-employee may take against the company, such as filing a
wrongful termination suit: The terminated employee may take legal action in
response to the firing. While laws vary in each country and jurisdiction, many
employers keep extensive documentation of disciplinary action, evaluations,
attendance records, and correspondence from supervisors, co-workers and
customers in order to defend themselves in the event of such a suit.
Additionally, the at-will employment contract, where the law permits, allows the
employer to dismiss employees without having to provide a reason, though this
has sometimes been challenged in court. As well, the employer may be
concerned that the employee could make a negative report to public: by
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divulging things about the company to others, thereby hurting their business; or
that the employee may disclose trade secrets: An ex-employee may remove
materials or divulge confidential information from the former employer and use
it with another employer or in an independent business.
Some employers may be afraid that a worker may make a report to law
enforcement, in the event that the employer’s practices are illegal to the law.
Other fears include the risk of sabotage by damaging machinery, erasing
computer files, or shredding documents; or even violence. In some most extreme
cases, fired employees have attacked or even killed their former employers or
the staff at their old company or organization, sometimes known in slang as
‘going postal.’ In some cases, this has occurred several months or years after
termination. Some employers terminate their staff off-site to avoid these issues.
Other reasons include: In the United States and some other countries,
Unemployment Insurance costs benefits are financed by employers. A firm’s
unemployment costs increase with each worker laid off or fired.
The problem employee may have a special relationship with the boss,
which is not necessarily romantic, but the employee may be a family member or
close friend, or the employee may provide other needed connections for the
employer.
Despite the hardships the employer depends on the employee, the
employer may find the employee useful in other ways. The employee may hold
some rare knowledge or skill that is not easily replaceable.
A sympathetic boss may feel bad about firing an employee.
In some cultures, it is against the values of the employer to fire a longserving, hard-working employee, even during an economic downturn (e.g., in
Japan).
Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык 1-ый, 2-ой абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What problems can arise in the process of firing an employee?
2. What are the main social reasons of not firing a problem employee?
3. What are the main legal reasons of not firing a problem employee?
4. What are the main economic reasons of not firing a problem employee?
Задание 4. Определите тип условного предложения. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Some workers fear that if the boss knows about their personal problems,
they will be fired.
2. Find out everything you can about the companies you are interested in.
Develop a strategy. What could you do for them if you were hired?
3. If you are pursuing a job in two diverse areas, you will need two different
resumes.
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4. If an employee had an 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. schedule, he or she would
probably accomplish a lot more during the day but avoiding the guilt with
arriving late each morning.
5. If you had read my whole post, you would have seen that I’m actually
very suspicious about term limits.
Задание 5. Найдите в предложениях сложное подлежащее и сложное
дополнение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If an employer wants the file sent as an attachment, you must follow the
instructions on your particular e-mail program on how files are to be
attached.
2. You can’t be passive and wait for an employment agency to call, or want
ad to appear.
3. List the main duties of the job and what percentage of time is expected to
be dedicated to each.
4. Remember what you read on a company’s own Web site is controlled –
they are only telling you what they want you to know.
5. Headhunters are generally considered to be more aggressive than in-house
recruiters or may have preexisting industry experience and contacts.
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КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ДОКУМЕНТОВЕДЕНИЕ И АРХИВОВЕДЕНИЕ
1 КУРС
Контрольная работа № 1
Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
1. Существительные: множественное число, притяжательный падеж.
Артикли: определенный и неопределенный.
2. Разряды местоимений: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные.
Функции и использование глагола «to have».
3. Прилагательные и наречия: степени сравнения.
4. Оборот «There is / there are».
5. Типы вопросов.
6. Простые времена: the Present Simple Tense, the Past Simple Tense, the
Future Simple Tense. Длительные времена: Continuous Tenses.
Конструкция «to be going to». Совершенные времена: Perfect Tenses.
7. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
8. Придаточные предложения времени и условия.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Where is … manager’s office?
2. He read … leading article slowly moving his lips over … words.
3. My sister has … breakfast at 8 o’clock and then goes to school.
4. You should always follow … doctor’s advice.
5. This isn’t …my book. It’s my brother’s.
6. There are … twelve students in our group. Everybody speaks English
rather well.
7. … names of … rivers, seas and oceans are used with … definite article.
8. … next week’s meeting has been cancelled.
9. … Great Britain lies in … eastern part of … Atlantic Ocean.
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10. Jill has got… three weeks’ holiday.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. What are you reading now? Is it an interesting book?
2. Have you ever tried to give up smoking?
3. Students often have to work at the laboratory after classes.
4. Every evening the young fisherman went out upon the sea and threw his
nets into the water.
5. He will stay here until you come. He is going to tell something very
important.
6. Generally I made spelling mistakes when I was at school.
7. They were talking in low voices. They didn’t want to disturb him.
8. Tomorrow at five o’clock I will be playing tennis with Bob.
9. They have been building that bridge for several months but they haven’t
finished it yet.
10. Michael said to me: “Mary is coming with the 5.20 train. Will you do
me a favour and meet her at the station?”
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. There is some answer to you but I … not find it.
2. I … to leave, it was very late.
3. The train … to arrive at 5 in the evening.
4. She … not make out why Charlie did not love her.
5. Mother says I … not go to the pictures.
6. You … read phonetic exercises every day to improve your pronunciation.
7. We … not hurry, there is plenty of time. You … be more attentive not to
forget your documents.
8. You … regret about it.
9. I wouldn’t … tell her this.
10. Children … not to play with matches. But they … not listen to you.
Задание 5. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The twenty-second of December is the (short) day of the year.
2. Iron is (useful) of all the metals.
3. My cigarettes are (bad) than yours.
4. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) than the Moskva River.
5. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian Mountains.
6. His plan is (practical) than yours.
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7. This room is (small) than all the rooms in the house.
8. Our house is (low) than yours.
9. Silver is (heavy) than copper.
10. This is the (beautiful) city I have ever seen!
Задание 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Я живу рядом со станцией, примерно в пяти минутах ходьбы.
2. Если вы будете смотреть телевизор, расскажите мне новости.
3. Она должна закончить университет через пять лет.
4. Я не видел её много лет, она сильно изменилась. Разве ты не знаешь,
что она приехала?
5. Через полчаса я буду ужинать, ты можешь присоединиться ко мне.
В какой ресторан ты хочешь пойти?
6. Он учил английский язык несколько лет, прежде чем поехать в
Британию.
7. Я только что сделал уроки. Теперь я собираюсь пойти в кино
посмотреть самый интересный фильм, который сейчас показывают.
8. Что делал твой друг, когда ты его увидел? О чем вы разговаривали?
9. Мы пошли пешком, и нам потребовалось полчаса, чтобы добраться
туда.
10. Они приглашают нас в гости в воскресенье, если мы будем
свободны.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 2ой абзац.
THE SPIRIT OF AN ORGANIZATION
Two sayings sum up the “spirit of an organization”. One is the inscription
on Andrew Carnegie’s tombstone: Here lies a man who knew how to enlist in
his service better men than himself. The other is the slogan of the drive to find
jobs for the physically handicapped: “It’s the abilities, not the disabilities, that
count”.
Management by objective tells a manager what he ought to do. The proper
organization of his job enables him to do it, but it is the spirit of the organization
that determines whether he will do it or not. It’s the spirit that motivates, that
calls upon a man’s reserves of dedication and effort, that decides whether he will
give his best or do just enough to get by.
It is the purpose of an organization to “make common men do uncommon
things” said Lord Beveridge. No organization can depend on genius; the supply is
always scarce and always unpredictable. But it is the test of an organization that it makes
ordinary human beings perform better than they are capable of, that it brings out
whatever strength there is in its members an uses it to make all other members perform
better. It is the test of an organization that it neutralizes the weaknesses of its members.
(Adapted from Peter Drucker “The Practice of Management”).
66
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What is the spirit of an organization?
2. What is the purpose of an organization?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. …last week’s storm caused a lot of damage.
2. He cleans his teeth with … toothpaste.
3. My brother works for … insurance company in … London.
4. John has got … interview for … job tomorrow. He is thinking of possible
… questions.
5. He thinks … volleyball is … very good game.
6. … town’s cinema has closed down.
7. Our lives would be very difficult without … electricity.
8. The heart pumps … blood through the body.
9. I had my camera, but I didn’t take many … photographs.
10. … main region’s industry is tourism.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
2. I’m living with some friends until I find a flat.
3. The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it very much.
4. Ann was watching television when the phone rang.
5. I’ve written a letter, but I haven’t posted it yet.
6. Debbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was
eight.
7. Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she had already
seen the film.
8. If they don’t come soon I’m not going to wait.
9. Let’s wait for Mary to arrive and then we’ll have dinner.
10. When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair
was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They’d been fighting.
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Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. You … not leave the room until I say so. Children … obey their parents.
2. Father says you … to learn your lessons first and then you may go to the
cinema.
3. You … not waste your time. You …to do as many useful things as
possible.
4. They … Lenny to climb to the very top branch.
5. You … get what you want dear. I promise that you will see a priceless
collection of ancient manuscripts if you go to the British Museum.
6. They … often talk about their life.
7. You … have warned me beforehand.
8. We … to go shopping, there is almost no food at home.
9. I’ll … to leave you in an hour otherwise I will be late for my train.
10. My grandfather … speaks five languages.
Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I don’t play tennis much these days. I used to play tennis (often).
2. The exam was quite difficult – (difficult) than we expected.
3. Can you walk a bit (fast)?
4. My (old) brother is a pilot.
5. The city centre was (crowded) today morning than usually.
6. What was the (happy) day of your life?
7. That was the (delicious) meal I’ve had for a long time.
8. What is the (long) river in the world?
9. What’s the (quick) way of getting from here to the station.
10. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming (often) I can.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Если я выйду в 9 часов и поеду на машине в Лондон, я прибуду
примерно к 12.
2. Я собираюсь в отпуск 12 июня. Я должен снова выйти на работу 15
августа.
3. Я пригласил Анну на вечер, но она отказалась прийти.
4. Я не смог купить билеты на этот спектакль заранее, но мне удалось
достать хорошие места в кассе театра.
5. Когда вы приходите в театр, вы оставляете пальто в гардеробе. Там
же вы можете взять бинокль и программу.
6. Какой язык труднее, английский или немецкий?
7. Он не такой высокий как его старший брат.
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8. По расписанию последний поезд в Москву отправляется ровно в 12
часов ночи.
9. Когда мои друзья приезжают в Москву, они всегда останавливаются
у нас.
10. Вы ходили в кино на этой неделе? – Нет, я очень занята в последнее
время.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
2-й абзац.
MOBILE MAD
There are good reasons to be worried about children and mobile phones,
reports Michael Fitzpatrick. Sociologists in Japan, where mobiles have been
common among the young for some time and offer sophisticated services, see an
alarming trend.
In Tokyo, for example, one-quarter of all four to fifteen-year-olds has a
mobile phone. Well over half of Japan’s high school students own one, many of
them Internet enabled. Half the children polled recently said their lifestyle
“required” them to have a mobile phone, while 41,5 percent said their parents
“forced” them to have one.
Such density of mobile ownership, especially among the young, has lead to
a new type of neurosis, say sociologists. Japanese teens, in particular, have
become fanatical about being “always available”. Teenagers can be seen taking
advantage of every spare minute to touch base with their friends. It is not the
content of the communication but the act of staying in touch that matters.
Indeed, many become extremely uneasy if unable to contact their peers
countless times each day, fearing they are becoming socially isolated.
If this trend continues two things are likely to happen. One is mobile phone
addiction, where a person is incapable of forming and maintaining relationships
without the help of mobiles. The second – genuine conversation will be driven
out by superficial communication, in which the act of contacting one another is
all that matters, leading to a deterioration in the quality of relationships. Indeed,
the very fabric of society may be threatened.
(from Richard Acklam, Araminta Crace. Total English Student's book.
Upper intermediate. – Longman, 2006, P.12 - 13)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. Are there any reasons to get worried about children and mobile phones?
2. How many teenagers have mobile phones in Tokyo?
3. What things may happen if the trend of mobile addiction continues?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
69
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Lomonosov, great Russian scientist, was born in … small village, on …
White Sea’s shore.
2. … Elbrus is … highest peak of … Caucasian Mountains.
3. … coal is one of … most important natural resources in our country.
4. He took … doctor’s arm and led him out of the room.
5. There are … seven days in … week.
6. I am not very good at writing … letters.
7. There were … very few people in the shops today. They were almost
empty.
8. George always wants … things quickly. He’s got no … patience.
9. Jane travels a lot. She has been to … many countries.
10. He went up to the third floor where … assistants’ office was located.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Let's go out now. It isn’t raining any more.
2. How often do you go to the dentist?
3. The bed was very uncomfortable, I didn’t sleep very well.
4. I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a
chat.
5. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He’s much better than me, so he won
easily.
6. What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen!
7. At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realized that I’d made
a serious mistake.
8. Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He’d been smoking for 30 years.
9. Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.
10. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour!
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. We were completely free! We … do what we wanted.
2. The lecture … to begin at 5 o’clock.
3. I …not find my umbrella. Have you seen it? – It … be in the car.
70
4. Don’t make much noise. I … some rest.
5. The government … do more to help homeless people.
6. I tried to open the door, but it … not open.
7. … I help you? – How … you offer me your help?
8. You … to write and tell her the news.
9. You’ll … to go the by car, otherwise you will be late.
10. Carol … get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day.
Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Health and happiness are (important) than money.
2. Don’t worry, the situation is not so bad. It could be (bad).
3. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit (far) away?
4. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look (good) today.
5. You look (thin). Have you lost weight?
6. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been (simple).
7. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was (crowded) than usual.
8. You’ll find your way around the town (easily) if you have a good map.
9. In some parts of the country, prices are (high) than in others.
10. It’s (cold) today than it was yesterday.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Вчера я разговаривал с человеком, который провел несколько лет в
Китае.
2. Ты всегда моешь свою машину, когда она мне нужна!
3. Если ты мне позвонишь, сегодня вечером, я все расскажу тебе об
этом собрании в подробностях.
4. Мне позвонить вам, когда доктор поставит диагноз?
5. Через неделю мы уже сдадим экзамены.
6. Последний раз я видел его на собрании. Последнее время я часто его
вижу.
7. Когда она была ребенком, она мечтала о поездке в Англию. Она
мечтает об этой поездке уже много лет.
8. Она проплакала целый час, и глаза её были красными и опухшими.
9. Он тщательно изучал бумаги не менее получаса, прежде чем
подписал их.
10. Ты никуда не пойдешь пока не сделаешь уроки!
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
1-й абзац.
71
MULTITASKING
(Adapted from S.McCartney)
From the earliest time people have been trying to do several things
simultaneously. They can read a book, cook dinner, talk on the phone, and do
many other things at the same time. As the cars have become available, the time
of multitasking has increased: people drive, listen to the radio, eat, and smoke in
their cars at the same time.
Now an arsenal of new technology (from notebook computers to cellular
phones and portable televisions) makes it possible for everybody to multitask all
day.
The computer industry introduced the word “multitasking” into the
vocabulary. Mainframe computers that handled networks were the original
multitaskers. Apple’s and Microsoft’s software turned millions of personal
computers into multitaskers. Today millions of people can set their personal
computers to multitask while they are themselves multitasking: talking on the
phone, receiving faxes, and looking through newspapers at the same time.
While multitasking is not bad for computers, it may be a bad thing for some
people. Psychologists say it is possible for the human brain to process two or
more tasks at the same time, but only one of them receives full attention.
Multitasking makes people’s stressful life even more stressful.
Because of the limitation of the human brain, multitasking can lead to
many mistakes. Indeed, a person who is doing several things at the same time
may put the wrong number in a spreadsheet or send a message on a wrong email address.
Now multitasking takes place nearly everywhere. A lot of businessmen and
managers are never far from their notebook computers and cellular telephones.
They are almost always doing two or three things at once, driving and dialing,
speaking and typing on their computers. That’s the world we live in right now.
(from Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бизнес-курс английского языка.
Словарь-справочник. Киев, 2004. С 201 – 202)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What is multitasking?
2. Are you a multitasker?
3. How many things are you doing at the same time: at your office, at
home, when you are driving home?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
72
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. … Caucasus separates … Black Sea from … Caspian Sea.
2. What … silly mistakes I have made!
3. … large steel bridge joins … two banks of … river.
4. He brought … Helen’s book yesterday.
5. He deserves … punishment.
6. Every machine requires some sort of … power to operate it.
7. He usually smokes … cigarettes or … pipe.
8. My mother’s room overlooks … sea.
9. Which would you like: … apples or … oranges?
10. He received … letters from St. Petersburg yesterday.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
2. Vegetarians do not eat meat.
3. The police stopped me on the way home last night.
4. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.
5. Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this has happened.
6. Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
7. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
8. I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day.
9. What time are you leaving tomorrow?
10. I’m going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week I’ll be lying on a
beach or swimming in the sea.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. This restaurant … be very good. It is always full of people.
2. Ann … not come to the party tonight. She is not feeling well.
3. The plane … to take off at 4 o’clock.
4. You have enough time. You … not leave now.
5. She wouldn’t … enter this room again, otherwise she … regret about it.
6. They … often talk about their life.
7. Flowers … to grow well here.
8. Students … take their examinations twice a year.
9. My eyesight isn’t very good. I … to wear glasses for reading.
10. She spoke in a very low voice, but I … not understand what she said.
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Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Let’s go by car. It’s (cheap).
2. Could you speak a little bit (slow)?
3. This bag is slightly (heavy) than the other one.
4. Her illness was (serious) than we thought at first.
5. It’s becoming (difficult) to find a job.
6. My bags seemed to get (heavy) as I carried them.
7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got (good).
8. That hole in your pullover is getting (big).
9. As the conversation went on, he became (talkative).
10. I’m sorry I’m a bit late but I couldn’t get there (early).
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Какой-то человек ждет вас в вестибюле.
2. Кто эта женщина? – Она – жена одного инженера, который работает
на нашем заводе.
3. Дверь открылась, и в комнату вошел какой-то человек с чемоданом в
руках.
4. Рассказ, который я только что прочел, очень интересный.
5. Дом, который строит эта компания, будет один из самых красивых в
нашем городе.
6. Она, должно быть, просто не понимает важности вопроса.
7. Вы можете на него положиться, он очень ответственный человек.
8. В следующем году будет двадцать лет как они женаты. Разве это не
прекрасно?
9. Он закончил все дела к субботе и теперь мог ехать в отпуск.
10. Они разговаривали об инспекторе какое-то время и прекратили
разговор только когда увидели его.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
2-й абзац.
WHO COMES FIRST?
A child’s place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of
occupations thet will interest him or her as an adult, new research suggests. In
two related studies, researchers found that only children - and to a certain extent
first-born children – were more interested in intellectual, cognitive pursuits than
were later-born children. In contrast, later-born children were more interested in
both artistic and outdoor-related careers.
These results fit into theories that say our place in family birth order will
influence our personality, said Frederick T.L. Leong, co-author of the study and
professor of psychology at Ohio State University. Parents typically place
74
different demands and have different expectations of children depending on their
birth order, Leong said.
For example, parents may be extremely protective of only children and
worry about physical safety. That may be why only children are more likely to
show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or outdoor activities.
Only children will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than
children with siblings. This will often make them feel special but the downside
is that they may suffer occasional pangs of jealousy and loneliness when friends
discuss their brothers and sisters and family life.
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along –
transforming them from being the centre of attention, to then sharing the care of
parents. Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be stifling and
frustrating experience, especially if they’re looking to be taken seriously and
treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth order
positions to take up dangerous sports. This may be a sign of the last-born’s
rebellious streak – a result of being fed up with always being bossed about by
everyone else in the family. Middle-borns have to learn to get on with older and
younger children, and this may contribute to them becoming good negotiators –
of all the birth-order positions they are most skilful at dealing with authority
figures and those holding inferior positions.
(from Richard Acklam, Araminta Crace. Total English Student's book.
Upper intermediate. – Longman, 2006, P.10)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What are the advantages / disadvantages of being born first, middle or
last in a family?
2. Do you think it is good to be an only child? Why? Why not?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She lives in … doll’s house at the back of the garden
2. Her husband made her presents of … books she did not read.
3. Your friends have just arrived at … station.
4. Tim’s father is … doctor. He works at … hospital.
5. I know a lot of people. Most of them are … students.
75
6. She is out visiting … neighbor’s daughter.
7. Some birds, for example … penguin, cannot fly.
8. Those are … nice shoes. Where did you get them?
9. When we got to the city centre, … some shops were still open, but most
of them were closed.
10. The theatre had … three weeks’ ballet season.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Please don’t make so much noise, I’m working.
2. In summer John usually plays tennis once or twice a week.
3. She passed her examinations because she studied very hard.
4. I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading
a book.
5. Alice isn’t here at the moment. She’s gone to the shop to get a newspaper.
6. Tim is still watching television. He’s been watching television all day.
7. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the
flat.
8. Our game of tennis was interrupted. We’d been playing for about half an
hour when it started to rain.
9. I am going on holiday next Saturday.
10. Tom won’t pass the examination. He hasn’t work hard enough for it.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. … you speak any foreign language?
2. She is a really nice person. You … meet her. But you will … to wait,
because she works till 5 o ‘clock.
3. You … not believe everything you read in the newspapers.
4. You … to write and tell her the news.
5. They … spend a lot of time together.
6. You’ve been traveling all day. You … be tired.
7. I’m not sure whether I can lend you any money. I … not have enough.
8. You can come with me if you like, but you … not come if you don’t want
to.
9. He … be punished.
10. She wouldn’t … enter this room again.
Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It’s too noisy here. Can we get somewhere (quiet)?
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2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit (strong).
3. It is one of the (nice) rooms in the hotel.
4. We stayed at the (cheap) hotel in this town.
5. I was surprised how easy it was to use computer. I thought it would be
(difficult).
6. Today is (cold) than it was yesterday.
7. Today we wrote (difficult) dictation than yesterday.
8. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expect it to be (expensive).
9. She is (beautiful) girl in our class.
10. The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere
(warm).
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Он не смотрел на человека, с которым говорил.
2. Его не интересовали новости об этом происшествии.
3. Чай слишком крепкий, ты, наверное, любишь такой.
4. Он вынужден был уехать из города.
5. Ученые работают над этой проблемой много лет.
6. Они смеялись так весело, что я не мог не рассмеяться тоже.
7. Когда вам будет нужна помощь, обращайтесь ко мне.
8. Если он будет сегодня в театре, я познакомлю его с моей сестрой.
9. Вы делали доклад в понедельник или во вторник?
10. Вы давно здесь живете?
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите …
абзац.
THE DAILY GRIND WE JUST CAN’T DO WITHOUT
Work may sometimes seem like hell, but when we haven’t got it, we miss
it. We miss it, we want it and perhaps we even need it. Everyone wants to be
valued and salary is proof that we matter.
Not any job will do, however. Housework and voluntary work tend to be
seen as non-jobs. In our work-centered culture, a “proper job” means paid
employment. Being paid for a job is better for our self-esteem. Of course, we
would also prefer work to be useful and interesting, as well as paid. But you
don’t have to enjoy your job to get psychological benefits from it. According to
some experts, achieving unenjoyable tasks during our work actually contributes
to our sense of well-being.
The obligation to be in a particular place at a particular time, working as part of
a team towards a common goal, gives us a sense of structure and purpose that
we find difficult to impose on ourselves. For a lot of us, the workplace has also
taken over from the community as the place of human contact. For most of us,
work often functions as a social club, an information network, an informal
dating agency and a marriage bureau.
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Although genuine workaholics are uncommon, many of us are job addicts
without realizing it. When we can’t work for whatever reason, we show similar
signs to real addicts who are deprived of their fix - we become irritable and
lethargic.
(from Richard Acklam, Araminta Crace. Total English Student's
book. Upper intermediate. – Longman, 2006, P.20)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What does working in a team contribute to our life?
2. What functions does work fulfill for many people?
Контрольная работа № 2
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Определите в следующих предложениях видовременные формы
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. I'll have finished this task by Saturday.
2. By the end of the month we’ll have been working at the book for a whole
year.
3. By autumn she’ll have been in London for two years.
4. By next summer they will have been building their house for three years.
5. I have worked at the airport for four years.
6. Taxi drivers aren’t stopping at the train station because of the road works.
7. Holidays abroad are becoming increasingly popular.
8. Sarah looked tired because she had been exercising all morning.
9. I’ll have finished my chemistry homework by the time you come home.
10. In the future, we’ll all be flying around using jet-packs.
Задание 2. Поставьте сказуемое придаточного предложения в нужную
форму, учитывая правила согласования времен.
1. The sellers pointed out that the good (to sell).
2. He thinks that she (cannot) accept his offer when he tells her the truth.
3. We didn’t know that he (to be) ill.
4. I knew that she (to live) in Leningrad.
5. We were told that the ship (to arrive).
6. He said that he (to receive) letters from his father every week.
7. I think that tomorrow we (to go) to Sochi and (to have) a wonderful time.
8. I read a tale which I (to be going) to tell you several years ago.
9. I thought that he (to be) a good teacher.
10. He knows that he (to phone) yesterday.
Задание 3. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. They make paper from wood.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She cooked the fish badly.
They repaired the road completely.
My friend always helps me. The students translated two articles yesterday.
You must wash fruit before eating.
The students read the text aloud.
The director will sign the letter tomorrow.
When he was a little boy, he often cooked some “tasty” things for his
mother out of the sand.
9. The manufacturers can deliver the machine at the end of the month.
10. As the buyers had not opened a letter of credit, we could not ship the
goods.
Задание 4. Подчеркните инфинитив, комплексы и конструкции с
инфинитивом, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. To walk in the garden is pleasant.
2. His hobby is to collect stamps.
3. The boy promised to behave well.
4. He was sorry to have come so early.
5. To teach is a responsible task.
6. Pat saw her drive off about an hour later.
7. He was never seen to leave the house again.
8. It’s a shame for you to be so careless.
9. He is considered to be a great man
10. He expected his girlfriend to drive him home.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Я его самого спрошу об этом происшествии.
2. Она сама ответит на это письмо.
3. Папа всегда моет свою машину, когда я хочу ее взять.
4. Мы шли пешком в течение нескольких часов. Мне нужен отдых.
5. Мама сказала, что завтра мы пойдем в кино.
6. Я не могу понять это правило? Не могли бы вы объяснить его еще
раз?
7. Если ты сделал уроки, то можешь пойти погулять.
8. Париж - один из самых красивых городов в мире.
9. Раньше мы ходили на каток каждую субботу.
10. Андриан получил в качестве подарка на день рождение - новую
удочку.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
3-й абзац.
79
THETRES AND ENTERTAINMENT IN ENGLAND
There are a lot of places of entertainment in England. Almost every city
and large town has a museum of arts, archaeology. Natural history, and a
theatre. In London most places of entertainment are concentrated in the West
End and Soho, where you can find many concert halls, theatres, and
international (Greek, Italian, Indian) restaurants. All this information can be
found in the magazine “Time out”, newspaper “Evening Standard”, and many
other publications.
To visit some London night clubs, such as Annabell’s or Tramp’s one
need to be a member, or to go with a member, but for others, such as
Stringfellow’s or Wag Club, Madame JoJo’s, and Heven, membership is not
necessary. There are some large dancing halls, e.g. Hippodrome in Leicester
Square, and many small ones.
London has the British Museum, with its vast collection of artistic and
ethnographic material from all over the world, and the Victoria and Albert
Museum, including extensive collections of works of fine and applied arts.
London has 400 art galleries, ranging from historic public collections to small
public and commercial galleries. The national collections are housed at the
National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, and the Portrait Gallery, while among the
city’s many permanent collections, the Courtauld Institute Galleries can boast
many famous names, including many of the most important Impressionist and
Post-Impressionist works.
(Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бизнес.курс английского языка.
Словарь-справочник. Киев, 2004. С. 171 – 172.)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What are the main London Museums?
2. Which collections one can find in London Museums?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Определите в следующих предложениях видовременные формы
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. I get the train to work every day and the fare is quite expensive.
2. Captain Cook discovered Australia on a voyage to the Pacific.
3. I have been writing this for hours and it’s still not right.
4. I think Iam going to buy the new Racetrack CD.
5. I’m thinking of getting Dad a CD for his birthday.
6. He’s only just got home.
7. Have you ever been to Ipswich before?
8. Dan is sleeping in the living room while we redecorate his bedroom.
9. Unfortunately Simon doesn’t get a day off very often.
10. At ten past ten tomorrow, I will be taking my science exam.
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Задание 2. Поставьте сказуемое придаточного предложения в нужную
форму, учитывая правила согласования времен.
1. Stewer said he (not to want) any dessert as he was full.
2. When I called Susie said she (to give) the dog a bath, so she asked me to
phone back in half an hour.
3. Marcus said he (to try) to find a flat for ages before he finally found one
he liked.
4. Richard said he and Patrica (to be going to) invite her parents for the
weekend, but I don’t know if they went or not.
5. Charlotte said last night that she really (to love) me, even if she doesn’t
always show it.
6. Ollie said to Linda that he (to ask) me to be his best man on Monday, but
in fact he asked Grant.
7. Pete told Francis he (bring up) by his grandparents, but in fact he hadn’t at
all.
8. Fred asked Gloria whether she (to love) him or not.
9. Andrian wondered whether Simon (to come) to the party the following
night.
10. She hoped she (to see) him again.
Задание 3. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. My friend helped me with the translation.
2. They did the job well.
3. The teacher is reading a tale to the children.
4. The secretary has brought the documents.
5. The doctor has examined the patient.
6. They chose him to play the leading role in the school play.
7. I’m sleeping downstairs because my parents are painting my bedroom.
8. They fired my Dad from the job, it was a real shock.
9. Columbus discovered America.
10. Did your parents pay for the ticket at the concert?
Задание 4. Подчеркните инфинитив, комплексы и конструкции с
инфинитивом, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. His intention was to teach his son English.
2. An experienced teacher can teach well.
3. She is glad to be teaching such clever students.
4. She is an easy to deal with.
5. Fortune is easily found, but hard to be kept.
6. We considered him to be a good teacher.
7. The government declared this territory to be a national park.
8. You are supposed to have finished the work.
9. The competition was reported to be postponed.
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10. It is not the right time for you to speak about it.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Как вы себя чувствуете?
2. Не брейтесь в темноте, вы порежетесь.
3. Ваше заявление рассматривается, и мы дадим вам знать о нашем
решении сразу же.
4. Красивый вид, не так ли?
5. Если я выиграю в лотерею, я каждому дам немного денег.
6. Я обещал маме, что в этом году буду учиться прилежно.
7. У моего лучшего друга хороший характер, и каждый любит ее.
8. Только что опубликовали статью о нашем университете.
9. Проигнорируй то, что Сара говорит о тебе. Это не зависть, она просто
нервничает.
10. Дети должны слушаться родителей. Раньше дети были очень
послушными.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
1-й абзац.
THE RISE OF AMERICA
British colonization over a period of three centuries scattered the English
language to all the countries of the world. But the spread of American English in
the twentieth century has contributed most to the increasing number of Englishspeakers in the world today. In the 1770s, the English spoken by the colonists in
America hardly different from the English spoken in Britain. These people still
referred to Britain as the mother country and their language was a last, lingering
link with the homeland they had left. But once the political breakaway had
occurred, contact between the two countries diminished and American English
began to develop a character of its own.
When Noah Webster compiled his first dictionary of American English in
1806, he was clearly thinking of it as a language in its own right. Successive
editions of the dictionary gave proof that the gap between British and American
English was widening. Languages are constantly changing and English is no
exception. But in the case of American English, mass immigration speeded up
the pace of change.
(from Carol Goodwright, Janet Olearski. In the English-Speaking World.
Chancerel International Publishers, 1998, P.10)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. Why are there two variants of the English language, British and
American one?
2. Who is Noah Webster?
3. Is the gap between British and American English widening?
82
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Lomonosov, … great Russian scientist, was born in … small village, on
… White Sea’s shore.
2. … Elbrus is … highest peak of … Caucasian Mountains.
3. … coal is one of … most important natural resources in our country.
4. He took … doctor’s arm and led him out of the room.
5. There are … seven days in … week.
6. I am not very good at writing … letters.
7. There were … very few people in the shops today. They were almost
empty.
8. George always wants … things quickly. He’s got no … patience.
9. Jane travels a lot. She has been to … many countries.
10. He went up to the third floor where … assistants’ office was located.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Let's go out now. It isn’t raining any more.
2. How often do you go to the dentist?
3. The bed was very uncomfortable, I didn’t sleep very well.
4. I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a
chat.
5. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He’s much better than me, so he won
easily.
6. What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen!
7. At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realized that I’d made
a serious mistake.
8. Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He’d been smoking for 30 years.
9. Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.
10. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour!
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
83
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. We were completely free! We … do what we wanted.
2. The lecture … to begin at 5 o’clock.
3. I …not find my umbrella. Have you seen it? – It … be in the car.
4. Don’t make much noise. I … some rest.
5. The government … do more to help homeless people.
6. I tried to open the door, but it … not open.
7. … I help you? – How … you offer me your help?
8. You … to write and tell her the news.
9. You’ll … to go the by car, otherwise you will be late.
10. Carol … get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day.
Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Health and happiness are (important) than money.
2. Don’t worry, the situation is not so bad. It could be (bad).
3. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit (far) away?
4. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look (good) today.
5. You look (thin). Have you lost weight?
6. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been (simple).
7. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was (crowded) than usual.
8. You’ll find your way around the town (easily) if you have a good map.
9. In some parts of the country, prices are (high) than in others.
10. It’s (cold) today than it was yesterday.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Вчера я разговаривал с человеком, который провел несколько лет в
Китае.
2. Ты всегда моешь свою машину, когда она мне нужна!
3. Если ты мне позвонишь, сегодня вечером, я все расскажу тебе об
этом собрании в подробностях.
4. Мне позвонить вам, когда доктор поставит диагноз?
5. Через неделю мы уже сдадим экзамены.
6. Последний раз я видел его на собрании. Последнее время я часто его
вижу.
7. Когда она была ребенком, она мечтала о поездке в Англию. Она
мечтает об этой поездке уже много лет.
8. Она проплакала целый час, и глаза её были красными и опухшими.
9. Он тщательно изучал бумаги не менее получаса, прежде чем
подписал их.
10. Ты никуда не пойдешь пока не сделаешь уроки!
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Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
1-й абзац.
MULTITASKING
(Adapted from S.McCartney)
From the earliest time people have been trying to do several things
simultaneously. They can read a book, cook dinner, talk on the phone, and do
many other things at the same time. As the cars have become available, the time
of multitasking has increased: people drive, listen to the radio, eat, and smoke in
their cars at the same time.
Now an arsenal of new technology (from notebook computers to cellular
phones and portable televisions) makes it possible for everybody to multitask all
day.
The computer industry introduced the word “multitasking” into the
vocabulary. Mainframe computers that handled networks were the original
multitaskers. Apple’s and Microsoft’s software turned millions of personal
computers into multitaskers. Today millions of people can set their personal
computers to multitask while they are themselves multitasking: talking on the
phone, receiving faxes, and looking through newspapers at the same time.
While multitasking is not bad for computers, it may be a bad thing for some
people. Psychologists say it is possible for the human brain to process two or
more tasks at the same time, but only one of them receives full attention.
Multitasking makes people’s stressful life even more stressful.
Because of the limitation of the human brain, multitasking can lead to many
mistakes. Indeed, a person who is doing several things at the same time may put
the wrong number in a spreadsheet or send a message on a wrong e-mail
address.
Now multitasking takes place nearly everywhere. A lot of businessmen and
managers are never far from their notebook computers and cellular telephones.
They are almost always doing two or three things at once, driving and dialing,
speaking and typing on their computers. That’s the world we live in right now.
(from Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бизнес-курс английского языка.
Словарь-справочник. Киев, 2004. С 201 – 202).
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What is multitasking?
2. Are you a multitasker?
3. How many things are you doing at the same time: at your office, at
home, when you are driving home?
85
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
определенным или неопределенным артиклем, если это необходимо.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, в какой роли выступает
окончание –s, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. … Caucasus separates … Black Sea from … Caspian Sea.
2. What … silly mistakes I have made!
3. … large steel bridge joins … two banks of … river.
4. He brought … Helen’s book yesterday.
5. He deserves … punishment.
6. Every machine requires some sort of … power to operate it.
7. He usually smokes … cigarettes or … pipe.
8. My mother’s room overlooks … sea.
9. Which would you like: … apples or … oranges?
10. He received … letters from Leningrad yesterday.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
2. Vegetarians do not eat meat.
3. The police stopped me on the way home last night.
4. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.
5. Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this has happened.
6. Why are your clothe so dirty? What have you been doing?
7. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
8. I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day.
9. What time are you leaving tomorrow?
10. I’m going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week I’ll be lying on a
beach or swimming in the sea.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: can, may, must, to be to, to have
to, need, should, ought, would, shall, dare. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. This restaurant … be very good. It is always full of people.
2. Ann … not come to the party tonight. She is not feeling well.
3. The plane … to take off at 4 o’clock.
86
4. You have enough time. You … not leave now.
5. She wouldn’t … enter this room again, otherwise she … regret about it.
6. They … often talk about their life.
7. Flowers … to grow well here.
8. Students … take their examinations twice a year.
9. My eyesight isn’t very good. I … to wear glasses for reading.
10. She spoke in a very low voice, but I … not understand what she said.
Задание 4. Образуйте от прилагательных или наречий, стоящих в скобках,
сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Let’s go by car. It’s (cheap).
2. Could you speak a little bit (slow)?
3. This bag is slightly (heavy) than the other one.
4. Her illness was (serious) than we thought at first.
5. It’s becoming (difficult) to find a job.
6. My bags seemed to get (heavy) as I carried them.
7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got (good).
8. That hole in your pullover is getting (big).
9. As the conversation went on, he became (talkative).
10. I’m sorry I’m a bit late but I couldn’t get there (early).
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Какой-то человек ждет вас в вестибюле.
2. Кто эта женщина? – Она – жена одного инженера, который работает
на нашем заводе.
3. Дверь открылась, и в комнату вошел какой-то человек с чемоданом в
руках.
4. Рассказ, который я только что прочел, очень интересный.
5. Дом, который строит эта компания, будет один из самых красивых в
нашем городе.
6. Она, должно быть, просто не понимает важности вопроса.
7. Вы можете на него положиться, он очень ответственный человек.
8. В следующем году будет двадцать лет как они женаты. Разве это не
прекрасно?
9. Он закончил все дела к субботе и теперь мог ехать в отпуск.
10. Они разговаривали об инспекторе какое-то время и прекратили
разговор только когда увидели его.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
2-й абзац.
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WHO COMES FIRST?
A child’s place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of
occupations thet will interest him or her as an adult, new research suggests. In
two related studies, researchers found that only children - and to a certain
extent first-born children – were more interested in intellectual, cognitive
pursuits than were later-born children. In contrast, later-born children were more
interested in both artistic and outdoor-related careers.
These results fit into theories that say our place in family birth order will
influence our personality, said Frederick T.L. Leong, co-author of the study and
professor of psychology at Ohio State University. Parents typically place
different demands and have different expectations of children depending on their
birth order, Leong said.
For example, parents may be extremely protective of only children and worry
about physical safety. That may be why only children are more likely to show
interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or outdoor activities. Only
children will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than children
with siblings. This will often make them feel special but the downside is that
they may suffer occasional pangs of jealousy and loneliness when friends
discuss their brothers and sisters and family life.
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along –
transforming them from being the centre of attention, to then sharing the care of
parents. Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be stifling and
frustrating experience, especially if they’re looking to be taken seriously and
treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth order
positions to take up dangerous sports. This may be a sign of the last-born’s
rebellious streak – a result of being fed up with always being bossed about by
everyone else in the family. Middle-borns have to learn to get on with older and
younger children, and this may contribute to them becoming good negotiators –
of all the birth-order positions they are most skilful at dealing with authority
figures and those holding inferior positions.
(from Richard Acklam, Araminta Crace. Total English Student's
book. Upper intermediate. – Longman, 2006, P.10)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. What are the advantages/ disadvantages of being born first, middle or
last in a family?
2. Do you think it is good to be an only child? Why? Why not?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Определите в следующих предложениях видовременные формы
глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour.
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2. George hasn’t been feeling well recently.
3. I’ve been working hard, so now I’m going to have a rest.
4. The ground is wet. It’s been raining.
5. Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because
she’d been working very hard.
6. We are good friends. We had known each other for years.
7. I will begin to work at ten o’clock in the morning. When you return home
at five o’clock, I will have been working for seven hours.
8. By the 1st of June, 2011, we will have been working at the factory for
twenty years.
9. I have been working at this book for already a year, but it is not ready yet.
Задание 2. Поставьте сказуемое придаточного предложения в нужную
форму, учитывая правила согласования времен.
1. Tim said he (to need) a credit card.
2. Debbie says she (to decide) to quit her job, but I don’t believe her.
3. Our English teacher said that Shakespeare (to be) probably the greatest
writer in the English language ever.
4. Grandpa said that that picture over there (to paint) by his greatgrandfather.
5. Jerry said that the following month they (to travel) round Europe.
6. My mum asked me if I (to have) my ear pierced.
7. Julian wanted to know whether he (can) meet Doug there at six o’clock
that night.
8. The doctor told me not (to smoke) so much and (to drink) more mineral
water.
9. Jane refused and explained that she (to promise) to help her mum prepare
the party for her dad’s fiftieth birthday.
10. Jane said that (to be) over sixty people at the party and Mary suggested
using a catering company.
Задание 3. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. Somebody told her the wrong address.
2. He will have finished his book by the 9-th of May.
3. They do not allow smoking here.
4. Students may not take his bags into the reading room.
5. The doctor was examining the child when you came in.
6. Our scientists are making wonderful discoveries.
7. This mine will produce large quantities of coal this year.
8. Who has written this article?
9. A famous architect designed this theatre.
10. This plant had fulfilled the yearly plan by the 15th of November.
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Задание 4. Подчеркните инфинитив и комплексы и конструкции с
инфинитивом, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It is never too late to learn.
2. This problem was difficult to work out.
3. It is absolutely necessary to acquire a good pronunciation.
4. She plays the piano well enough to give concerts.
5. They were seen to talk about it.
6. She is too young to understand these things.
7. Pat saw her drive off about an hour later.
8. He pronounced the victim to be dead.
9. You are supposed to have finished the work.
10. It’s a shame for you to be so careless.
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Он обжегся.
2. Они очень много рассказали нам о себе.
3. Он потерял свои ключи во второй раз и тем самым просто вывел меня
из себя.
4. Том! Наконец-то! Я ждала тебя целую вечность!
5. Питер женится в следующую субботу.
6. У Мэри ужасная головная боль, сейчас она в постели.
7. Я, вероятно, вернусь немного позже.
8. Надеюсь, погода будет завтра хорошей.
9. Люси просто отказалась слушать совет отца.
10. Напишите имя и адрес на багаже, в случае если он потеряется.
Задание 6. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите
3-й абзац.
THINK BEFORE YOU MEET
(MEETING TECHNIQUES)
What do corporate leaders do all day? Much of their time is spent in
meetings. No wonder: the rules of team-working are established in meetings,
which in terms are the basic building blocks of corporate existence. However,
meetings might not always be the best use of the team’s time.
Meetings like teams, do not necessarily achieve what they set out to do.
One recent study in America by consultants Synectics found that senior and
middle managers spent more than three-quarters of their time in meetings. On
average, only 12 per cent of managers thought their meetings were productive.
In high/performing companies, that figure rose to 25 per cent and in the lower
performers it dropped to 2 per cent.
Team leaders should do everything they can to make sure they organize
the meetings properly. Indeed, running meetings well is clearly an art, and a
growing number of companies (including Synectics, which modestly claims to
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run the best meetings in the world) are offering help. Lots of meetings, of
course, happen in the corridor or around the coffee machine, and those are
probably the most efficient sort, because they tend to be spontaneous, small and
quick. Bigger ones are usually more problematic, and team members have to put
up with meetings where too little thought goes into agenda, the location, the
people asked to attend and the outcome, say those try to improve them. That
allows unimportant ideas or tedious individuals to hog the floor, with the result
that a lot of team members find it hard to look forward to the next meeting.
Meetings tend to be held either to share information or to solve problems.
For the first sort, Roger Neill of Synectics advocates asking all the participants
to say at the end what they think they have heard, and correcting their accounts
if they are wrong. With problem-solving, the aim ought not to be just
brainstorming and coming up with ideas but also paying proper attention to
putting solutions into practice. He also thinks it is wise to ask people what they
liked about the things they heard; criticism usually comes unasked. Pessimism,
skepticism and challenge all cause trouble.
The way to get a good decision is to frame the question carefully. If you
want to invest in China, do not announce that you are planning to do this, or ask
the meeting whether you should. Instead, enlist your colleagues’ help by saying:
“We want to be in the Chinese market: how do we get there?”
(from Tonya Trappe, Graham Tullis. Intelligent Business. Coursebook.
Upper Intermediate. Business English. Longman, 2006. P.25)
Задание 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. Why are corridor and coffee machine meetings often efficient?
2. What are the reasons for holding meetings?
3. What is the way to get a good decision?
2 КУРС
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Видовременные формы глагола (действительный и страдательный
залоги).
2. Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие).
Конструкции с неличными формами глагола.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие
за ним.
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WRITING A GOOD CURRICULUM VITAE
Your CV (Curriculum Vitae) will look far more attractive if you can
convince the employers that you have the qualities they require. Your CV could
be your ticket to an interview. Think about what particular employers want, and
how you will be an asset to their company. On average an employer spends two
minutes reading a CV, so avoid long detailed paragraphs. The employer may
only read the first page, or even the first few paragraphs to get a feeling of who
you are and what you can do for them. This means that the most important
information should be at the top of your CV. Make your CV clear, with a simple
yet easy to follow layout, showing all the important facts about your skills,
employment history and education. You should target your CV at every specific
job you apply for. However you should send a more general CV to a recruitment
agency which can be sent to a variety of employers. Here you can fine several
Layout Guidelines:
The first thing is the document title, Curriculum Vitae, followed by your
name. This should be in bold with a lager font, but not too big.
Your address, contact details should be neatly presented, with date of
birth, nationality and marital status also possible here.
Brief Personal Profile: This will be about 3 to 4 lines of text giving a brief
overview of your key skills and attributes, and perhaps your objective regarding
such a position. Be concise, try to appear interesting and professional to the
reader. It will encourage them to read on.
Work experience (employment history) starting with your current or most
recent job first, then go backwards through your career. State the company
name, job title and the period you worked there. Begin by listing your duties and
responsibilities. Be specific and detail only what is relevant to the new position
(up to 5 or 6 duties). List specific achievements such as finishing a job/project
ahead of schedule, or learning a new skill. List any industry training and
qualifications you gained while in that employment. Employers like to see
employees who learn and respect new skills. If you are a graduate, you should
list some work experience. This can show that you have worked in a company
and can be a team player.
Education: Briefly list your school qualifications, college
certificate/diploma and university degree giving dates, location and exam
results. Again start with your highest level or most recent training first, then go
backwards through your education.
Additional skills: List your important everyday skills such as some IT
skills, programs used, professional skills, languages. Perhaps provide some
evidence of where you have used them.
Interests: Employers are usually more interested in activities which
require you to show team commitment or personal initiative and drive.
References/Referees: Write 'References available on request' if you prefer
that the employer asks your permission before writing or ringing them up.
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Referees can be personal or professional, though professional referees are much
better.
Do not expect to produce a great looking CV at your first attempt. You
may need to make a few drafts. Make sure your grammar and spelling are
correct. Make sure the font and style is the same throughout keeping it
consistent. Show your CV to someone whose advice you trust and listen to what
they have to say. Welcome constructive criticism. Print your CV using a laser
printer on good quality paper. When sending CVs via email, it's important to
include them as attachments rather than in the body of the email.
Now that you've created a good CV, you need an equally good quality
covering letter to convince the employer to look closely at your CV.
1. How much time do the employers spend reading a CV?
2. What are the main parts of the CV?
3. What additional skills should be listed in the CV?
4. What information about previous and present jobs should be given in the
CV?
5. What information about your education is desirable in the CV?
Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 5 и10-й абзацы текста.
Задание 3. Выпишите из 5-го абзаца предложения с герундием.
Задание 4. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. Do they sell clothes in this shop?
2. Someone is cleaning the windows.
3. The senior students laughed at the freshman.
4. The group spoke to the dean yesterday.
5. People spend a lot of money on food.
6. Is Sue washing the car?
7. Who made this mess?
8. Grandfather is going to tell the children a story.
9. They will open the new sports centre soon.
10. They made him confess to the robbery.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видовременной
форме:
1. What (to happen) to you since she (to leave)?
2. The nearest shop (to open) at 9 a.m. and (to close) at 8 p.m. every
day.
3. Where you (to go) when I (to meet) you in the street yesterday? - I (to go) to
tell the watch maker that he (to forget) to send my watch.
4. The students (to work) very well this term.
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5. I (to work) with him for ten years and he never (to say) "Good
morning" to me.
6. This book (to write) many years ago, but it still (to read) with great
interest.
7. By whom this movie (to make)?
8. He (to give) two days to think the matter over.
9. We (to show) a new film now.
10. It is a very boring novel. I (to read) it for two weeks, though I
usually (to read) books quickly.
Задание 6. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский
язык:
1. It is difficult to solve this problem.
2. Your task is to become a good engineer.
3. He asked me to wait a little.
4. The children have a good garden to play in.
5. I’ve come here to have a talk with you.
6. Nothing seems to have been forgotten.
7. He seems to be smoking a lot.
8. To be properly understood this rule is to be explained once more.
9. Ann had to go to the dentist.
10. Have you anything to cure a bad cold?
Задание 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
причастия:
1. (To impress) by the film, they kept silent.
2. (To lose) the book, the student couldn’t remember the topic.
3. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them.
4. (To pack) in the beautiful box the flowers looked very lovely.
5. The letter (to write) by him was very long.
6. We are interested in the goods (to produce) by this factory.
7. The question (to put) to the professor was important.
8. When (to offer) to work abroad, he refused.
9. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend.
10. (To see) her he raised his hat.
Задание 8. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский
язык:
1. She washed her face and hands before going downstairs.
2. As for me I don't like cooking.
3. This habit of discussing other people's affairs damage reputations and ruin
friendship.
4. I see no harm in letting them enjoy themselves in vacation time.
5. She insisted on my showing her the letter.
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6. I can't imagine my mother`s approving it.
7. I really miss his playing the piano in the evening.
8. We know about his having been sent to Moscow.
9. The arrested man was suspected of breaking into houses.
10. He hates being looked at very attentively.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие
за ним.
APPLICATION LETTER
One of the major problems which people are dealing with is the issue of
unemployment. When looking for a job, you need to understand that this is the
battle of the best. You need to make sure that the first step would make an
impact on your future employers. How are you going to do this? As with any job
applicant, the first thing in the application process is to complete your
application letter. This may seem to be of no value to you now, but you will
understand that a job application letter is the first step in getting that job that you
have always wanted to have. Here are some of the things that you have to keep
in mind when you are writing your application letter.
Use An Appropriate Format. Since this is required to be a formal
document, you need to use a format that would look professional. It is best to
find a format that is often used for business documentation. Never make the
mistake of making an application letter just because it looks cute.
Follow What Needs To Be Attached. In each job application, companies
specify the corresponding attachments that they need to peruse. Make sure that
you have these ready when submitting your application and never follow up the
requirements one by one. Some companies would require you to send a resume,
registrations cards, certificates and other important documents. You need to
make sure that you have read and included everything that they are asking for
when it comes to this.
Write An Appropriate Body. The main purpose of writing the body of
your application letter is to sell yourself to the employers. Do not get this wrong,
but you have to build the best impression about yourself, but still retain your
dignity. While you may be tempted to put in everything about yourself, you
should not. This is not an essay about your life and there are only certain things
that would interest your employers. Only put a certain qualification that you
think will be the best one to qualify for the job position that you are applying
for. Remember that this qualification should be the best one that you have, that
will immediately set you apart from the others and give them the impression that
you are the number one choice for this position.
Do not put too much information about yourself in the resume. People
always forget that there is a resume attached to the application and they still
write the body of the application letter as if it were a summary. It might be
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tempting to ask a couple of things about the job like the salary and such things,
but this is an improper action to do. You are only applying for a job and you
should not care about these things. You need to show them that you care about
the company and providing your services to them and working for them.
Write a Closing Paragraph. You should let the employer know that you
are willing to be interviewed for the job that you are applying for. You should
always include your contact details and how they may reach you through
telephone, email or mobile phone. You should give them the impression that you
are willing to follow the steps to be employed such as succeeding interviews and
such. Never think that this is part that can be removed, because without this, the
application letter will never be complete.
Once you that you have finished the application letter, it is now time to send it to
the employers.
1. What is the main purpose of writing an application letter?
2. Should you ask about the salary in the application letter?
3. Which contact details should be included in the application letter?
4. What documents do the companies sometimes require?
5. What is the first thing in the application process?
Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 4 и 6-й абзацы текста.
Задание 3. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца предложение с герундием.
Задание 4. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. Liz showed me some holiday pictures.
2. Sam was telling him about the party.
3. They have called Jane and invited her to the party.
4. Who broke this cup?
5. The jury will have reached a verdict by the morning.
6. The teacher will mark the essays.
7. People make jam from fruit.
8. They sent for the doctor.
9. Clive hasn't cut the grass yet.
10. They may not repair the car this week.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видовременной
форме.
1. This piece of music (to know) to me. But it never (to play) so wonderfully
before.
2. When I came into the cinema, a new film (to show).
3. George (to come)? - Yes, he (...). - When he (to come)? - He (to
come) 10 minutes ago.
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4. Don't ring me up at 3. My father usually (to have a rest) after
dinner.
5. I (to live) in Moscow before I (to go) to St. Petersburg.
6. He (to lose) the key of his house and now he has to climb through the
window.
7. Shakespeare (to write) a lot of plays.
8. I (not to see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.
9. If you don't work hard you (not to pass) your exams.
10. By the end of next year he (to work) for this company for 10 years.
Задание 6. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. It is easy to make mistakes.
2. To restore the ruined sculpture was impossible.
3. Your next task is to check up the results of the observations.
4. These carpets are to be cleaned as soon as possible.
5. I had to take a taxi; otherwise I should have missed the train.
6. The engineer advised them to use new methods of work.
7. We asked the guests to come at 7 o’clock.
8. I’m sure he will be the first to come to the meeting.
9. He seems to have been sitting here all day.
10. She ought to be told about it.
Задание 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
причастия:
1. She didn’t understand the word (to say) by him.
2. He didn’t see the things (to keep) in her box.
3. (To bark) dog doesn’t bite.
4. She entered the room (to smile).
5. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
6. The large building (to build) in our street now is a new school – house.
7. (To finish) the experiment the students left the laboratory.
8. (To reject) by everybody he became a monk.
9. (To find) the keys, we were able to open the door.
10. He sat in the arm-chair (to think).
Задание 8. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. He was only thanking me for taking his part at lunch.
2. You can't learn to skate without falling.
3. It's no use trying to make you see my point.
4. I see you are used to walking.
5. On being asked what her plans were she gave an answer.
6. On getting home she felt so faint and exhausted that she went to bed
without taking off her make-up.
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7. Did you hear of John's having been sent abroad?
8. Fancy her appearing at that very moment!
9. Excuse my asking, but does everyone in your family approve of your
behavior?
10. I didn't object to her being there.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие
за ним:
TYPES OF OFFERS
Our businessmen should bear in mind that there may be different
understanding of certain trade terms in our country and abroad. Also there are
sometimes different commercial practices. So to be on the safe side and to avoid
misunderstanding and later unexpected complaints and claims, it is advisable to
study the definitions of offers.
A quotation is not an offer in the legal sense, i.e. if the Sellers later decide
not to sell, the Buyers shall have no legal right. Therefore quotations are very
often subject to conditions of acceptance, which may relate to a stated time
within which they are to be accepted or to goods whose supplies may be limited,
and it should be expressly stated, for example, that "This offer is subject to
acceptance within … days" or "Goods ordered from our latest catalogue can be
supplied only while stocks last" or "The prices quoted apply only for so long as
present stocks last." Quotations may be sent to more than one buyer, in which
case the Sellers should indicate it by adding the words: "The offer is made
subject to the goods being unsold when the order is received."
Quotations may be either tabulated or given on specially prepared forms,
which enables them to be machine processed, i.e. easily computerized. In both
forms they should be sent with a covering letter.
A firm offer is made when a seller promises to sell goods at a stated price,
usually within a stated period of time. The promise may be expressly made (i.e.
clearly stated in words), as when it takes the form of a letter, or it may be
"implied (i.e. understood), as when it takes the form of a quotation that contains
the words "For acceptance within (so many) days", or similar qualifying words.
Like a quotation without qualifying words, a firm offer is not legally binding,
even when made expressly, but unlike such a quotation a firm offer is capable of
acceptance and once it has been accepted, it cannot be withdrawn. Although a
firm offer is not binding until accepted, no reputable seller would risk his
reputation by withdrawing his offer before the stated or agreed time.
A voluntary offer is the one which is not asked for. Voluntary offers give
information about the offered and the company itself, state the period for which
they are valid and often enclose reference lists of the regular buyers. They may
also enclose brochures, catalogues, price lists and other advertising matter, and
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offer to sent free samples, goods on approval, and to grant special discounts on
orders received within the indicated period upon return of a detachable form or
card (often prepaid).
An estimate is an offer to do certain work for a stated price, for example,
an estimate for installation of central heating, an estimate for building a factory.
It is not a legally binding offer until an order placed against it is accepted.
A tender is an offer in response to a published advertisement for the
supply of specified goods, services or the performance of specified work at
prices and under conditions set out in the tender. Tenders are usually invited by
official governmental organization and are to be submitted (made) on the
official forms of the advertisers. There may be "closed tenders" if their invitation
is restricted to a particular organization or group of companies or to a country.
For instance, уоu could read in the press that the city councils are inviting
tenders from this country for the building of the new school.
Unlike other types of quotation, a tender may be an offer in the legal
sense and therefore capable of acceptance by the person inviting it, but it
becomes a legally binding agreement only when it is accepted and up to that
time the tender may be withdrawn.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why is a quotation not an offer in the legal sense?
What forms can a firm offer take?
Which of the listed terms can be considered offers in the legal sense?
What is the difference between firm offers and voluntary offers?
What are the closed tenders?
Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 7-й абзацы текста.
Задание 3. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца предложение с герундием.
Задание 4. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. My father built this cottage.
2. Beginners use that computer.
3. Somebody is opening the window now.
4. We sold the last French text -book.
5. People all over Russia watch the news.
6. The moonlight lit everything in the room.
7. Don’t worry; we shall settle your problems.
8. We have just sent for the doctor.
9. The Semyenovs don’t use this room very often.
10. Thomas Coryate brought forks from Italy to England.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видовременной
форме.
1. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
A new railway line (to construct) across the desert now.
The lift (not to start) until you press the button.
I (to finish) reading this book by tomorrow evening.
Why you (not to lend) him that book yesterday? - I (to read) it myself
at that time.
6. My mother was very pleased to see her classmates again. She (not to
see) them for twenty years.
7. You (to hear) from Ann recently? - No, I (not to see) her since we
finished school.
8. The police (to look) for the thief for a week already.
9. How long you (to save) money before you went abroad for the
first time?
10. He (to give) two days to think the matter over.
Задание 6. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. It was impossible to explain what I meant.
2. To ask you a few questions on the matter is my duty.
3. Our plan was to finish the work before their arrival.
4. The only thing that could do you good is to take a long rest.
5. You may take this book if you want.
6. They demanded to be shown all the documents.
7. He stopped for a minute to rest.
8. It’s nice to be sitting here with you.
9. He seems to have missed the train.
10. I’m starting now, in order not to miss the beginning of the concert.
Задание 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
причастия.
1. I don’t like the video (to buy) yesterday.
2. This is the house (to build) many years ago.
3. (To show) the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
4. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
5. (To make) the report, Tom left the room.
6. (To read) the book I gave it to Pete.
7. (To build) of concrete, the house was always cold in winter.
8. The question (to discuss) now is very important.
9. The girl (to stand) at the window is my sister.
10. (To send) to the wrong address the letter didn’t rich him.
Задание 8. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Не finished speaking and sat down.
2. Stop arguing and start working.
3. The children prefer watching TV to reading.
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4. On seeing her parents the girl laughed.
5. He was awakened by someone`s knocking at the door.
6. She does not like the thought of leaving you alone.
7. Life seemed worth fighting for.
8. Would you mind my smoking?
9. I remember my mother laughing at my jokes.
10. I don't fancy going out this evening.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие
за ним:
WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS
A business letter is a formal communication between people or companies
and it is written to conduct some sort of business. For example, you might write
to inform readers of specific information, create proposals for clients, make an
arrangement, request a price list, thank someone for a service or apply for a job.
It differs from personal letters exchanged by friends in both its layout and
content. Writing a business letter takes planning. First of all, you must analyze
your audience and determine your purpose. Whatever the aim, create your letter
from these goals. Then you need to gather information, create an outline, write a
draft, and revise it. If your letter is an offer of something (a service, a product, or
a contract), state the features and the benefits of your offer in plain, simple
English. Give the reader reasons why he or she should buy your product or sign
the contract. That creates a demand for your product. Finally, make the action
that you want the reader to take, clear and easy to understand.
When writing a business letter, you should follow the format of a standard
business letter. The typical business letter usually consists of about six essential
parts: the heading (and the date), the inside address, the salutation or greeting,
the body of the letter, the complimentary close, and the signature.
The heading of the letter contains the full address of the sender. Most
companies have letterhead with this information already imprinted. The inside
address coincides with the address that appears on the envelope and contains the
name, title and address of person to whom you are writing. The salutation adds a
personal touch to your letter and should be consistent with the whole tone.
Include the addressee's name and courtesy title along with the greeting. The
body of the letter is where you write the purpose of the letter. The
complimentary close should be relevant to the tone of the letter and the
salutation. And, your signature should be hand written legibly below the
complimentary close.
Try to organize your letter logically, making smooth transitions between
sentences and paragraphs. It should be clear and concise, with short sentences
and simple words. Use personal pronouns and active voice. Avoid me, I, we, us
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in the beginning of the letter. Avoid also formal and stuffy expressions (like
"thanking you in advance", "as per", “be advised”, "in compliance with your
request" or “enclosed herewith”), and don't use technical terms unless you are
sure your reader will understand them as you do. You will never get what you're
after, if your reader doesn't get the message.
Write positively and with confidence. Try to put yourself in the reader's
shoes and to anticipate the reader's reaction to your comments. Don't be
manipulative. Threatening, cajoling, begging, flattering, and making extravagant
promises are manipulative and are usually ineffective. In fact, they may alienate
the reader.
Don't ever forget to proof-read your letter. Check the spelling, particularly
the name of the person and company. Minor errors in spelling, punctuation, and
grammar hurt your credibility. Make sure that your letters look neat and tidy on
the page. Sloppy appearance will detract from even a well-written letter.
It is important to remember that a business letter is an official document.
Of course, there are many other communications between people and
companies, for instance telephone conversations, meetings and presentations.
Still, a business letter is the most powerful communications tool for providing
structured and considered information in a formal way.
1. What are the main parts of a business letter?
2. What is the body of the letter?
3. Should the author of the letter use long sentences and the passive voice?
4. Why is it necessary to proof-read the written letter?
5. Which expressions should be avoided in the business letter?
Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 5-й абзацы текста.
Задание 3. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца предложение с герундием.
Задание 4. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. He has just repaired his car.
2. Somebody addressed the letter to the wrong person.
3. The secretary is still typing the letter.
4. Mum cut the meat and chopped it.
5. Snow covered everything.
6. The police have been looking for him for a month!
7. He described his new flat for me.
8. Our chief offered me a day- off.
9. He pointed out the mistake to me.
10. They don’t allow their children to go far from home.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видовременной
форме:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Library books must not (to keep) longer than two weeks.
When the advertisement (to place) in the newspaper?
How long Ann (to translate) the text?
Is it all right if I come at about 9? - Fine. I (to watch) the match on
TV for about two hours but it will have finished by that time.
5. You ever (to be) to China? - No, I never (to go) there.
6. When I came my boss (to wait) for me. He (to wait) for 20 minutes
already and (to be) annoyed because I (to be) late.
7. When I get home my dog (to sit) at the door waiting for me.
8. We (to buy) a new flat if we have enough money.
9. When you come here in summer, their house (to repair).
10. The woman (to be) busy herself with cooking, while the man (to slice)
bacon and (to fire) the stove.
Задание 6. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. It was difficult to sell my car.
2. To find that it was only a joke greatly disappointed us.
3. What I have come for is to wish you every success and congratulate you.
4. He must have sold his piano.
5. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon.
6. We asked to be given convincing evidence.
7. I want to be helped.
8. I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday.
9. I didn’t expect to be invited.
10. She seems to have asked him about it.
Задание 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
причастия:
1. She came up to us (to breath) heavily.
2. The article on agriculture (to publish) in this magazine was written by
Smith.
3. You can get the book (to recommend) by our teacher in the library.
4. He watched Mike (to go) out of the door and (to cross) the street.
5. (To descent) the mountains, they heard a man calling for help.
6. (To be) busy, he postponed his trip.
7. (To write) long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read.
8. (To forget) the report at home, John couldn`t answer all the questions of
the director.
9. (To invite) to the birthday party beforehand, he was able to choose the
present carefully.
10. When (to surround) by the girls, he always felt confused.
Задание 8. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
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1. Your coming has done him good.
2. As to me, I simply love cooking.
3. Could you please stop making so much noise?
4. I had difficulty in finding a place to live.
5. She insisted on being married in London.
6. There came the sound of the door closing then being locked.
7. She is looking forward to reading his new book.
8. He is thinking of leaving his job and going to America.
9. On awakening she dressed quickly and left the house.
10. If you walk into the road without looking you risk being knocked down.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие
за ним.
HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER
Writing is one of the most important and valued skills in the business
world today. The introduction and development of electronic communications
has increased the need for written correspondence. More so than ever before,
there is a requirement to ensure clarity and effectiveness in the written message.
When writing a business letter, you should follow the format of a standard
business letter.
The Heading (The Return Address) or Letterhead. Companies usually use
printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the
sheet. It bears all the necessary information about the organization’s identity.
Date of writing. The month should be fully spelled out and the year
written with all four digits October 12, 2005 (12 October 2005 - UK style). The
date is aligned with the return address. The article before the number of the day
is pronounced but not written. In the body of the letter, however, the article is
written when the name of the month is not mentioned with the day.
The Inside Address. In a business or formal letter you should give the
address of the recipient after your own address. Include the recipient's name,
company, address and postal code. Add job title if appropriate. Separate the
recipient's name and title with a comma. Double check that you have the correct
spelling of the recipient 's name. The Inside Address is always on the left
margin. If an 8 1/2" x 11" paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9" business
envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope.
The Greeting. It is also called the salutation. The type of salutation
depends on your relationship with the recipient. It normally begins with the
word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name. Use every resource
possible to address your letter to an actual person. If you do not know the name
or the sex of your receiver, address it to Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear Sales
Manager or Dear Human Resources Director). As a general rule the greeting in a
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business letter ends in a colon (US style). It is also acceptable to use a comma
(UK style).
The Subject Line (optional). Its inclusion can help the recipient in dealing
successfully with the aims of your letter. Normally the subject sentence is
preceded with the word Subject: or Re: Subject line may be emphasized by
underlining, using bold font, or all capital letters. It is usually placed one line
below the greeting but alternatively can be located directly after the "inside
address," before the "greeting."
The Body Paragraphs. The body is where you explain why you’re writing.
It’s the main part of the business letter. Make sure the receiver knows who you
are and why you are writing but try to avoid starting with "I". Use a new
paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter.
Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented.
The Complimentary Close. This short, polite closing ends always with a
comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending
on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the
heading does. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal letter
starting "Dear Sir or Madam" must end "Yours faithfully", while a letter starting
"Dear " must end "Yours sincerely". (Note: the second word of the closing is
NOT capitalized)
Signature and Writer’s identification. The signature is the last part of the
letter. You should sign your first and last names. The signature line may include
a second line for a title, if appropriate. The signature should start directly above
the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the
signature line. Use blue or black ink.
Initials, Enclosures, Copies. Initials are to be included if someone other
than the writer types the letter. If you include other material in the letter, put
'Enclosure', 'Enc.', or ' Encs. ', as appropriate, two lines below the last entry. Cc
means a copy or copies are sent to someone else.
1. What are the main parts of the business letter?
2. What abbreviations and shortenings may be found in the business letter?
3. Which part of the letter is the main one?
4. What information is included in the inside address?
5. What is the difference between UK and US styles of writing the date?
Задание 2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 5, 6 и 8, 9-й абзацы
текста.
Задание 3. Выпишите из 7-го абзаца предложение с герундием.
Задание 4. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. Many people attend the lecture.
2. Someone has eaten the cake.
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3. He will leave the ticket on the table.
4. They were discussing the report the whole evening.
5. People speak English in many countries.
6. Snow will cover the fields in winter.
7. Everyone can see the film soon.
8. The gardener has planted some apple-trees.
9. His parents have bought him a new bicycle.
10. They will advertise the product on TV.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видовременной
форме.
1. The instructions (to give) to everybody yesterday.
2. The children (to skate) in the park for two hours before they went
to the cinema.
3. We (to lie) on the beach since early morning.
4. You (to hear) the news? Tom and Ann are engaged!
5. How many baskets of apples you (to pick)? It seems to me you (to pick)
them for 3 hours already.
6. Tom still (to watch) TV. He (to watch) TV every day.
7. When I (to wake) up at 9 yesterday morning my brother (to sit) in
front of TV. He just (to turn) it off. He (to watch) TV programs
since seven o'clock.
8. What you (to do) next weekend? - If it (to be) fine we (to go)
somewhere in the car; if it (to be) wet we probably (to stay) at
home.
9. A new Metro line (to build) in our city by the end of the year.
10. Nick was late for the party, so when he came into the room all the guests
(to introduce) to each other, some of them (to dance) and some (to sing) in
the next room.
Задание 6. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The last thing I meant was to offend you.
2. Is it possible to get a ticket for tomorrow?
3. He could swim very well when he was young.
4. He looked at the shelves of books to be read and understood.
5. This is a mineral to be found only in this part of the country.
6. There are so many letters to be answered.
7. She seems to have been asked about it.
8. He is said to have studied at Oxford University.
9. They won’t be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train.
10. The student expects his article to be published.
Задание 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму
причастия.
106
1. When (to use) for building purposes, concrete is very important.
2. (To interrupt) during the talk, he always gets angry.
3. He spent the whole day (to read) a book.
4. (To travel) around America for a month, she returned to England.
5. The hall was full of (to laugh) people.
6. The (to sing) girl was about fourteen.
7. When (to complete) the new building will accommodate 3000 students.
8. (To receive) a bad mark at school, the boy was very upset.
9. The letter (to lie) on the table must be posted.
10. (To sleep) badly at night, she looked very tired.
Задание 8. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. I don't enjoy going to the doctor.
2. Jane sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying
much attention to the lecture.
3. Do you think the grass needs cutting?
4. Don't go if you don't feel like going but stop talking about it.
5. I can't bear his interfering with what I do.
6. I understand perfectly your wanting to leave.
7. I wonder at Jack's allowing his mother`s visits every Saturday.
8. She knew nothing about her sister`s having been arrested.
9. I wonder what prevented him from coming to the party.
10. Nobody likes being interrupted.
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КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ТУРИЗМ. СЕРВИС. СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли. Выражение
падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и
окончания –s.
2. Местоимения. Личные, указательные, притяжательные.
3. Глагол. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past), будущего
(Future) времени группы Simple действительного залога. Спряжение
глаголов “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past , Future Simple.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
1. Social service also called welfare service, or social work, any numerous
publicly or privately provided services intended to aid disadvantages, distressed,
or vulnerable persons or groups. The term social service also denotes the
profession engaged in rendering such services. The social services have
flourished in the 20th century as ideas of social responsibility have developed
and spread.
2. The basic concerns of social welfare – poverty, disability and diseases, the
dependant young and elderly – are as old as society itself. The laws of survival
once severely limited the means by which these concerns could be addressed; to
share another’s burden meant to weaken one’s own standing in the fierce
struggle of the daily existence. As societies developed, however, with their
patterns of dependence between members, there arose more systematic response
to the factors that rendered individuals, and thus society at large, vulnerable.
Religion and philosophy have tended to provide frameworks for the conduct
of the social welfare. The edicts of the Buddhist emperor Asoka in India, the
sociopolitical doctrines of ancient Greece and Rome, and the simple rules of the
early Christian communities are only few examples of systems that addressed
social needs. The Elizabeth Poor Laws in England, which sought relief of
paupers through care services and workhouses administrated at the parish level,
provided precedents for many modern legislative responses to poverty. In
Victorian times a more stringent legal view of poverty as a moral failing was
met with the rise of humanitarianism and proliferation of social reforms. The
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social charities and philanthropic societies founded by these pioneers formed the
basis for many of today’s welfare services.
Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What are the other names of the social work?
2. What is the definition of the social work?
3. What century did the social service flourish in?
4. What is the basic concern of the social welfare?
5. The laws of survival once severely limited the means by which these
concerns could be addressed, didn’t they?
6. What can you say about the religion and philosophy in connection of the
social work?
7. Can you give the examples of the ancient systems that addressed social
needs?
Задание 2. Поставьте следующие имена существительные в форму
множественного числа.
A table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a Negro, a match, a
way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play.
Задание 3. Переведите на английский
местоимения.
1. Я работаю машинистом поезда.
2. Она прекрасный специалист.
3. Мы поедем на море этим летом.
4. Ты знаешь этого человека?
5. У вас есть брат?
6. Этот дом очень красивый.
язык,
употребляя
личные
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык в Present, Past и Future Simple.
1. Я приду домой в шесть часов.
2. Когда я приду домой, я позвоню моему другу.
3. Елена позвонит нам вечером.
4. Если Петрова позвонит вам, попросите ее принести мне журнал.
5. Я увижу вас завтра?
6. Как только я увижу Боба, я расскажу ему об этом происшествии.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя конструкцию “there
is / are”.
1. Есть ли кондиционер в этом номере?
2. Имеются ли здесь магазины?
3. Есть цветы на подоконнике?
4. В аудитории есть компьютеры.
5. Здесь нет солнечного света.
6. У подъезда имеется лужайка.
109
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глагол “to be”.
1. Погода хорошая.
2. Стена белая.
3. Мы студенты.
4. Они преподаватели.
5. Это здание главного корпуса.
6. Это библиотека?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
WELFARE SERVICES
1. Because perceived needs and ability to address them determine each
society’s range of welfare services, there exists no universal vocabulary of social
welfare. In some countries a distinction is drawn between «social services»,
denoting programs, such as health care and education that serve the general
population, and «welfare services», denoting aid directed to vulnerable groups,
such as poor, the disabled, or the delinquent. According to another classification,
remedial services address the basic needs of individuals in acute or chronic
distress; preventive seek to reduce the pressures and obstacles that cause such
distress; and supportive services attempt, through educational, health,
employment, and other programs, to maintain and improve the functioning of
individuals in society. Social welfare services originated as emergency measures
that were to be applied all else is failed. However, they are now generally
regarded as a necessary function in any society and a means not only of rescuing
the endangered but also of fostering a society’s ongoing, corporate well-being.
2. The majority of personal services are rendered on an individual basis to
people who are enabled, whether temporarily or permanently, to cope with the
problems of everyday living. Recipients include families faced with loss income,
desertion, or illness; children and youth whose physical or moral welfare is at
risk; the sick; the disabled; the frail elderly; and the unemployed. When
possible, services are also directed toward preventive threats to personal or
family independence. Social services generally place a high value on keeping
families together in their local communities, organizing support from friends or
neighbours when kinship ties are weak. Where necessary, the service provide
substitute forms of home life or residential care, and play a key role in the care
and control of juvenile delinquency and other socially deviant groups, such as
drug and alcohol abusers.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите 1-ый абзац текста. Ответьте на вопросы
по тексту.
110
1. Is there a universal vocabulary of social welfare?
2. Speak about the distinction of the «social services» and «welfare
services» in some countries.
3. In what way the majority of personal services are rendered on an
individual basis to people?
4. Is it true that social services generally place a high value on keeping
families together in their local communities, organizing support from
friends or neighbours when kinship ties are weak?
Задание 3. Вставьте “some”, “any”, “no” или их производные.
1. Have you___relations? - No, I haven't___, I have___relations.
2. Has Simona___nephews or nieces? — She has___nephews.
3. Clare has___sisters, she has only brothers.
4. Do you know___about Egyptian art?
5. Tom and Tim have___cousins in Marietta.
6. Have you___brothers? - No, I haven't___, I have___brothers.
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Perfect
Tense.
1. Я уже прочитал эту статью.
2. Мы не виделись с ним с 1978 года.
3. Сколько фильмов Тарантино ты видел?
4. Мы просмотрели его дипломную работу.
5. Они знают друг друга с 2000 года.
6. Как много фильмов снял этот режиссер?
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глагол “to be”.
1. Погода была хорошая.
2. Стена не белая.
3. Мы доктора.
4. Они будущие преподаватели.
5. Это здание нашего общежития.
6. Это библиотека Кирова?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы.
THE ''UNION SQUARE'' HOTEL
1. The “Union Square” hotel is one of the historic hotels of America. It
was built in San Francisco at the beginning of the last century. This luxury hotel
is a true masterpiece. Hotel guests enter a large hotel lobby with classic
chandeliers, gilded ceilings, and a marble staircase leading to the lounge looking
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at Union Square. From hotel rooms you can see spectacular views of the city.
The “Union Square” hotel is located at Union Square in downtown San
Francisco, near the best shopping center in the city, theater, and some of the
finest restaurants in California.
2. The hotel's atmosphere is created by its guests, who come from all
around the world for business and entertainment. By day, the guests can shop in
Union Square, go to Chinatown, or go sightseeing. Business travelers go
downtown, to the Financial District. The Hotel has 417 rooms with spectacular
views of the City and San Francisco Bay, including 5 suites, such as the
Presidential Suite with sauna and balcony. By night, the hotel has the best
nightclub in San Francisco.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.






3. The ''Union Square'' hotel guestrooms have
Cable television with movie channel.
Mini-bar and refrigerator.
Iron, ironing board and hairdryer.
Individual air-conditioning and thermo-control.
Phones with voice mail modem hook-ups.
Room service from 6:30 till10:30 a.m. and 5:00 till 10:00 p.m.
Fax, copy and delivery services
Safety deposit boxes
Non-smoking rooms.
4. The ''Union Square'' hotel services
Concierge Staff
Business center
The fitness center is located on 3rd floor and is for hotel guests who get
access using their room keys. The fitness center is open daily from 6 a.m. to
10 p.m.
16 meeting rooms for groups of up to 350 people
Valet parking
Pets are allowed
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When was the “Union Square” hotel built?
2. What do hotel guests see when they enter a hotel lobby?
3. Where is the “Union Square” hotel located?
4. What can hotel guests see from hotel rooms?
5. What does the hotel offer to its guests in the guestrooms?
6. What are the services offered by the hotel?
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова
оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
1. The manager examines organizational structure of the hotel.
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2. The task of staff department is to do different serviсes.
3. The President of our company directly manages the Vice President of
marketing.
Задание 4. Переведите слова и определите, какой частью речи они
являются.
Special, education, combination, worker, department, naturally, business,
refrigerator.
Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами «to be”, to have”.
1. The extra-mural students …….. exams in winter and in summer.
2. He ………at the training center last month.
3. The students ……….lectures and seminars next week.
Задание 6. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите
видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. My friend wanted to be a specialist in the field of economy.
2. He will work as a hotel manager next year.
3. Some students passed their exams last month.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
MODERN EVOLUTION IN SOCIAL WORK
1. In the advanced industrial societies the personal social services have
always constituted a “mixed economy of welfare,” involving the statutory,
voluntary, and private sectors of welfare provision. Although the role of
personal social services is crucial, they account for only a small proportion of
total welfare expenditures. The most substantial increases in expenditures have
occurred in social security systems, which provide assistance to specific
categories of claimants on the basis of both universal and selective criteria. The
development of modern social security systems from the 1880s reflects not only
a gradual but fundamental change in the aims and scope of social policy but also
a dramatic shift in expert and popular opinion with regard to the relative
significance of the social and personal causes of need.
2. In the belief that personal shortcomings were the chief cause of poverty
and of people's inability to cope with it, the major 19th-century systems of poor
relief in western Europe and North America tended to withhold relief from all
but the truly destitute, to whom it was given as a last resort. This policy was
intended as a general deterrent to idleness. The poor-law relieving officer was
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the precursor of both the public assistance officials and the social workers of
today in his command of statutory financial aid. The voluntary charitable
agencies of the time differed on the relative merits of deterrent poor-law services
on the one hand, implying resistance to the growth of statutory welfare, and on
the provision of alternative assistance to the needy, coupled with the extension
of statutory services, on the other hand. From the 1870s the Charity
Organization Society and similar bodies in the United States, Britain, and
elsewhere held strongly to the former option, and m
their influence was
widespread until the outbreak of World War II.
Задание 2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите 2 абзац текста на русский
язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What kind of economy have the personal social services always
constituted in the advanced industrial societies? (in details)?
2. What is the role of the role of personal social services?
3. Speak about the development of modern social security systems since the
1880s.
4. What can you say about the voluntary charitable agencies?
Задание 4. Вставьте соответствующие формы глагола “to have”.
1. Peter … a new book-case.
2. …. u an umbrella?
3. They …. no tickets!
4. …. Ann and Nick odd money?
5. I…… a new a computer.
6. Tom and Tim ….. classes today,… not they?
7. …. you a white or black dress?
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя Present Perfect
Tense.
1. Я знаю его долгое время.
2. Мы были на каникулах 3 недели.
3. Он был студентом в течение 3 лет.
4. Она не была на работе с июля.
5. С рождества мы были очень заняты.
6. Моя бабушка пенсионер в течение 5 лет.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple.
1. Завтра мы пойдем в гости.
2. Через неделю мы вернемся домой.
3. В августе наши каникулы заканчиваются.
4. В сентябре все дети идут в школу.
5. В будущем году мы изменим форму обучения.
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6. Завтра ты должен позвонить Николаю.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
1. The settlement movement in Britain and the United States drew voluntary
workers into direct contact with the serious material disadvantages suffered by
the poor. The pioneer of this movement was the vicar Samuel A. Barnett, who in
1884 with his wife and a number of university students “settled” in a deprived
area of London, calling their neighbourhood house Toynbee Hall. Two visitors
to this settlement soon introduced the movement into the United States—Stanton
Coit, who founded Neighborhood Guild (later University Settlement) on the
Lower East Side of New York City in 1886, and Jane Addams, who with Ellen
Gates Starr founded Hull House on the Near West Side of Chicago in 1889.
From these prototypes the movement spread to other U.S. cities and abroad
through Europe and Asia.
2. The origins of modern social casework can be traced to the appointment of
the first medical almoners in Britain in the 1880s, a practice quickly adopted in
North American and most western European countries. The almoners originally
performed three main functions: ascertaining the financial eligibility and
resources of patients faced with the rising costs of medical care, providing
counseling services to support patients and their families during periods of ill
health and bereavement, and procuring adequate practical aids and other forms
of home care for discharged patients. Elsewhere secular and religious charitable
associations providing financial help, educational welfare, and housing for the
poor began to employ social workers.
Задание 2. Переведите письменно 2-ой абзац текста на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. Who was the vicar Samuel A. Barnettе?
2. What is Toynbee Halll?
3. What did Stanton Coitt do?
4. Who were Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star?
5. Where is the original of modern social casework traced?
6. What were the main functions performed by the almoners?
Задание 4. Вставьте соответствующие формы глагола в Present Indefinite
Tense.
1. My friend …. In Egypt. (work)
2. The Bible …love of money is bad. (say)
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We … so. (hope)
She … he …busy.(think, be)
It often ….. here. (rain)
Nurse ….after this patient. (look)
My dad ….not …..on Mondays. (work)
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя притяжательный
падеж.
1. Он показал мне письмо своей подруги.
2. Она взяла учебники своего брата.
3. Дайте мне тетради ваших студентов.
4. Принесите вещи школьников.
5. Вчера дети нашли гнездо кукушки.
6. Это семья моего брата. Отец моего друга моряк. Мать моего друга
лектор университета.
Задание 6. Переведите, используя указательные местоимения.
1. Дайте мне эти книги.
2. Те журналы ваши?
3. Этот учебник нам не подходит.
4. Тот мальчик твой сокурсник?
5. Кто эти девочки?
6. Те строители заняты?
7. Дайте мне тот портфель.
Вариант 6
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
1. By the turn of the century there were various schemes for organizing
charitable work on “scientific” principles according to nationally agreed
standards of procedure and services. In Britain, the United States, Germany, and,
later, Japan, leading charities worked in conjunction with poor-law and public
assistance authorities, an approach endorsed in 1909 in the majority report of the
British Royal Commission on the Poor Law. The first schools of social work,
usually run by the voluntary charitable agencies, appeared in the 1890s and early
1900s in London, New York City, and Amsterdam, and by the 1920s there were
similar ventures in other parts of Western Europe and North America and in
South America. The training programs combined casework methods and other
practical forms of intervention and support, with particular emphasis on working
in cooperation with individuals and families to restore a level of independence.
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From the 1900s onward the surveys conducted by Rowntree in York and by
other researchers began to transform conventional views of the role of the state
in social welfare and the relief of poverty, and the social causes of poverty came
under scrutiny. At the same time, the scope of social work was growing, with
the spread of settlement houses, to include group work and community action.
Задание 2. Переведите 1-ый абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What were the various schemes for organizing charitable work by the turn
of the century?
2. What were the organization of the leading charities in Britain, Japan, the
USA and Germany?
3. Who ran the first schools for social works?
4. Speak about the training programs?
5. Speak about the social work in 20- th century.
Задание 4. Вставьте формы глагола “to be”.
1. He .. at home.
2. Peter and Ann … friends.
3. … he a driver?
4. ... they teachers?
5. Tim …not going to school.
6. Tom and Tim .. not watching the TV.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple Tense.
1. Who…your new neighbours? (be)
2. She…. go home in 10 minutes.
3. …. they are at home on Sunday?
4. ….you be at home in summer?
5. How old ….you be in 2 years?
6. ….you enter school next September?
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, используя глагол “to have”.
1. У вас есть новая версия этой программы?
2. У Петра не было этой книги.
3. У вас будут каникулы в мае?
4. Я имею много книг этого автора.
5. У меня не будет свободного времени во вторник.
6. Сколько у вас экзаменов в этом семестре?
Вариант 7
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
117
SOCIAL WORK
1. In most countries social welfare services, or personal social services, rather
than being separately organized and administered, are often attached to other
major social services, such as social security, health care, education, and
housing. This is explained by the course of their historical development. The
means open to policy-making and administration in the personal social services
are often incompatible. For example, the demands of the general integration and
coordination of care programs can conflict with the provision of services that
take due account of the needs of specific client groups. Also to be reconciled are
the provision of individual services and the provision for family and
neighbourhood needs.
2. Statutory and voluntary social services have evolved in response to needs
that could not be fully met by individuals either alone or in association with
others. Among the factors determining the present nature of such services are,
first, that the growth in the scale and complexity of industrial societies has added
to the obligations of central and local governments. Second, the increasing
wealth and productivity of industrial societies has heightened public
expectations regarding standards of living and standards of justice, at the same
time augmenting the material capacity to meet those expectations. Third, the
processes of social and economic change have grown to such proportions that
individuals are increasingly ill-equipped to anticipate and cope with the adverse
effects of such change. Fourth, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to
recognize and provide for the idiosyncratic needs arising from the interaction of
social and personal life.
Задание 2. Переведите письменно 2-ой абзац текста на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. How is it explained that in most countries social welfare services or
personal social services, rather than being separately organized and
administered, are often attached to other major social services?
2. Give the examples of the explanation mentioned in the previous question.
3. What are the factors determining the present nature of statutory and
voluntary social services?
Задание 4. Вставьте вспомогательные глаголы в Present Indefinite Tense.
1. She….not study French.
2. … your sister smoke?
3. …..they like this book?
4. … she promise to help me?
5. Peter …. not work now.
6. …. often visit your granny?
7. I… not know his phone number.
8. They… not often visit their relatives in summer.
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9. …..often rain in England?
Задание 5. Образуйте форме 3 лица единственного числа времени Present
Simple.
Take, say, watch, wash, play, do, listen, copy, sorry.
Read, print, go, know, follow, use, see, hear, seem, think.
Задание 6. Вставьте личные местоимения.
1. Peter and Thomas are watching the TV.-…..are friends.
2. Who is that girl standing near the window?-…. is Helen.
3. Children are playing in the garden.-… are happy.
4. Nick is not an engineer.- … is a doctor.
5. Natasha is not a librarian.-….a student still.
Вариант 8
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
Any family can experience crises that it is powerless to control. The
hardships of ill health and unemployment can be compounded by loss of
income; divorce and separation can impede the welfare and development of
young children; and long-term responsibility for dependent relatives can impair
the physical and emotional well-being of those who provide the care.
A very small number of families experience such intractable problems that
they require almost continuous help from personal social services. Some of these
families present problems of deviant behaviour, including family violence and
child abuse, irregular attendance or nonenrollment in school, alcohol and drug
abuse, and crime and delinquency. Not all poor families, however, make heavy
demands on social welfare services; indeed considerable hardship could be
alleviated through more efficient use of existing services.
Задание 2. Переведите письменно текст.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту.
1. Can any family experience crises that it is powerless to control?
2. What can impede the welfare and development of young children?
3. What is the number of the families that experience intractable problems?
4. What kind of problems can the families face?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя Past Perfect Tense.
1. Я просто хотел знать, почему он потерял работу?
2. Когда он, наконец, пришел домой - дети уже легли спать.
3. К субботе они закончили эксперимент.
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4. Они знали друг друга за долго до того, как он покинул страну.
5. Она полюбила Тома за те опасности, что он пережил.
6. Солнце еще только взошло, когда экспедиция уже тронулась с
места.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple.
1. Я позвоню тебе в субботу.
2. Они присоединятся к нам через пару дней.
3. Фильм начнётся через 2 минуты.
4. Мы к вам заглянем на неделе.
5. Забери обувь из мастерской в четверг.
6. Мы поможем вам с домашним заданием.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, используя притяжательные
местоимения.
1. Это книга моя.
2. Те брюки его.
3. В четверг мы идем на его концерт.
4. Оба его брата живут в Ростове.
5. Все эти карандаши мои.
6. Моя подруга пригласила меня в кино.
7. Ее знакомый заболел.
8. Его сестра не сможет помочь нам.
Вариант 9
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
Over time, social workers have acquired a special responsibility for people
whose particular needs fall outside the aegis of other professions and agencies.
Apart from the requirements of individuals and families with serious long-term
social and emotional problems, personal social services meet a wide spectrum of
needs arising from the more routine contingencies of living. Inevitably personal
social services are primarily concerned with reacting to a crisis as it occurs, but
today much effort is being invested in preventive work and in the enhancement
of welfare in the wider community. In this respect comparison can be made with
the traditional aim of social security—the reduction of poverty—and the more
ambitious objective of income maintenance.
The organization of personal social services in different societies is
extremely variable. Ethnicity and urban deprivation have added new dimensions
to need that cut across the traditional client categories of families, children,
youth, the sick and handicapped, the unemployed, the aged, and the delinquent.
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Nevertheless, there are continuities and consistencies in the pattern of needs that
characterize these major client groups.
Задание 2. Переведите письменно текст на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. Have social workers acquired a special responsibility for people whose
particular needs fall outside the aegis of other professions and agencies?
2. What other requirements of individuals and families do social services
meet?
3. Is it true that the organization of personal social services in different
societies is extremely variable?
4. What dimension have ethnicity and urban deprivation added to the work
of the social service?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя глагол “to be”.
1. Мы студенты.
2. Они ученые?
3. Сегодня ветрено.
4. Сегодня солнечно?
5. Она секретарь.
6. Он водитель автобуса.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple Tense.
1. Я не буду с ним разговаривать.
2. Он не пойдет с нами в библиотеку.
3. Мои друзья не будут помогать тебе в этом.
4. Лена и Аня пойдут в магазин после полудня.
5. Мы поедем в Турцию в будущем году.
6. Николай станет представителем нашей компании в будущем году.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, используя Past Simple Tense.
1. Каждый год они ездили на море.
2. Он проснулся, позавтракал и пошел на работу.
3. Каждый день он выкуривал пачку сигарет после обеда.
4. Бывало, он ездил вместе с ними.
5. Я часто видел этих ребят в университете.
6. Обычно по вечерам они смотрели телевизор.
Вариант 10
Задание 1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст.
121
FAMILY WELFARE
1. Social philosophers and caseworkers generally regard family life as the
ideal context for the promotion of social welfare. Family welfare programs seek
to preserve and strengthen the family unit through both economic assistance,
where available, and personal assistance with a variety of services. Personal
assistance services include marriage counseling in most developed countries and
in urban centres of developing countries; maternal, prenatal, and infant care
programs; family planning services; family-life education, which promotes both
the enrichment of family relationships and the improvement of home economics;
“home-help” or “homemaker” services providing household assistance to
families burdened with chronic illness, handicaps, or other dependencies; and
care of the aged through such programs as in-home meal services,
transportation, regular visitation, and reduced-cost medicines.
2. A paramount concern in all family welfare programs is the welfare of
children. Whenever possible, children's services are rendered within the setting
of home life. Income assistance to parents may help ensure the basic security of
the family structure. Maternal, prenatal, and child health-care programs are
important in all societies but especially so in those affected by widespread
disease and malnutrition; infant and maternal mortality rates are in fact the most
basic indexes of child welfare. The increasing number of working mothers
worldwide has given rise to day-care services ranging from simple custodial
supervision to educational and health-care programs. In some countries,
industries are required to provide such facilities for their employees, in
recognition of the changing economic pressures on family life.
Задание 2. Письменно переведите 2-ой абзац текста на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. In what way do the social philosophers and caseworkers generally regard
family life?
2. What do family welfare programs seek?
3. What personal assistance services include?
4. What programs are important in all societies?
Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык, используя Past Simple Tense.
1. Каждый год они ездили на озеро Рица.
2. Он проснулся, позавтракал и пошел в университет.
3. Бывало, он ходил вместе с ними в кино.
4. Я часто видел этих ребят в университете.
5. Обычно по вечерам они смотрели телевизор.
6. В прошлом году они часто навещали его.
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple.
1. Я не буду с ним разговаривать.
2. Он не пойдет с нами в библиотеку.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Мои друзья не будут помогать тебе в этом.
Лена и Аня пойдут в магазин после полудня.
Мы поедем в Турцию в будущем году.
Николай станет представителем нашей компании в будущем году.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя глагол “to be”.
1. Сегодня пасмурно.
2. Дует ветер.
3. Солнечно?
4. Они ученики?
5. Это строители?
6. Петр и Анна студенты 2-го курса. Кто они?
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, используя глагол “to have”.
1. У меня есть несколько экземпляров этой книги.
2. У тебя есть время поговорить со мной?
3. У Насти есть рекламный проспект.
4. Есть ли у тебя номер его телефона?
5. У него нет такой информации.
6. Есть ли у тебя домашнее животное?
7. У него нет больше вопросов к вам.
Контрольная работа № 2
Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Словообразование.
2. Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге.
3. Согласование времен.
4. Неопределенные местоимения “some”, “any”, “no” и их производные.
5. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
SOCIAL WORK
1. While the family unit is imbued with great value by most child-welfare
programs, these programs must also address the special needs of unwed mothers
and their children, broken families, and children whose families, although intact,
are sources of abuse and neglect rather than love and nurture. Attitudes vary
greatly among the world’s societies toward pregnancy out of wedlock.
Historically, social and even physical persecution has been common in some
communities, but most modern societies recognize a responsibility toward the
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welfare of unmarried mothers and their children. In industrial countries, and in
some developing countries through private charity, services typically include
medical care and delivery and counseling regarding the decision to keep the
baby or to give it up for adoption. In many countries institutional homes provide
for the care both of unwed expectant mothers and of mothers and babies after
delivery, in a setting sheltered from the often rigid strictures of family and
community. Procedures of adoption vary considerably worldwide, but
arrangements are frequently carried out by social service agencies in cooperation
with legal authorities.
2. Whereas orphans once made up the majority of children living in
institutional homes, the number of children who lose both parents through death
has been greatly reduced by medical advances. Institutional and foster care are
now provided mainly to children whose home lives have been disrupted,
permanently or temporarily, by marital discord, financial hardship, parental
irresponsibility, neglect, or abuse. While foster care might be considered
preferable because it offers the intimate atmosphere of family living, some
children, such as those severely affected by parental abuse or emotional
disturbance, may adjust more comfortably to the more impersonal environment
of an institution. Although it cannot be determined conclusively whether the
increasing incidence of reported child abuse is attributable to falling standards of
parental care or to improved detection and reporting, much effort has been
invested in supervision, social education, and cooperation between personal
social services and health care, education, police, and housing authorities.
Задание 2. Переведите 1-ый абзац текста письменно на английский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту.
1. Why must the majority of the child – welfare programs be addressed to
the unwed mothers and their children?
2. What can you say about the attitude of the society towards the pregnancy
out of the wedlock?
3. Why has the number of children who lose both parents through death
been greatly reduced?
4. What is the institutional and foster care?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы
can, may, must”.
1. Ты должен завершить эту работу к сентябрю.
2. Мы можем спросить его об этом.
3. Могу я взять твою тетрадь до вторника?
4. Моя сестра не умеет водить машину.
5. Можно мне оставить вещи в камере хранения?
6. Можно я воспользуюсь вашим мобильным телефоном?
Задание 5. Вставьте местоимения “some”, “any”, “no”.
124
Сок содержит много воды. ___juice contains much water.
Суп готов. ___soup is ready.
Дайте мне супу. Give me___soup.
Название этого супа— борщ. The name of___soup is borsch.
Прежде всего, нам нужно согреть немного воды. First of all we must
heat___water.
6. Вода состоит из водорода и кислорода. ___water consists of hydrogen
and oxygen.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на
согласование времен.
1. Он сказал мне, что завтра он пойдет в кино.
2. Они спросили меня, ходил ли я в библиотеку?
3. Когда я вошел, она играла на пианино.
4. На будущий год будет 5 лет, как она работает в этом учреждении.
5. Он вернется из командировки к 3 сентября.
6. Летом мы жили на даче, а осенью переехали в город.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
YOUTH WELFARE
1. The underlying aim of most social welfare services for young people, apart
from those services that address immediate basic needs, is to prepare them for
the assumption of responsible roles in the adult world. The majority of programs
provide adult-supervised leisure-time group activities, which may range from
cultural and social events to athletics to hiking and camping. Participation in
such programs is high in most European countries. The former Soviet youth
organizations, called Pioneers and Komsomol, were the largest in the world.
Some programs, such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts or Girl Guides, Young Men's
Christian Associations, and Young Women's Christian Associations, have
spread nearly worldwide, stimulating the formation of similar groups tailored to
local needs. In addition to group activity, youth welfare programs also provide
counseling and guidance services on a more individual basis to help meet the
personal, social, educational, and vocational needs of young people.
2. While the above services are intended to provide constructive outlets for
the energies of young people, there remain many destructive influences in
society. Social services have directed increasing attention to the problem of
delinquency in an effort to provide alternatives to the traditional juvenile
court/institutional methods of control. In some urban areas so-called street
workers approach the problem at its source. Recognition of the importance of
peer groups in youth behaviour has led to the use of group therapy in many
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correctional institutions and in communities as a preventive service or as an
adjunct to parole.
Задание 2. Переведите 1-ый абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What is the underlying aim of most social welfare services for young
people?
2. What do the majority of the youth welfare programs do?
3. What were the largest youth welfare programs in the world?
4. Name all the youth welfare programs mentioned in the text.
5. Do the social services direct their attention to the problem of
delinquency?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы
их эквиваленты.
1. Могу я немного задержаться?
2. Вы можете выключить свет.
3. Мы должны были сделать перевод этого текста.
4. Им было суждено быть вместе.
5. Так как я должен был быть там ровно в 5, мне пришлось взять такси.
6. В военное время мужчина не должен расставаться со своей
винтовкой.
Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous.
1. The boys (to run) about in the garden area.
2. I (to do) my home tasks.
3. Anna (to go) to the library.
4. Peter (to sit) at her desk.
5. A young man (to stand) at the window. He (to smoke) a cigarette.
6. The aged woman (to walk) about the room.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на порядок
слов.
1. Мисс Волтер послала мальчика с запиской в соседнюю деревню.
2. Мальчик послал записку мисс Волтер.
3. Послала ли мисс Волтер мальчика с запиской в соседнюю деревню?
4. Нет ничего удивительного в том, что собирается сказать Джон.
5. Есть ли ваза на столе?
6. Пусть будет так!
7. Многие лета российской державе!
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
126
GROUP WELFARE 1
The settlement movement arose in response to the collective needs of
deprived urban communities. Settlement houses today, and similar community
centres and other organizations, seek to promote the common welfare of local
groups that may differ in language, national origin, race, or religion. Whereas, in
the United States, attempts were formerly made to Americanize such groups by
supplanting foreign traits of language and custom with American ones, the
emphasis of educational and training programs has changed; language and other
assimilating skills are taught, but the preservation of cultural diversity is also
promoted. In addition to educational and cultural programs, settlements may
offer legal advocacy, recreational activities, and health clinics.
Throughout the 20th century the resettlement of massive numbers of refugees
forced from their homes has placed great demand on social welfare services. In
Europe and North America various church denominations have taken an active
role in relief and other welfare work for such groups as well as for migrant and
transient elements within the general population.
Задание 2. Переведите текст письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. What was the reason for the settlement movement?
2. What do the settlement houses today, and similar community centres and
other organizations seek?
3. Tell about the American way to promote common welfare.
4. What has placed great demand on social welfare services in 20-th
century?
Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на порядок
слов.
1. Есть ли отопление в вашем доме?
2. Пусть твои глаза никогда этого не увидят.
3. Вот моя визитная карточка.
4. Вот и мы.
5. Какие великолепные глаза у тебя, Эрнст.
6. О его любви он бы ничего ей не сказал.
Задание 4. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих слов.
Glamour, beauty, glory, understand, flourish, consciousness, England, vice,
spices,
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Indefinite
Tense.
1. Ты не работаешь?
127
Каждый год Брауны ездят на море.
Магнит притягивает железо.
Я слышу, как кто-то стучит.
Я обещаю не пытаться увидеться с Робертом до тех пор, пока он сам
не попросит.
6. Поезд отходит завтра в 10 часов.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
WELFARE OF THE SICK AND DISABLED
1. Serious illness and disability account for many of the problems addressed
by social services. In addition to the need for adequate primary care, the ill and
disabled also frequently face disruption or loss of income, inability to meet
family responsibilities, the long-term process of recovery or adjustment to
handicaps, and ongoing care in the form of medication, therapy, and the
observance of dietary or other precautions.
2. In some countries, medical social workers are local-authority social
workers who have been attached to hospitals, local general-practice health
centres, and child guidance agencies. They provide the counseling and other
supportive services required by the physically ill and the disabled and their
families. Especially in countries where free medical care is not available to the
poor, the responsibility for means-testing gives the workers an additional,
advisory role with respect to their clients' financial problems. Personal social
services make arrangements for domiciliary care in the form of regular visits
from home-helpers and occupational therapists; special appliances and home
adaptations are supplied either by personal social services or by health services.
In the case of severely disabled people personal social services run day-care
centres to provide relief for family care providers and small residential homes
for the most dependent disabled when they no longer require hospital care.
Задание 2. Переведите 2-ой абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. What problems do the sick and disabled people face?
2. What do medical social workers in some countries?
3. What are the personal social services?
4. What do the social services do in case of the severely disabled people?
Задание 4. Образуйте, новые существительные при помощи суффиксов и
префиксов er/or.
Supply, write, distribute, play, subscribe, adjust, direct, work, drive.
128
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, Past Indefinite Tense.
1. Во вторник я встал в 7.30.
2. Я пошел в ванну, почистил зубы и умыл лицо.
3. В 8.30 моя семья завтракала.
4. Я завтракал с моим сыном.
5. Мы не пили чай за завтраком.
6. После завтрака мой сын пошел в школу.
7. Мы поехали в гости к Петровым.
Задание 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на порядок
слов.
1. Есть ли у вас новые журналы?
2. Такой интересный был спектакль, что мы жалели, когда он кончился.
3. Когда уходит поезд в Киев.
4. Как ни трудна была книга, мы читали ее с удовольствием.
5. Было бы у меня больше времени, я бы стал изучать итальянский
язык.
6. Только когда она уже была в поезде, она вспомнила, что она забыла
зонтик.
Задание 7. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на
согласование времен.
1. Он был уверен, что они работают вместе.
2. Он считал, что его друзья работают с утра.
3. Он знал, что они никогда не встречались прежде.
4. Мне сказали, что лекция начнется в 5 часов.
5. Петр сказал, что профессор читает лекцию.
6. Она не знала, что они ее ждут.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
WELFARE OF THE MENTALLY ILL
1. The social aspects and consequences of mental illness were recognized
early in the history of social work. The speciality of psychiatric social work
developed initially as an adjunct to hospital care in urban areas. Such services
have also been provided under military auspices, particularly in wartime. In
developed countries today the psychiatric social worker serves at all levels of
patient care; social casework may contribute to diagnosis and the course of
treatment; educational and counseling services help other family members cope
with the problems of hospitalization, treatment, and aftercare; close work with
housing authorities and employers can facilitate the readjustment of patients into
129
community life by means of foster care, halfway houses, sheltered workshops,
and regular employment.
2. Personal social services have been a major contributor to the development
of community care for the mentally ill and the mentally handicapped. In the
industrialized world generally, though less so in Russia, policy calls for a
reduction in the number of patients hospitalized on a long-term basis; this goal
can be achieved only by returning patients to their families or accommodating
them in neighbourhood hostels providing adequate support and supervision. The
bulk of this responsibility has fallen on local authorities and voluntary agencies,
which provide the professional staff and volunteers. Treatment programs are
also increasingly designed to prevent hospital admissions and to avoid
compulsory admission in all but exceptional cases.
Задание 2. Переведите 2-ой абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. When were the social aspects and consequences of mental illness
recognized?
2. How did the specialty of psychiatric social work develop?
3. What is the arrangement of the psychiatric social worker serves in the
developed countries?
4. What can you say about the personal social services in connection of the
mentally ill people?
Задание 4. Образуйте, новые существительные при помощи суффиксов и
префиксов sion / ssion.
To produce, to discuss, to include, to revolve, to constitute, to permit, to regress.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глагол
must.
1. Я должна упорно работать над своим произношением.
2. Вы должны внимательно слушать лектора.
3. Ты должен выполнять домашние задание каждый день.
4. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях дежурного.
5. Вы должны быть осторожны при переходе дороги.
6. Анна должна быть сейчас дома.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на порядок
слов.
1. Долгих лет российской армии.
2. Вот идет мой автобус.
3. Вот и мы, господа.
4. Напрасно сестра пыталась уговорить меня, я не соглашалась.
5. Когда я подошла к опушке леса, я увидела огромный зеленый луг.
6. Один только раз он рассердился на них.
130
Вариант 6
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
THE WORK OF THE PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES
1. In practice the demand for personal social services does not fall into
clearly defined categories. Welfare needs often overlap, and the needs of
individuals often affect their families or associates. The range of skills required
for effective service provision is equally complex. Inevitably, therefore,
opinions differ on the training and deployment of social workers.
2. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, and India the bulk of training is provided in the highereducation system, whereas in France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden it is
conducted mainly in separate institutions. Most social workers are employed in
either statutory or voluntary agencies; outside the United States very few are
engaged in private practice. There is much diversity in their training and
deployment, but the role of social workers has broadened, making them
individually responsible for a wide range of methods and client groups. In some
cases specialized social workers are deployed in teams. Opinions differ on the
relative effectiveness of the alternative methods of intervention—direct
casework, or counseling, on the one hand and indirect social-care planning on
the other. Voluntary and private agencies tend to perform more specialized
roles, centred on particular client groups and age groups requiring special
methods of care and service delivery.
Задание 2. Переведите 2 абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. Is it true that the range of skills required for effective service provision is
equally complex?
2. What can you say about the training providing in the USA, UK etc.?
3. Is there much diversity in the training and deployment?
4. Do the opinions differ on the relative effectiveness of the alternative
methods of intervention?
Задание 4. Образуйте, новые существительные при помощи суффиксов и
префиксов –ment.
To move, to develop, to replace, to govern, fulfill, to agree, to base, to settle, to
approve.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глагол
“may”.
1. Вы можете взять этот карандаш на время.
131
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Вы можете открыть окно в классе.
Студенты могут подождать в этой комнате.
Можно включит телевизор?
Ученикам не разрешают баловаться на переменах.
Наконец нам разрешили покинуть аудиторию.
Задание 6. Раскройте правильно скобки в данных предложениях в Present
Continuous Tense или Present Indefinite Tense.
1. Pit (to write) a dictation now.
2. We (not to drink) milk now.
3. Chris (to go) for a walk after dinner.
4. Me and Sonia (not to go) to the theatre every Sunday.
5. Hunter (not to read) now.
6. Claudia (to play) now.
Вариант 7
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
ADMINISTRATION OF SERVICES: BASIC ORGANIZATION
1. There are marked national variations in the organization and funding of
personal social services. To begin with, there are differences in the relative
importance of the statutory, voluntary, and private sectors. Second, even if
governments are the major contributors, the proportional allocation of funds for
the statutory and nonstatutory sectors varies from country to country. Third,
there are variations in the relative importance of central, regional, and local
governments with respect to statutory funding, policy-making, and service
delivery. Fourth, there are also variations in the degree of administrative
autonomy granted to the personal social services.
2. The paid staff of statutory personal social services includes social
workers, community workers, social care assistants, home-helps (homemakers),
workers who supply mobile meals, occupational therapists, and psychologists
working in a variety of field, day-care, and residential settings. Although social
workers account for a small proportion of the social service workforce, they
constitute the majority of its professional staff. Their job is to provide casework,
or counseling, services in cooperation with individuals and families and to
engage in tasks of social-care planning, such as seeing to the delivery of direct
services in kind and fostering the involvement and support of informal care
providers and volunteers. In most industrial societies social workers have more
or less exclusive responsibility for mandatory duties related to fostering,
adoption, and other work affecting parental rights as well as for the management
of substitute home care or residential care for the main client groups.
Задание 2. Переведите 2-ой абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
132
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. Are there marked national variations in the organization and funding of
personal social services?
2. Are there differences in the relative importance of the statutory, voluntary,
and private sectors?
3. What are the national variations in the organization and funding of
personal social services?
4. Who is the paid stuff?
Задание 4. Образуйте, новые существительные при помощи суффиксов и
префиксов–ing.
To build, to meet, to write, to understand, to fill, to light, to sing, to draw, to
teach.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глагол
“must”.
1. Я должен вставать рано.
2. Я должен проветривать помещение.
3. Я должен позавтракать.
4. Должен ли я заправлять свою кровать?
5. Вы не должны разговаривать на уроках.
6. Вы должны посещать все занятия в университете.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на
согласование времен.
1. Она знала, что мальчик интересуется историей.
2. Вчера я написала статью, которую буду читать в конце месяца.
3. Она не знала, что ее ждут.
4. Он сказал, что аспирант читает лекцию.
5. Я думала, сто моя подруга их хорошо знает.
6. Мы думали, что встретим их в будущий понедельник.
Вариант 8
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
ADMINISTRATION OF SERVICES
Personal social services are prime movers in the humanitarian trend toward
caring for dependent people in their own communities, to which the high cost of
residential care adds an economic incentive. It is evident that there is no clear
boundary between the formal and informal sectors of social welfare.
Nevertheless, informal care cannot take the place of formal services, the two
sectors being mutually supportive rather than alternative sources of social
welfare. Formal social services are a matter of legal obligation; their providers
133
and users are normally strangers to each other, whereas informal care is given
and received on the basis of personal relationships. Formal services have a wide
membership and are delivered on a continuous basis, without regard to personal
considerations. Informal care is highly localized and—although it may reflect
intense loyalty and devotion—is often less reliable than formal care in the long
run because family and neighbourhood networks are vulnerable to personal
crisis and social change. Such care also does not usually extend to those without
living relatives or other close associates. There are, of course, changes in
priority within formal social services in response to trends such as the increasing
incidence of reported child abuse, especially in the United States and the United
Kingdom, the growing proportions of unemployed and infirm elderly, and the
heightened awareness of racial inequality and injustice.
Задание 2. Переведите текст письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. Are personal social services prime movers in the humanitarian trend
toward caring for dependent people in their own communities?
2. Is it true that there is no clear boundary between the formal and informal
sectors of social welfare?
3. Speak about formal services.
4. Speak about informal services.
Задание 4. Образуйте, новые существительные при помощи суффиксов и
префиксов –ness.
Happy, ill, dark, blind, light, deaf, fit, ready, effective.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глаголы
и их эквиваленты.
1. Вы сможете их встретить в воскресенье?
2. Мне нужна эта книга.
3. Можно взять эти цветы?
4. Вам следует записаться в библиотеку.
5. Вам разрешат пройти в здание офиса в понедельник.
6. Мы должны были это сделать в ту среду.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на
согласование времен.
1. Им сказали, что он будет свободен ближе к концу месяца.
2. Он думал, что напишет статью к выходным.
3. Когда мы вошли, они ссорились.
4. Когда мама позвала детей, они играли в саду.
5. Том сказал, что посылку привезли еще вчера.
6. В тот момент они смотрели телевизор.
134
Вариант 9
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
ADMINISTRATION OF SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES
1. In the United States the main social assistance and personal social service
programs are county- and state-administered, with substantial federal
government support. Many programs are delegated to local governments, and
voluntary organizations are heavily subsidized by public bodies via contracts for
provision of services. The Department of Health and Human Services is the
chief federal agency, and each state has a counterpart of this agency. In addition
there is a small but popular and growing private market for fee-charging social
services that overlaps the voluntary sector.
2. Federal policies for the personal social services have changed significantly
since the 1960s. The Social Security amendments of 1962 put a premium on the
role of rehabilitative casework, although states could also include homemaking
and foster care. Between 1967 and 1977, however, income maintenance services
(Aid to Families with Dependent Children accepted) were regrouped under the
Social Security Administration, and primary responsibility for personal social
services was transferred to the Office of Human Development. The 1974
amendments to the Social Security Act (Title XX) considerably extended the
scope of eligibility for social services, giving priority to preventive work and
positive efforts to improve the quality of life rather than to the traditional focus
on poverty abatement. Casework, or counseling, however, lost ground to
community-oriented service programs such as day-care provision, mental health
centres, and nutrition programs. Problems of child abuse and alcohol and drug
dependence have steadily assumed greater importance.
Задание 2. Переведите 2-ой абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. Are the main social assistance and personal social service programs in the
United States county- and state-administered?
2. Are many programs delegated to local governments?
3. Have the federal policies for the personal social services changed
significantly since the 1960s?
4. What are the amendments to the Social Security Act (Title XX) 1974?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя Future Simple Tense.
1. Вы опоздаете на поезд, если не возьмете такси.
2. Мне хотелось бы узнать, когда ваша сестра вернется в Москву?
3. Когда вы вернетесь?
4. Я не уйду пока не получу ее адрес.
135
5. Вы поедете в это турне?
6. Кто пойдет с вами в поход?
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глаголы.
1. Не может быть, чтобы она не прочла эту книгу.
2. Неужели он не слышал моих слов?
3. Вы могли прийти пораньше.
4. Вы должно быть ошибаетесь.
5. Возможно, он не знает о пропаже документов.
6. Ему разрешают занять этот пост.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя Past Continuous
Tense.
1. С 5 до 6 я играл в теннис.
2. Когда я пришел, они разговаривали о музыке.
3. В тот момент я смотрел спортивную передачу.
4. Утром я перебирал книги.
5. Когда я зажег свет, они прятались от меня.
6. Он говорил по телефону, когда я его позвал.
Вариант 10
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
ADMINISTRATION OF SERVICES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
1. In the United Kingdom, as a result of the Seebohm reforms of 1970–71,
the funding and organization of personal social services are highly centralized at
the local authority level. In each local authority a single social services
department serves all categories of client and welfare need. In Scotland,
however, the probation service is separate. Personal social services are provided
from catchment area offices, although some local authorities delegate this
responsibility to small “patch” teams serving neighbourhoods. Roughly half of
local authority funding comes from the central government; nevertheless, within
strict cash limits, the local authorities exercise wide discretionary powers over
the organization and deployment of personal social services. Social work
training is centrally regulated, and there is only one (general) qualification in
professional social work.
2. Although income maintenance was transferred to the central government
in 1948, local-authority social workers continue to provide small cash grants to
families with children when shortage of money is deemed likely to cause a
family breakdown. In Britain the separation of income maintenance and social
work services was part of an overall policy designed to end the historically
stigmatizing association between public assistance and social work in particular
and the more general association between poor relief and social welfare. It was
136
also hoped that social work and the other personal social services would shed
their low status and become more acceptable in all sectors of society. This
philosophy was adopted by the Seebohm Report of 1968 and reflected in the
Local Government and Social Services Act (1970), but the resources for a truly
universal network of services oriented toward preventing problems were not
forthcoming
Задание 2. Переведите 2-ой абзац текста письменно на русский язык.
Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
1. How did the Seebohm reforms of 1970–71 influence on administration the
social services?
2. Describe the social service in Scotland.
3. Describe the events taken place in 1948.
4. What is the Seebohm Report of 1968?
Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя Present Perfect.
1. Павел только что позавтракал.
2. Папа уже позавтракал.
3. Галина и Татьяна еще не завтракали.
4. Ученик уже сделал свои уроки.
5. У нас сегодня было два урока по расписанию.
6. У них только что было собрание.
7. Она еще не читала эту статью.
Задание 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальные глаголы.
1. Она, наверное, опять пошла в гости к ней.
2. Должно быть это Ирэн.
3. Не может быть, что бы она была здесь вчера.
4. Ему разрешили его навестить.
5. Как ты мог забыть об этом.
6. Она должно быть все еще полна иллюзий.
Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на порядок
слов.
1. Долгих лет, Россия.
2. Вот идет мой автобус.
3. Вот и мы, друзья.
4. Напрасно сестра пыталась уговорить меня, я не соглашалась.
5. Когда я подошла к опушке леса, я увидела огромный зеленый луг.
6. Один только раз он рассердился на них.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
137
ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИИ
(Дисциплина «ДЕЛОВОЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК»).
Контрольная работа № 1
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите деловое письмо, расположив его части в
правильном порядке. Переведите его письменно на русский язык.
1. To: tomson.ltd@tomson.com
2. Martin Evans
3. We have seen your advertisement in “American Export” and shall be
obliged if you will send us your General Catalogue of Generators.
4. Dear Sir / Madam
5. Subject: Enquiry
6. Yours faithfully
7. From: rusmet.ltd@rusmet.ru
8. Sales manager
9. Date: 16.08.20 …
Задание 2. Соотнесите информацию на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.
1) Riviera, Plc
the ZIP code in the return address
2) 1494 Long Av
the town the letter is sent to
3) Brighton
the addressee
4) NR9 740
the house number in the mailing address
5) United Kingdom
the town the letter comes from
6) Mr A. Belinskiy
the country the letter is sent to
7) 137 Sadovaya St
the sender’s company name
8) Moscow
the house number in the return address
9) Russia
the country the letter comes from
Задание 3. Дополните данный ниже текст и сформулируйте отказ от
деловой встречи.
With reference to your letter_______ 18th August, I _________ to confirm that I
will be _________ to meet you ______ 1st September to discuss a possible
partnership.
Задание 4. Подберите подходящие ответные реплики к следующим
диалогам. Перепишите их полностью и переведите на русский язык.
138
1.
– I am going to be busy this week. Could you arrange an interview for some
time next week?
–…
– Thank you very much.
–…
2.
– Mr. Johnson’s office. Can I help you?
–…
– Sorry. Wrong number. I don’t know anyone by that name here.
–…
Задание 5. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится
представленное ниже письмо:
letter of complaint, letter of enquiry, letter of application.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите письмо на русский язык.
Dear Sirs,
At the suggestion of Mr I.K. Ivanov, the Commercial Counsellor of Russia
Embassy in Canada, we write to enquire whether you could supply us with
Cotton Piece Goods.
We are wholesalers of cotton fabrics and normally draw our supplies from the
U.S.A., the U.K., India and Czechia. From the last-named country we have been
buying annually goods to the value of about $ 140,000.
Please let us know the types of Cotton Textiles available for export from Russia
sending us samples and advising us of your prices and terms. We do not restrict
our purchases of textiles to special types and are interested in both printed cotton
cloth and grey cloth.
We look forward with interest to your reply.
Yours faithfully,
Mr Brown, Sales Manager
139
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите деловое письмо, расположив его части в
правильном порядке. Переведите его письменно на русский язык.
1. To: s.tomson@hotmail.com
2. Thank you for your e-mail of September 11th.
3. Dear Mrs Thomson
4. I would like to confirm that I will be available to see you at my office on
Wednesday 20th at the time you propose.
5. Subject: Appointment
6. Martin Evans
7. From: m.evens@hotmail.com
8. Yours sincerely
9. Date: 12.09.20 …
Задание 2. Соотнесите информацию на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.
1) Rusimport, Jsc
-
the ZIP code in the return address
2) 32/2 Smolenskaya St
-
the addressee
3) Moscow
-
the ZIP code in the mailing
address
-
the house number in the mailing
address
6) Black & Brown. Ltd
-
the town the letter comes from
7) 17 High St London
-
the country the letter is sent to
8) EN657
-
the sender’s company name
9) England
-
the house number in the return
address
-
the country the letter comes from
4) 245020
5) Russia
Задание 3. Дополните данный ниже текст и сформулируйте подтверждение
брони.
With reference to _______ telephone conversation of 6 th November, we are
pleased _______ your reservation _____ package tour to Thailand _____ two
people.
Задание 4. Подберите подходящие ответные реплики к следующим
диалогам. Перепишите их полностью и переведите на русский язык.
1.
– Good morning! I’m Mr. Smith. I have an appointment with Mr. Brown at 12
o’clock today.
– …
2.
– I suggest reading the documents again from beginning to end before we sign
them.
–…
– Let’s not to waste time then. Let me begin reading.
3.
– Could I speak to Mr. Petrov, please?
–…
– Ivanov calling.
–…
– Yes, I’ll hold on.
Задание 5. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится
представленное ниже письмо:
letter of complaint, letter of agreement, letter of application.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите письмо на русский язык.
Dear Sirs,
We have pleasure in confirming the telephone conversation of today between
your Vice-President Mr. A.B. Ivanov and our Managing Director Mr. C.D.
Harris during which it was agreed that the total price of Piston Engines and
Spare Parts should be $ 109, 000.0.0 (one hundred and nine thousand dollars). It
was further agreed that the whole equipment should be delivered in nineteen
months from the date of the contract.
We thank you for order which will have our most careful attention and shall be
obliged if you will send us your contract as early as possible to enable us to
proceed immediately to the execution of the order.
Yours faithfully,
Mr. Robinson
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите деловое письмо, расположив его части в
правильном порядке. Переведите его письменно на русский язык.
1) Attachment: Order 01.xls
2) We have since received the full catalogue and have attached our first
order. We are very impressed by the quality and choice your company
offers.
3) To: t.simons@hotmail.com
4) Thank you for your fax, with the catalogue pages we requested.
5) Victoria Roberts
6) Subject: Catalogue
141
7) Dear Mr. Simons
8) From: v.roberts @hotmail.com
9) Yours sincerely
10) Date: 13.10.20 …
Задание 2. Соотнесите информацию на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.
1) Air mail
-
the ZIP code in the return address
-
the addressee
-
the type of delivery
-
the house number in the mailing
address
6) U.S.A.
-
the town the letter comes from
7) Westfield, ltd
-
the country the letter is sent to
8) 54 Leadenhall St
-
the sender’s company name
9) Sheffield Yorkshire
-
the house number in the return
address
-
the country the letter comes from
2) Machine Tool Corporation
3) 216 Lincoln St
4) Chicago
5) 5PSK 7R
10) United Kingdom
Задание 3. Дополните данный ниже текст и сформулируйте подтверждение
заказа.
We _______ to acknowledge your order no.50 _______ 5th February. We
______ that delivery will __________ by 15th February.
Задание 4. Подберите подходящие ответные реплики к следующим
диалогам. Перепишите их полностью и переведите на русский язык.
1.
– Hello! Is that Mr. Johnson’s office?
– …
– Could I speak to Mr. Johnson, please?
– …?
2.
– No, I´ll call back in two hours time. I hope he´ ll be able to talk to me than.
–…
3.
– Good morning, Mr. Antonov. It’s so nice to see you in London again. Won’t
you sit down?
142
–…
– A cup of coffee?
–…
– I’ll tell Mary to bring us coffee, and then we’ll get down to business, shall we?
Задание 5. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится
представленное ниже письмо:
letter of complaint, letter of agreement, letter of application.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите письмо на русский язык.
Dear Sirs,
We have just received a fax from Novorossiysk informing us of the arrival of
the M.T. “Panamax” for lifting 10,000 tons of Gasoil against our Contract No.
252. we would like to point out that up to the present moment we have not had
any advice from you about the chartering of this vessel. In this connection we
refer to your letter of the 31st July, 20..., in which you informed us that you had
not yet chartered the tanker and promised to cable us immediately after
chartering it. The arrival of the M.T. “Panamax” at Novorossiysk has put us in a
difficult position so far as loading arrangements are concerned. Although in this
case we have taken measures to ensure that the loading of the vessel should be
effected without delay, we must insist that in future you should inform us of the
names of the vessels chartered by you as well as of their loading dates at least
two weeks before the arrival of each vessel at the port of loading.
Yours faithfully,
Mr. Stepanov
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите деловое письмо, расположив его части в
правильном порядке. Переведите его письменно на русский язык.
1) Mike Stuart
2) We look forward to receiving your initial order.
3) Re: Conditions
4) We refer to your recent enquiry regarding our conditions of payment. Our
terms are 20 days net, but we can allow you two months’ credit for
subsequent orders.
5) Dear Hans Miller
6) To: h.miller@hotmail.com
7) From: m.stuart@hotmail.com
8) Yours sincerely
9) Date: 31.01.20 …
Задание 3. Соотнесите информацию на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.
143
1) Rusimport, Jsc
-
the ZIP code in the return address
2) 32/2 Smolenskaya St
-
the addressee
3) Moscow
-
the ZIP code in the mailing
address
-
the house number in the mailing
address
6) Black & Brown. Ltd
-
the town the letter comes from
7) 17 High St
-
the country the letter is sent to
8) London 8) EN657
-
the sender’s company name
9) England
- the house number in the return
address
4) 245020
5) Russia
- the country the letter comes from
Задание 4. Дополните данный ниже текст и сформулируйте подтверждение
брони.
With reference to _______ telephone conversation of 6 th November, we are
pleased _______ your reservation _____ package tour to Thailand _____ two
people.
Задание 5. Подберите подходящие ответные реплики к следующим
диалогам. Перепишите их полностью и переведите на русский язык.
1.
– Good morning! I’m Mr. Smith. I have an appointment with Mr. Brown at 12
o’clock today.
– …
2.
– I suggest reading the documents again from beginning to end before we sign
them.
–…
– Let’s not to waste time then. Let me begin reading.
3.
– Could I speak to Mr. Petrov, please?
–…
– Ivanov calling.
–…
– Yes, I’ll hold on.
Задание 6. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится
представленное ниже письмо:
letter of complaint, letter of agreement, letter of application.
Задание 7. Перепишите и переведите письмо на русский язык.
Dear Sirs,
We have pleasure in confirming the telephone conversation of today between
your Vice-President Mr. A.B. Ivanov and our Managing Director Mr. C.D.
Harris during which it was agreed that the total price of Piston Engines and
Spare Parts should be $ 109, 000.0.0 (one hundred and nine thousand dollars). It
was further agreed that the whole equipment should be delivered in nineteen
months from the date of the contract.
We thank you for order which will have our most careful attention and shall be
obliged if you will send us your contract as early as possible to enable us to
proceed immediately to the execution of the order.
Yours faithfully,
Mr. Robinson
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите деловое письмо, расположив его части в
правильном порядке. Переведите его письменно на русский язык.
1) Yours sincerely
2) 10th December 20….
3) Re.: Delivery arrangements
4) We thank you for your custom, and will be pleased to answer any further
queries you might have regarding this shipment.
5) Dear Mr. William
6) To: k.william@hotmail.com
7) From: m.hardwell@hotmail.com
8) M. Hardwell, Export Manager
9) We refer to your order no. 53. Delivery will be made within two months of
receipt of your order. As arranged, the consignment will be transported by
rail and sea.
Задание 2. Соотнесите информацию на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.
1) The London Cycle Co., Ltd.
-
the ZIP code in the return address
2) 38 Cheapside St
-
the addressee
3) London
-
the ZIP code in the mailing
address
-
the house number in the mailing
address
4) EC 53 97
5) United Kingdom
145
6) The Russia’s Chamber of
Commerce. Ltd
7) 16 Iljinka St Moscow
8) 532975
-
the town the letter comes from
-
the country the letter is sent to
-
the sender’s company name
-
the house number in the return
address
-
country the letter comes from
9) Russia
Задание 3. Дополните данный ниже текст и сформулируйте подтверждение
брони.
As we __________ received payment ________ our invoice no. 306, we would
be grateful if you could forward ________ as ________ possible.
Задание 4. Подберите подходящие ответные реплики к следующим
диалогам. Перепишите их полностью и переведите на русский язык.
1.
– Good morning! This is John Smith. I’d like to speak with Mr. Belov please.
– …
– When will he be available?
– ….
2.
– Hello, Schmidt and Sons. Katrin Hunt speaking.
–…
– Who’s calling please?
–…
– I’m afraid he is out of the office.
3.
– Could I speak to the manager, please?
–…
– Could I leave a message, please?
–…
Задание 5. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится
представленное ниже письмо:
letter of thanks, a piece of contract, memo letter.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите письмо на русский язык.
Payment for the goods is to be effected out of an irrevocable confirmed
Letter of Credit to be opened by Buyers in … with the Bank for Foreign
146
Economic Affairs, Moscow, or with … in favour of Sellers for the value of each
of the goods to be shipped plus 10%. The Letter of Credit to be valid 30 days.
The Letter of Credit to be opened not later than 10 days before the agreed
time of shipment of each lot of the goods. Expenses in connection with the
opening, amendment and utilization of the Letter of Credit to be paid by Buyers.
Should Buyers fail to open the Letter of Credit in time, they are to pay Sellers
a fine for each day of the delay, nut not more than for 20 days, at the rate of 0.1
per cent of the amount of the Letter of Credit and in that case Sellers shall have
the right not to load the tanker until the Letter of Credit has been opened.
147
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ
1 КУРС
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо повторить следующий материал по грамматике английского
языка:
4. Словообразование – основные словообразовательные суффиксы.
5. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Притяжательный
падеж.
6. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
7. Местоимение. Личные, притяжательные, указательные местоимения.
8. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future
Indefinite. Неправильные глаголы. Формы настоящего (Present),
прошедшего (Past), будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite в
действительном залоге.
9. Порядок слов в утвердительном, отрицательном и вопросительном
предложении.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи
они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
entrance, department, religious, privately, residential, preparatory, education,
responsible, construction, mostly.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся
выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного
окончания:
а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.
1. An English child begins to go to school at the age of five.
2. Children’s lessons at this age consist of drawing pictures, singing songs,
etc.
3. Pupils have many interesting subjects at school.
Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих
имен прилагательных и наречий:
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important, good, various, far, clever, convenient, late, little, bad, funny.
Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски
соответствующими
по
смыслу
местоимениями
(личными,
притяжательными или указательными):
1. If pupils go to grammar schools, … will have a good theoretical
secondary education.
2. There are some private schools in England. Boys and girls didn’t study
together at … schools.
3. The sons of the aristocracy go to public schools and … parents pay much
money for … .
Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив
пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future
Indefinite:
1. After finishing grammar schools pupils … good knowledge.
2. Children’s uniform … usually dark.
3. Students … lectures in Philosophy next year.
4. Monasteries … cultural and educational centres many centuries ago.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую
видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. A boy’s uniform (to consist) of a school cap, a tie and a blazer?
2. Only the sons of nobles (to attend) the first Egyptian schools.
3. People hope education (to become) better in future.
4. Poor people (not to teach) their children in grammar schools in prerevolutionary Russia.
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы.
EDUCATION IN ENGLAND
1. In England, the Department of Education and Science is responsible for
all levels of education. Universities, however, are self-governing and depend on
the central government only for financial grants.
2. Education is compulsory between the ages of five and sixteen. About
one-third of primary and secondary schools in England are administered by
Anglican or Roman Catholic voluntary organizations. More than 90 per cent of
the secondary-school population (children aged eleven through eighteen) attend
state-funded comprehensive schools, in which admission is not based on
aptitude, and the remainder attend either grammar or secondary modern schools.
3. Tertiary colleges offer a full range of vocational and academic courses to
students aged sixteen and older. Independent schools provide both primary and
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secondary education but charge tuition. In large cities, a number of independent
schools are run by various ethnic and religious communities.
4. So-called public schools, which actually are private, are often
categorized as independent schools. Most public schools are residential and
privately financed, and provide education to children aged eleven through
nineteen. Important public schools for boys include Eton (the oldest; established
in 1440-41), Harrow, Winchester and Westminster. Famous public schools for
girls include Cheltenham, Roedean and Wycombe Abbey. There are also
private, mostly residential, preparatory schools, which prepare students aged
seven through thirteen for the Common Entrance Examination required to enter
senior secondary schools. At the completion of secondary education, students
receive the General Certificate of Secondary Education.
5. More than a third of England’s young adults receive some form of
postsecondary or higher education through colleges, polytechnics and
universities. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12 th and
13th centuries, and both have university presses that are among the oldest
printing and publishing houses in the world.
6. There are about 35 universities in England, some of which are referred to
as “red brick” universities. These universities were founded in the late 19 th or
early 20th century in the industrial cities of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds,
Birmingham, Sheffield and Bristol and were constructed of red brick, as
contrasted with the stone construction of the buildings of Oxford and
Cambridge.
7. A continuing education program through the Open University (1969), in
Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire offers education through correspondence
courses and the electronic media.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the Department of Education and Science responsible for?
2. Which schools does the secondary-school population attend?
3. What can independent schools provide?
4. What public schools for boys do you know?
5. Where can English children continue their education after secondary
school?
6. What are “red brick” universities famous for?
7. How is education in the Open University carried out?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи
они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
traditionally, academic, vocational, authority, recently, knowledge,
consequently, identity, distinction, engineer.
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Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся
выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного
окончания:
а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.
1. A university graduate may continue studying to take the Master’s Degree
and then the Doctor’s Degree.
2. A lecturer tends to guide students towards knowledge, suggesting
different topics.
3. Higher education colleges also run courses leading to vocational and
professional qualifications.
Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих
имен прилагательных и наречий:
high, qualified, good, difficult, early, comfortable, bad, little, expensive, late.
Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски
соответствующими
по
смыслу
местоимениями
(личными,
притяжательными или указательными):
1. The first Russian University was founded in Moscow. … was constructed
on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and in accordance with … plans.
2. There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to … schools was
limited.
3. I’m not good at English and he always helps… in … homework.
Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив
пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future
Indefinite:
1. In the nineteenth century illiteracy among common people … very high.
2. Our lecturers and professors … very high-qualified specialists.
3. He … a Master’s Degree now and he wants to continue his research to get
a Candidate’s Degree.
4. This clever girl … the monitor of our group since next week.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую
видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. The students always (to repeat) new words before the lesson?
2. She (to come) home later than usual yesterday.
3. The Russian government completely (to change) the system of higher
education in the nearest future.
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4. I (not to make) any mistakes in my dictation because I prepared well for
it.
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK
1. In Great Britain universities have traditionally been regarded as centres
of academic learning, in contrast to polytechnics, which have focused on
vocational education. However, this distinction has gradually disappeared with
both types of education now running a similar wide range of high-quality
courses. Consequently, polytechnics have recently been awarded universitystatus – and most have now changed their name accordingly.
2. You can also study at degree and postgraduate level at colleges of higher
education. These institutions are generally smaller than universities, and tend to
concentrate on more specialized fields of study, such as education, art and
design, music and drama. Higher education colleges also run courses leading to
vocational and professional qualifications.
3. Like educational institutions across the world, each UK university and
college has its own identity and traditions. Some are huge, others are not. There
may be campus and non-campus universities. In a campus university all the
academic and social amenities are concentrated in one area of the town or city.
At a non-campus university or college, the departments and facilities are spread
out across a wider area.
4. Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place
at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities
choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a
university brings with it a grant from their local educational authority.
5. For many new students the style of teaching at university level may be
unfamiliar. Lecturers and professors tend to guide students towards knowledge,
suggesting topics and reading matter for private study and research. In general,
students are in contrast with their tutors and professors during lectures, seminars
and tutorials. Once or twice a term, students will have a tutorial. This means that
they see a tutor alone to discuss their work and their progress. In Oxford and
Cambridge and some other universities, the study system is based entirely round
such tutorials which take place once a week.
6. Traditionally, the UK academic year is split into three terms – autumn
(early October to mid December), spring (January – to late March/ early April)
and summer (April to mid July). However, an increasing number of universities
and colleges are adopting a semester system, dividing a year into 15-week
periods of study.
7. After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the
Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may
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continue to take the Master’s Degree and then the Doctor’s Degree. Research is
an important feature of university work.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is distinction between universities and polytechnics?
2. What is the aim of higher education colleges?
3. How do universities differ from each other?
4. What are conditions to enter the university?
5. What is a tutorial?
6. How many terms is the academic year split into?
7. What degrees can be received by the student in the UK?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи
они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
Slavonic, foundation, entirely, European, favorable, variety, narrowly,
conventional, different, rarely.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся
выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного
окончания:
а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.
1. English universities differ from each other.
2. The Courtauld Institute specializes in the history of art.
3. Adults are always concerned about their children’s education.
Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих
имен прилагательных и наречий:
close, easy, essential, hard, little, considerable, interesting, far, narrow, young.
Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски
соответствующими
по
смыслу
местоимениями
(личными,
притяжательными или указательными):
1. … subject is very interesting. I always attend lectures and seminars of … .
2. All students take exams in winter. … prepare to pass … successfully for a
long time.
3. He knows English better than you. But … know Maths very well.
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Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив
пропуски глаголами to be, to have во временах Present, Past, Future
Indefinite:
1. They usually … lunch at 12.30 in the canteen.
2. He … good at Maths when he studied at school.
3. I … an engineer when I graduate from the university.
4. When I was a child, I … many fairy-tales.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую
видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. In 1991 the changes in political, economic and social conditions (to
require) changes in the system of education.
2. Universities (not to choose) their students only according to good A-level
results in exams.
3. Next year young people from abroad (to come) to our university to study.
4. The Open University (provide) extra-mural courses?
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы.
FAMOUS BRITISH UNIVERSITIES
1. English universities differ from each other in date of foundation, size,
history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, and way of
student life. The universities, which were founded between 1850 and 1930,
including London University, are known as redbrick universities. They were
called so because that was the favourable building material of the time, though
they are rarely referred to as “redbrick” today.
2. The University of London is by far the largest university, with about
39000 full-time students. It was established by the union of two colleges:
University College (1827) and King’s College (1831). Later many other
colleges, schools and institutes were added, and it also could be called a kind of
federation of colleges, but the system is entirely different. The largest of the
London colleges are like universities in themselves, having many different
faculties and departments. Others specialize in certain subjects, like the London
School of Economics and Political Science, the Imperial College of Science and
Technology, the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, the School of
Oriental and African Studies, the School of Architecture.
3. There are also institutes attached to London University as well as to other
universities. Whereas colleges within a university teach all subjects, and schools
– a group of subjects, these institutes specialize more narrowly, and are often
more occupied with research than teaching undergraduates. In London
University, for example, there are the Institute of Archeology, the Courtauld
Institute (specializing in the history of art) and some others.
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4. Most of the redbrick universities founded in the nineteenth century are
scattered throughout the country and are to be found in Birmingham, Bristol,
Exeter, Hull, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Nottingham, Sheffield,
Southampton and some others.
5. The redbrick universities organize their academic work in a variety of
ways. Subjects are taught in individual departments which are in turn grouped
into faculties covering the main subject grouping, like arts, science, engineering,
social science.
6. The “new universities” were all founded after the Second World War.
Some of them quickly became popular because of their modern approach to
university courses. The first of this group was Keele University (in
Staffordshire), founded in 1948. In 1961 seven new universities were approved:
the universities of East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Lancaster, Sussex, Warwick, York.
The traditional faculty structure in these universities has been avoided in an
attempt to prevent overspecialization. One form of organization (at Sussex) is
school, which embraces a range of related subjects. York and Warwick have
structures which are closer to older universities.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What universities are called “redbrick” and why?
2. What educational establishments does the University of London include?
3. What is the difference between colleges and institutes within a university?
4. Where can most of the redbrick universities be found?
5. How do the redbrick universities organize their academic work?
6. What universities refer to the group of “new” ones?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи
они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
scientific, steadily, environment, attractively, planner, magnificent, naturally,
technology, principal, exclusively.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся
выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного
окончания:
а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.
1. Cambridge can be found in most tourists’ lists of places to visit.
2. The most popular is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel.
3. Its choir includes boys and undergraduates.
155
Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих
имен прилагательных и наречий:
large, much/many, attentive, good, popular, long, modern, old, new, lazy.
Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски
соответствующими
по
смыслу
местоимениями
(личными,
притяжательными или указательными):
1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states. … was a state of high
culture and knowledge.
2. He wants to know something about … groupmates. Practically all of …
live with … in the same hostel.
3. Students find … University to be very beautiful.
Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив
пропуски глаголами ‘to be” “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future
Indefinite:
1. She … a very good education, she graduated from Oxford.
2. The lectures … over at 5 yesterday.
3. They … a party tomorrow. All guests have already been invited.
4. English …the easiest subject for me.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую
видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. He (to go) to the Institute by metro.
2. Your friend (to take) books from the library last year?
3. Some students (to fail) their entrance exams.
4. I (not to go for a walk) with you tomorrow, because I must prepare for my
exam.
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1, 4 и 5 абзацы.
CAMBRIDGE
1. The university is like a federation of colleges. It arranges the courses, the
lectures and the examinations, and awards the degrees. The universities of
Oxford and Cambridge each have over 10000 full-time students. Oxford is older
than Cambridge, more philosophical, classical and theological. Cambridge, on
the other hand, is more scientifically biased. But in many respects (especially
their prestige and wealth) they look very alike, therefore they are often referred
to collectively for convenience as Oxbridge. They are sometimes called “two
intellectual eyes of Britain”. Admission to the universities is based on the old
tribal patterns which guide boys from traditional schools to traditional
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universities. Candidates to Oxford and Cambridge are largely self-selected,
much influenced by parents, school friends and family backgrounds.
2. Cambridge started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until today
there are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the
grounds and courtyards. The most popular place from which to view them is
from the Backs, where the college grounds go down to the River Cam.
3. The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the
most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. The most popular
is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of boys and
undergraduates is also very well known.
4. The University was exclusively for men until 1871 when the first
women’s college was opened. Another was opened two years later and a third in
1954. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women.
Almost all the colleges are now mixed, but it will be many years before there are
equal numbers of both sexes.
Every year, thousands of students come to Cambridge from overseas to
study English.
5. To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University –
the Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need for
universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was
established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition
going back to Sir Isaac Newton. It is now home to more than sixty companies
and research institutes.
6. The ideas of “science” and “parks” may not seem to go together
naturally, but the whole area is in fact very attractively designed, with a lot of
space between each building. The planners thought that it was important for
people to have a pleasant, park-like environment in which to work.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How does Oxford differ from Cambridge? What is common?
2. What is the most popular place to view the grounds and courtyards?
3. How is the oldest college called?
4. Why is King’s the most popular college?
5. When did colleges become mixed for men and women?
6. Why is the Cambridge Science Park so important?
7. What does the Park contain now?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи
они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
closely, admission, specific, majority, usually, recommendation, technical,
commonly, applicant, secondary.
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Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся
выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного
окончания:
а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;
в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.
1. The American system of education differs from the systems of other
countries.
2. New World’s education is closely connected with the specific conditions
of American life.
3. The federal government supports school lunch program.
Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих
имен прилагательных и наречий:
professional, busy, bad, careful, nice, necessary, low, bright, active, far.
Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски
соответствующими
по
смыслу
местоимениями
(личными,
притяжательными или указательными):
1. The junior high school is a sort of half-way between elementary and
secondary school. … continues some elementary school subjects.
2. Many systems provide nursery schools where the age group is commonly
four of five. … preschool programs aim to give children useful experience
and to prepare … for elementary school.
3. A child’s introduction to formal education is usually in kindergarten
classes where … begins to prepare for … new school life and learns to
read, write and count.
Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив
пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Indefinite:
1. Higher education … very important for young people nowadays.
2. Next time the students … free to participate in sports of all kinds during
the University competition if they … necessary abilities.
3. This University … many applicants to enter last year.
4. My father … fond of collecting stamps in his childhood.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую
видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. The high school (to prepare) young people either for work or for more
advanced study in a college or university.
2. My son (to try) to enter the Rostov State Transport University after
finishing high school.
158
3. I (not to miss) my classes when I studied at school.
4. The Ivy League Universities (to be) famous for their graduate schools?
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.
EDUCATION IN THE USA
1. The American system of education differs from the systems of other
countries. It has certain peculiarities of its own which are closely connected with
the specific conditions of life in the New World. The interplay of local, state,
and national programs and policies is particularly evident in the field of
education. Historically, education has been considered the province of the state
and local governments. The federal government supports school lunch
programs, administers Indian education, makes research grants to universities,
underwrites loans to college students, and finances education for veterans.
2. In the USA there are free, state-supported, public schools which the
majority of American children attend. There are also a number of private schools
where a fee is charged for admission and children are accepted or rejected on the
basis of an examination. These include many church-supported schools, usually
Catholic, which also charge a fee.
3. Education is compulsory for every child from the age of 6 up to the age
of 16 except in some states where it is compulsory to the age of 17 or 18. The
school year is usually 9 months, from early September to mid June. Elementary
(primary) and secondary (high) schools are organized on one of two bases: eight
years of elementary school and four years of secondary school, or six years of
elementary school, three years of junior high school and three years of senior
high school.
4. Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school
each year, about one million go on higher education. Successful applicants at
colleges of a leading university are usually chosen on the basis of their high
school records, recommendations from their high school teachers, their scores
on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).
5. The system of higher education in the United States comprises three
categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain several colleges
for undergraduates seeking a bachelor’s (four-year) degree and one or more
graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the
bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree; 2) the technical
training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging
from six months to four years in duration and learn a variety of technical skills;
3) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many
professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.
6. The old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the Ivy
League, include Harvard Radcliff, Yale University, Columbia College,
Princeton University, Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth
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College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established
reputations they occupy a position in American university life like Oxford and
Cambridge in England, particularly Harvard and Yale.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What educational spheres does the federal government support?
2. What kinds of school are there in the USA?
3. How are elementary and secondary schools organized?
4. What is the basis for entrance to colleges of a leading university?
5. What categories of institutions does the system of higher education in the
United States comprise?
6. What universities are known as the Ivy League?
Контрольная работа № 2
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2,
необходимо повторить следующий материал по грамматике английского
языка:
1. Конструкция “there” + “to be” в Present, Past, Future Indefinite.
2. Видовременные формы глаголов в действительном и страдательном
залоге.
3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
4. Косвенная речь. Порядок слов в косвенной речи.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол “to be”
в конструкции с “there” во временах Present, Past или Future Indefinite:
1. There … kangaroos, duckbills, koalas and a great number of different
birds in Australia.
2. The First Fleet under the command of Captain Arthur Philip arrived in
Botany Bay on January 26, 1788, but soon moved north to Sydney Cove,
where there … better land and water.
3. How many ships … there in Captain Arthur Philip’s Fleet in 1788?
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определив
видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:
1. Since a lot of major international events in the 80s, Brisbane has
developed into a lovely, cosmopolitan city with several interesting
districts, a good street café scene, a great riverside park, a busy cultural
calendar and decent nightlife.
2. The country occupies the whole continent, so the climate is different in
different regions of the country.
3. Australia became a nation when federation of the separate colonies took
place on 1 January 1901.
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4. The discovery of gold had changed the face of the colony by the end of
the 19th century.
5. If you’re looking for Australian landscapes of red earth, rock, gum trees
and blue skies, the Kimberley is the place to come.
Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие
глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в
соответствующую видовременную форму:
1. The successful Olympic Games (to hold) in Sydney in 2000.
2. Modern Aboriginal art recently (to undergo) a revival as Aboriginal artists
(to explore) ways to both preserve their ancient values and share them
with a wider community.
3. I (to dream) of going to Australia since my childhood when I read books
about kangaroos.
4. Canberra (to perceive) long as the “fat cat” of Australian cities, a town of
politicians and bureaucrats living off the hard work of their country folk.
5. Australia's art festivals (to attract) people from all over Australia to see
mainstream and drama, dance, music and visual arts.
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие
модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:
1. In 1787 the First Fleet set sail for Botany Bay and Captain Arthur Philip
was to become the colony’s first governor.
2. From June to August things have cooled down a little and this is a good
time to visit snowfields of Victoria and New South Wales where you can
ski.
3. You should visit the magnificent Great Barrier Reef that can be named as
one of the world’s natural wonders.
Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную,
обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. She said, “I have never been to Australia”.
2. The teacher asked, “Do you know the capital of Australia?”
3. Mother asked, “Please, tell me of Australia’s sights, it is your hometask
for tomorrow”.
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 3 и 5 абзацы.
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AUSTRALIA
1. Australia is situated on the fifth and the smallest of the continent. It is
the largest island in the world. It is smaller than the United States and much
bigger than the British Isles. Besides the continent of Australia consists of a
number of small islands. The Australian continent is washed by the Arafura and
Timor Seas in the north, by the Tasman and Coral Seas in the east and by the
Indian Ocean in the south. It is the world’s driest continent.
2. Australia became a nation when federation of the separate colonies
took place on 1 January 1901. The separate Australian colonies united and
proclaimed themselves the Commonwealth of Australia – a federation of six
states. Many of the legal and cultural ties with England remained as it was
Captain James Cook who claimed the continent for the British and named it
New South Wales in 1770. Australian national flag consists of five white stars of
the Southern Cross and the white Commonwealth star on a blue background
with Union Jack that represents the historical link with Britain.
3. The country occupies the whole continent, so the climate is different in
different regions of the country. The climate varies from tropical and cool to
temperate. Summer starts in December, autumn in March, winter in June, spring
in September. Seasonal variations are not extreme and it’s rare for temperatures
to drop below zero on the mainland except the mountains. About one half of its
territory is occupied by deserts and semideserts. The commonest trees in
Australia are the eucalyptus, they are over 500 kinds. There are also ocacia or
mimosa, which is the national emblem of Australia. Even stranger than plants
are the animals. There live kangaroos, duckbills, koalas and a great number of
different birds, parrots among them.
4. There are some unique phenomena of nature of Australia. There is the
magnificent reef which runs along the entire coast of Queensland. The Great
Barrier Reef stretches about 2000 km. It is the most extensive reef system and
the biggest structure made by living organisms on the earth. There are more than
350 species of corals. Another sight is Uluru (Ayers Rock), it is the world’s
largest sandstone monolith. Now it has a smooth round shape. The 3.6 km. long
rock rises a towering 348 m from the pancake-flat surrounding scrub, just in the
middle of the country. The most outstanding section is the Port Campbell
National Park, which features an amazing collection of limestone sculptures,
including the Twelve Apostles, London Bridge.
5. The official language of Australia is English. More than 80 per cent of
the population is British. There are still many Aboriginal languages, though they
are spoken by only a few hundred speakers each and their continued existence is
threatened. By the mid-20th century, with rapid decline of its Aboriginal
tongues, English was without rivals in Australia.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is Australia washed by?
2. What does Australian national flag consist of?
162
3. How does the climate vary in Australia?
4. What are unique phenomena of nature of Australia?
5. What languages are spoken in Australia?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол “to be”
в конструкции с “there” в Present, Past или Future Indefinite:
1. There … a great variety of frogs, and these include tree frogs whose
main development is South American and Australian.
2. How many political parties … there in the USA?
3. There … territorial expansion and economic growth in the first century
and a half of the country’s history.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определив
видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:
1. Only time and further study of the West will reveal whether any of these
regions, so distant from the historic sources of US population and culture,
have the capacity to become an independent cultural area.
2. However the financial crisis in 2008 had a great impact on the country’s
economy, and now the USA is gradually overcoming economic problems.
3. Southern California is the largest and perhaps the most distinctive region,
and its specific culture has attracted large numbers of immigrants to the
state.
4. The concept of the American West, strong in the popular imagination, is
reinforced constantly by romanticized cinematic and television images of
the cowboy.
5. The original Thanksgiving celebration in the USA was held in 1621 after
the first harvest in New England. The Pilgrims had sailed across the
Atlantic Ocean, arriving December 21, 1620.
Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие
глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в
соответствующую видовременную форму:
1. Washington (to found) in 1790 and (to name) after the first US president,
George Washington, as the capital of the sovereign states, which (to call)
the United States of America.
2. The Statue of Liberty is about 50 metres high and (to stand) on the
pedestal, its torch (to rise) about 60 metres above the harbour.
3. Thanksgiving Day (to proclaim) by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863,
and since that time it (to celebrate) on the fourth Thursday of November.
163
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие
модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:
1. The United States contains a highly diverse population; but its diversity
has to a great degree come from an immense and sustained global
immigration.
2. The division between two subregions remains distinct from Virginia to
Texas, but each region can be further subdivided.
3. Within the Upland South, the Ozark region might legitimately be detached
from the Appalachian. Peninsular Florida may be considered either within
or juxtaposed to the South but necessarily part of it.
Задание 7. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную,
обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. The guide asked, “How long are going to stay in New York?”
2. I answered, “Three days. But I’d like to see all the sights of New York.”
3. He asked, “What are you interested in?”
Задание 8. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1. The USA is a federal republic of 50 states. Besides 48 states which are in
the same general area, the United States includes the state of Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America and the island state of Hawaii in the midPacific Ocean. The conterminous states are bounded on the north by Canada, on
the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico
and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The national capital is Washington, which
is coextensive with the district of Columbia, the federal capital region created in
1790.
2. The total area of the United States is 3679192 square miles (9529063 sq.
km.), making it the fourth country in the world in area. Outlying territories and
other politically associated areas in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea add
approximately 4000 square miles to this figure.
3. The major characteristic of the United States is probably its great variety.
Its physical environment ranges from the Arctic to the subtropical, from the
most rain forest to the arid desert, from the mountain peak to the flat prairie.
Although the total population of the United States is large by world standards,
its overall population density is relatively low; the country embraces some of the
world’s largest urban concentrations as well as some of the most extensive areas
that are almost devoid of habitation.
4. The United States contains a highly diverse population; but its diversity
has to a great degree come from an immense and sustained global immigration.
Probably no other country has a wider range of racial, ethnic and cultural types
164
than does the United States. In addition to the presence of surviving native
Americans (including American Indians, Aleuts and Eskimo) and the
descendants of Africans taken as slaves to America, the national character has
been enriched, tested, and constantly redefined by millions of immigrants who
have gone to America hoping for greater social, political and economic
opportunities than they had in the places they left.
5. The United States is the world’s greatest economic power, measured in
terms of gross national product. The nation’s wealth is partly a reflection of its
rich natural recourses and its enormous agricultural output, but it owes more to
the country’s highly developed industry. Despite its relative economic selfsufficiency in many areas, the United States is the most important single factor
in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy. Its exports and imports
represent major proportions of the world total. The United States also impinges
on the global economy as a source of and as a destination for investment capital.
However the financial crisis in 2008 had a great impact on the country’s
economy, and now the USA is gradually overcoming economic problems. The
United States continues to sustain an economic life providing the majority of its
people with one of the world’s highest standards of living.
Задание 9. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the USA bounded on?
2. What is the total area of this country?
3. What is the country’s variety manifested in?
4. Why is the population of the United States highly diverse?
5. What does the nation’s wealth depend on?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол “to be”
в конструкции с “there” во временах Present, Past или Future Indefinite:
1. There … many industrial cities in the UK such as Manchester, Leeds,
Bristol, Edinburgh, Birmingham and others.
2. Next year there … a new modern building in this street.
3. According to the Roman historian Tacitus in London there … a lot of
merchants and their wares within 20 years of its foundation.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определив
видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:
1. One will not find very high mountains or large plains in Great Britain.
2. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies most
of the territory of the British Isles.
3. Anti-pollution measures have transformed The Thames.
4. A new Thames Strategy is preserving many of the historic features along
its routes and providing continuous walkways and cycle routes.
165
5. In the early 19th century new docks were constructed to the East. Over the
years these docks became outdated and were closed during and after
1960s.
Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие
глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в
соответствующую видовременную форму:
1. Festivals of folk songs (to attend) by a lot of people annually.
2. To the north of Piccadilly Circus is Soho, which (to be) the foreign
quarter of London since the 17 century.
3. In Westminster Abbey many English kings and queens (to crown) and (to
bury) there.
4. When we came to Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, someone (to make) a
speech about the British history.
5. It is September, 25 and now I’m in Scotland, but by October, 3 the trip
around the UK (completed) and I (to be) already at home.
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие
модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:
1. On sunny days, students and other young people are often to be seen
having a sandwich lunch on the portico of the National Gallery,
overlooking Trafalgar Square.
2. In the National Portrait Gallery the visitor can see portraits of British
monarchs since the reign of Richard II and of historical celebrities such as
Chaucer and Shakespeare.
3. It may happen to you. If you come to Hyde Park one day, you may
become an orator too. Speakers’ Corner cannot be found anywhere in
England or anywhere in the world.
Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную,
обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. I asked the guide, “What is Whitehall famous for?”
2. The guide answered, “It’s a street where all the government offices are.”
3. I asked, “Will you show me this street?”
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1-ый и 3-ий абзацы.
166
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN
IRELAND
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies
most of the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four main parts: England,
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. London is the capital of England,
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, Cardiff – of Wales and Belfast – of
Northern Ireland. The UK is a small country with an area of some 244100
square kilometers. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north-west, north
and south-west and separated from Europe by the North Sea in the east and by
the English Channel in the south. The North Sea and the English Channel are
often called “the narrow seas”; they are not deep but are frequently rough and
difficult to navigate during storms. In the west the Irish Sea and the North
Channel separate the UK from Ireland. The seas around Britain provide
exceptionally good fishing grounds. The country has many bays favourable for
shipping. In their shelter there are Britain’s main ports such as London,
Glasgow, Hull and others.
2. One will not find very high mountains or large plains in Great Britain.
Everything occupies very little place. Nature, it seems, has carefully adapted
things to the size of the island itself. The highest mountain is Ben Nevis in
Scotland, 4406 feet high. The longest river is the Severn in England, about 200
miles long. The climate of Britain is mild and warm because of the warm Gulf
Stream.
3. The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 million people.
Foreigners often call British people “English”, bur the Scots, the Irish and the
Welsh do not consider themselves to be English. The English are Anglo-Saxon
in origin, but the Welsh, the Scots and the Irish are Celts, descendants of the
ancient people, who crossed over from Europe centuries before the Norman
Invasion. It was this people, whom the Germanic Angles and Saxons conquered
in the fifth and sixth centuries AD. These Germanic conquerors gave England its
name – “Angle” land. They were conquered in their turn by the Norman French,
when William the Conqueror of Normandy landed near Hastings in 1066. It was
from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the
English people and the English language were born. The official language of the
United Kingdom is English. But in western Scotland some people still speak
Gaelic and in northern and central parts of Wales people often speak Welsh.
4. The flag of the UK, known as Union Jack, is made up of three crosses.
The big red cross is the cross of Saint George, the patron saint of England. The
white cross is the cross of Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red
diagonal cross is the cross of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
5. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of
the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile,
aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is
shipbuilding.
167
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Why are the North Sea and the English Channel often called “the narrow
seas”?
2. What is specific in British nature?
3. Why is it said that the English people and the English language were born
from the union of Norman conquerors and the Anglo-Saxons?
4. What do three crosses on the national flag represent?
5. Why is the UK a highly developed industrial country?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол “to be”
в конструкции с “there” во временах Present, Past или Future Indefinite:
1. In Quebec there … some dishes worth tasting: French pea soup, meat pies
and poutine (French fries covered with gravy and cheese curds).
2. How many provinces and territories … there in Canada?
3. In 1400s there … many French colonists on the banks of St. Lawrence
River.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определив
видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:
1. The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various
groups of Aboriginal peoples.
2. Some of Canadian Aboriginal civilizations had long faded by the time of
the first permanent European arrivals (late 15th – early 16th centuries), and
have been discovered through archaeological investigations.
3. Quebec was undergoing profound social and economic changes through
the Quiet Revolution.
4. Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly
since World War II.
5. Universities across Canada are working on the first domestic landing
spacecraft: the Northern Light. If the Northern Light is successful, Canada
will be the third country to land on another planet.
Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие
глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в
соответствующую видовременную форму:
1. The French fur traders (to carry) on a profitable trade with the Indians
during the whole 15th century.
2. Canada (to occupy) a major northern portion of North America.
3. Canada produced one of the most successful sounding rockets, the Black
Brant; over 1000 (to launch) since they (to produce) initially in 1961.
168
4. The English and French languages (to speak) in Canada.
5. If you go to Canada, you (to notice) the English and French languages on
maps, tourist brochures and product labels.
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие
модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:
1. The French influence of Quebec can be seen in architecture, music, food
and religion.
2. You should visit the Rocky Mountains with two gigantic national parks –
Banff to the south and Jasper to the north.
3. The inhabitants of the Prairies with golden fields of wheat and sunflowers
might be heard to sigh “the Rocky Mountains may be nice but they get in
the way of the view”.
Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную,
обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. The Canadian asked the tourist, “What sights do you know in Toronto?”
2. He said, “The CN Tower is the world’s tallest free-standing structure.”
3. The tourist asked, “Show me the Art Gallery of Ontario, please.”
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы.
CANADA
1. Canada is situated in the northern part of the North American continent.
It is the world’s second largest country. Canada borders on the United States in
the South. The country is divided into ten provinces and two territories. There
are five natural regions of Canada: Appalachian Region, Canadian Shield
(Laurentian Plateau); Interior Plains and Lowlands; Cordellian Region; Innuitian
Region. The first four regions run north and south and extend into the United
States. They divide southern Canada into a series of parallel sections. Forests,
mountains, areas of thinly populated wilderness cover large parts of each region.
The fifth region, the Innuitian Region, includes uninhabited northern islands in
the Arctic Ocean.
2. Canada, bounded by the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Alaska, Greenland,
and the USA, possesses a diverse landscape, ranging from the Arctic tundra of
the north to the great wheat lands of the central area. About two per cent of the
Canadian territory is covered by glacier ice. Westward are the Rocky Mountains,
and in the southeast the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and Niagara Falls.
Canada offers a huge range of places of interest, from large cosmopolitan cities
such as Montreal and Toronto in the south to isolated Inuit (Eskimo) settlements
around the frozen shores of Hudson Bay.
169
3. The climate of Canada is much varied. The climate in the eastern and
central parts of Canada is continental with hot summers and cold winters. In the
south-western and southern parts of the country the climate is mild. Canadian
south is known for its changeable weather. The west of the country has a mild
and humid climate thanks to a warm Pacific country.
4. Canada’s people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some
English ancestry and about 32% – some French ancestry. English and French are
official languages in Canada. Nowadays American Indians and Eskimos make
up only about 2% of the population. The population density, 3.3 inhabitants per
sq. km., is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of
the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, (situated in Southern
Quebec and Southern Ontario) along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence
River in the southeast.
5. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified
economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade –
particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and
complex relationship. It is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural
products (wheat, canola, and other grains – in the Canadian Prairies). Canada is
the largest producer of zinc and uranium, gold, nickel, aluminium, and lead.
Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable
because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada is an industrial nation
with a highly developed science and technology sector. Canada has a sizable
manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles
and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What natural regions is Canada divided into?
2. How diverse is the Canadian landscape?
3. How does the climate vary in Canada?
4. What is the most densely populated part of the country?
5. What diversity in economy does Canada have?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол “to be”
в конструкции с “there” во временах Present, Past или Future Indefinite:
1. At the end of the 16th centuries in Moscow there … three walls with
towers surrounding the Kremlin, the Kitay-Gorod and the White City.
2. In 2017 Moscow will celebrate its 870th anniversary. There … an
exhibition opened dedicated to this date.
3. There … some kremlins (“fortresses”) in old Russian cities like Suzdal,
Yaroslavl, Nijniy Novgorod and others.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения,
видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:
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определив
1. Iron ore deposits near Magnitogorsk in the Ural Mountains have been
largely depleted.
2. Copper and nickel ores are mined mainly in the Urals.
3. Russia is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses
the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.
4. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest,
annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire.
5. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great, who ordered to name it in
honour of his patron saint in 1703.
Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие
глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в
соответствующую видовременную форму:
1. Since it was first mentioned in chronicles of 1147, Moscow (to play) a
vital role in Russian history.
2. In 1156 a small estate of Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy (to surround) with a wall
of oak logs and (to become) a town with a fortress.
3. By the 16th century a single Russian state (to form).
4. Nowadays Russia gradually (to grow) stronger and stronger.
5. There is a wide program of planting greenery in Moscow, the new
monuments (to erect) and a new park (to lay out) in the nearest future.
Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие
модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:
1. During the 8th and 9th centuries the question whether religious images
might be painted was urgent.
2. One of the most notable figures was Andrey Rublyov, whose works can
be viewed in both the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the Russian
Museum in St. Petersburg.
3. The novelist Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy must be discussed in
exactly contrary terms; he dwelt in the irrational, explored the depths of
experience, and found his dramas in extremes of human behaviour.
Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную,
обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите
предложения на русский язык:
1. The girl asked her granny, “When will you show me the Kremlin?”
2. She said, “I want to see the Tsar Bell. Is it big?”
3. Granny answered, “Please, don’t ask so many questions at once.”
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы.
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RUSSIA
1. Russia is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential
republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares borders with the
following countries (from northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine,
Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia,
and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan (by the Sea of
Okhotsk) and the United States (by the Bering Strait).
2. At 17,075,400 square kilometres, Russia is by far the largest country in
the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the
ninth most populous nation in the world with 142 million people. It extends
across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones
and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the
world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is the world's
largest energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes
contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
3. Due to the large territory, the climate and nature are of various types in
Russia. In Siberia, for example, the climate is continental, it is very cold in
winter, but summers may be very hot and dry. In the Central part of Russia the
climate is rather mild: winters are seldom too cold, and summers are more often
warm than cold. The climate in the south is tropical, with hot summers and
warm winters; the temperature is usually above zero all the year round.
4. Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly
steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the
northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's arable land. Mountain
ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus and the Altai;
and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on
Kamchatka. The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south
range that divides Europe and Asia. Russia has an extensive coastline of over
37,000 km (22,991 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the
Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black and Caspian seas.
5. Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water providing it
with one of the world's largest surface water resources. The largest and most
prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest,
purest, oldest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone contains
over one fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Other major lakes include Lake
Ladoga and Lake Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second
only to Brazil in volume of total renewable water resources. Of the country's
100,000 rivers, the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest
river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What countries does Russia have maritime borders with?
172
2. What position does Russia have among other countries according to some
characteristics?
3. How does the climate differ on the whole territory of Russia?
4. Where are the mountain ranges of Russia situated?
5. What are the lakes (Baikal, Ladoga and Onega) known for?
2 КУРС
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 1 для студентов 2-го
курса, необходимо усвоить следующие грамматические темы:
1. Причастия I, II.
2. Герундий. Формы герундия.
3. Инфинитив. Формы инфинитива.
4. Многозначность глаголов.
5. Синтаксические функции причастий, герундия и инфинитива в
предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык.
6. Сложные причастия. Комплексы с причастием.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите Причастие I,
Причастие II, Инфинитив, Герундий. Определите, какую функцию они
выполняют в предложении. Переведите предложение.
1. Having passed both the Houses the bill became a law.
2. Being divided into 11 judicial circuits the USA has a Federal Court of
Appeal in each circuit.
3. The evidence proved to be very important
4. Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role
in society.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные
формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The investigating officer supposed the discovered evidence to be linked
with the suspect.
2. Having tried this uneasy case the court passed a sentence.
3. Being elected for a term of 4 years the President is to carry out the
programme of the government.
4. We expect our future detectives to learn how to use informants through
personal experience.
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Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с
неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Having finished the translation we gave it to the teacher.
2. I would like you to do it.
3. They are likely to discuss the contract terms tomorrow.
4. They heard her talking about it loudly.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно части 3 и 4.
THE STATE SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
1. Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican
form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 89 constituent entities
(republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, the autonomous
regions and autonomous area, which have equal rights). The authorities of the
constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently from the federal
government. The laws and other normative legal acts of the subjects of the
Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. The President of the
Russian Federation is the head of state. The President of the Russian Federation
has the right to suspend the actions of acts of executive bodies of Russian
Federation members if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian
Federation, federal laws, or the international obligations of the Russian
Federation.
2. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its
separation into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Federal
Assembly — the Parliament of Russia — is the supreme representative and
legislative body of the Russian Federation. Executive power belongs to the
central and local governments. Justice in the Russian Federation is administered
by the courts of law only. Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional,
civil, administrative, and criminal judicial proceedings.
3. The President is elected to office for a term of four years by the citizens
of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, direct and equal suffrage by
secret ballot. One and the same person cannot serve as President for more than
two terms in succession. The President stops performing his duties ahead of time
if he resigns, because of impeachment, or if he cannot continue to carry out his
duties due to poor health. Elections of a new President are to take place within
three months and in the meantime his duties are acted upon by the Chairman of
the Government of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian
Federation:
4.
— appoints, with the consent of the State Duma the Chairman of the
Government of the Russian Federation, chairs the meetings of the government,
accepts the resignation of the government;
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— nominates for approval by the State Duma the Chairman of the Central Bank;
— nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Court of
Arbitration of the Russian Federation, and the Prosecutor-General of the Russian
Federation for appointment by the Federation Council;
— organizes and chairs the Security Council of Russia;
— is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian
Federation and appoints and dismisses the supreme commanders of the Armed
Forces;
— appoints diplomatic representatives for approval by the Parliament. He
confers supreme military and supreme special titles and honorary titles of the
state;
— has the right to show mercy and to decide of issues of citizenship;
— has the right to introduce the state of emergency throughout the country or in
a particular territory within the Russian Federation;
— dissolves the State Duma;
— announces elections ahead of time and passes the decision to conduct a
referendum on federal issues, etc.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.
1. What type of state is Russia?
2. In which case does the President have the right to suspend acts passed by
local executive bodies?
3. When does the President stop performing his duties ahead of time?
Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и
переведите их.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите Причастие I,
Причастие II, Инфинитив, Герундий. Определите, какую функцию они
выполняют в предложении. Переведите предложение.
1. Our laws are known to protect interests of all the people.
2. The witness saw that woman enter the house.
3. There is a need for drawing a distinction between crimes and those
violation of law which are not criminal.
4. If read, this article must be discussed.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные
формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. A wise legislator will prevent crime instead of inventing punishment for
it.
2. After having been identified the offender was arrested by police.
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3. The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts
collected during the investigation.
4. The material evidence to be examined in the FBI Laboratory will be
sufficient to convict the defendant.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с
неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Having received the telegram I harried to meet my friend.
2. He is known to work at this problem.
3. They saw the man crossing the street quickly.
4. She is upset at her son being accused of bad conduct at school.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно части 1 и 3.
THE PARLIAMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
1. The Federal Assembly — the Parliament of the Russian Federation is the
representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal
Assembly consists of two houses: a Federation Council and a State Duma. The
Federation Council is composed of two representatives from each member of the
Russian Federation — one from its representative and one from its executive
body of state authority. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. The Federal
Assembly is a permanently working body. The Federation Council and the State
Duma have their sessions separately. Their sessions are public, but in the cases
stipulated by their code of procedure, they may hold their sessions in camera.
Each of the houses forms committees and commissions and holds hearings on
the appropriate issues. To supervise the execution of the federal budget the
Federation Council and the State Duma form an Accounting Chamber. Its
composition and procedure of work is determined by federal legislation.
2. The Federation Council has power:
— to approve changes of borders between members of the Russian
Federation;
— to approve the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the
introduction of martial law;
— to approve the decree of the President on the introduction of the state of
emergency;
— to decide the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian
Federation beyond its territory;
— to call the elections of the President of the Russian Federation;
— to remove the President of Russia from office by impeachment;
— to appoint the judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and
the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation;
— to appoint and remove from office the Prosecutor-General of the Russian
Federation;
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— to appoint the Deputy Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of
its auditors and to remove them from office.
3. The State Duma has power:
— to approve the nominee of the President of the Russian Federation to the
office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
— to appoint the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
and to remove him from office;
— to appoint the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its
auditors and to remove them from office;
— to appoint an Office for Human Rights, who acts in accordance with a
federal constitutional law, and to remove him from office;
— to declare amnesty;
— to bring charges against the President of the Russian Federation for the
purpose of removing him from office by impeachment.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.
1. What kind of a working body is the Federal Assembly?
2. Do the Federal Council and the State Duma have the right to conduct
closed sessions?
3. Who decides the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian
Federation beyond its territory?
Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и
переведите их.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочтите данные условные предложения и определите их тип.
1. If you hadn’t persuaded me, I wouldn’t have trusted him with my money.
2. I would give you his address if I knew it.
3. If you invite her, she will come.
4. Had anyone been watching, he would have been greatly surprised.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные
формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Who is responsible for the criminals not having been arrested yet?
2. The man was accused of having violated the traffic rules.
3. The evidence to be found at a crime scene is very important for the
investigation.
4. Having been signed by the President the resolution came into force all
over the country.
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Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с
неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Having had breakfast she went to the Institute.
2. She said it was time for you to get rid of this bad habit.
3. They are said to have travelled a lot.
4. Oleg’s refusing our help is regrettable.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Government (executive power) of the Russian Federation is composed
of the Chairman of the Government (the Prime Minister), Deputy Chairman of
the Government and the federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government is
appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the
State Duma. The State Duma considers the candidate for the office of Chairman
of the Government proposed by the President of the Russian Federation within a
week of the submission of the nomination of the candidate.
After the State Duma rejects three candidates to the office of Chairman of
the Government, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman
of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma, and
calls new elections. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
proposes to the President his candidates to the offices of Deputy Chairmen of
the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.
The Government of the Russian Federation has power:
— to prepare and submit to the State Duma the federal budget and ensure its
execution; submit to the State Duma a report on the implementation of the
federal budget;
— to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform financial, credit,
and monetary policy;
— to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform state policy in
the fields of culture, science, education, health protection, social security, and
ecology;
— to manage federal property;
— to carry out measures aimed to ensure the defense and state security of the
country and the pursuit of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
— to carry out measures aimed to ensure legality, protect human rights, personal
freedoms and property, maintain public order, and combat crime.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.
1. What is the head of the Government of the Russian Federation?
2. Who appoints the chairman of the Government?
3. Does the Government has the right to remove the President of the Russian
Federation by impeachment?
178
Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и
переведите их.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите Причастие I,
Причастие II, Инфинитив, Герундий. Определите, какую функцию они
выполняют в предложении. Переведите предложение.
1. The students liked the lessons to be conducted in the lab.
2. He was expected to arrive in the morning.
3. Adequate patrol is an effective means of preventing crime.
4. He sat watching TV, the newspaper being forgotten on his knees.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные
формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The crime to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames.
2. Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice.
3. The largest collection of the fingerprints in the world is maintained in the
Identification Division of the FBI.
4. This robbery is supposed to have been committed last week.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с
неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Being left alone he decided to finished his work.
2. Having been signed by both sides the treaty came into force soon.
3. Broken by the wind the tree was lying on the road.
4. It’s time for you to look for another job.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
JUDICAL POWER
Justice in the Russian Federation is treated as a special type of independent
state activity. Accordingly, it is administered by a hierarchy of courts unified
within a single judicial system which organizationally functions separately from
other state systems. The aim of justice in Russia is to safeguard both the citizens'
rights and interests as well as those of the state and of individual institutions,
enterprises and organizations.
Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts of law only.
Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and
criminal judicial proceedings. Citizens of the Russian Federation who have
reached the age of twenty-five, have a higher legal education, and have a record
179
of work in the legal profession of no less than five years, may become judges.
Federal law may set additional requirements for the judges of the Russian
Federation courts. Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution of
the Russian Federation and federal law.
Proceedings in all courts are open. Hearings in camera are only allowed in
cases provided for by federal law. No criminal charge is considered in a court in
the absence of the defendant, except for the cases provided for by federal law.
Judicial proceedings are conducted on the basis of adversary procedure and
equality of the parties. They are conducted with the participation of a jury in
cases provided for by federal law.
There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance
(appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court
of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a
case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court, from the
district court to the Supreme Court of the state may sit as a court of first
instance. In almost all cases it is possible to appeal to higher court for
reconsideration of the decision of the first instance court. A court of second
instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and
decisions of courts of first instance.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.
1. What is the aim of justice in Russia?
2. Who can become judges?
3. What is the function of a court of first instance?
Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и
переведите их.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите Причастие I,
Причастие II, Инфинитив, Герундий. Определите, какую функцию они
выполняют в предложении. Переведите предложение.
1. One of the functions of the FBI is operating a national crime laboratory.
2. The police suspected him of having been prosecuted before.
3. That investigator is expected to be an experienced lawyer.
4. The person to be identified committed a serious crime.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные
формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends
on the sum of money a person has.
2. The plant having been built here will produce radio-sets.
3. On hearing this he became very sad.
180
4. It’s time the problem to be dealt with.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с
неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The lawyer was surprised at his trainee’s having made so many mistakes.
2. Looking through the documents he came across a very interesting
photograph.
3. The students are glad to be taught law by experiences attorneys.
4. He saw them examining the contract terms carefully.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation interprets the
Constitution of the Russian Federation at the request of the President of Russia,
the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of Russia, and the
bodies of legislative power of the members of the Russian Federation. The
Constitutional Court is comprised of nineteen judges.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial
authority on civil, criminal, administrative and other cases within the jurisdiction
of the common pleas courts. The Supreme Court is charged with supervising
subordinate courts and resolving disputes between them. The Supreme Court
regularly issues instructions to inferior courts directing them in the handling of
various types of cases or pointing out mistakes and shortcomings in their
practice. Subordinate to the Russian Federation Supreme Court are courts of the
constituent national republics, regions and territories, as well as the cities of
Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is the highest
judicial authority in settling economic and other disputes within the jurisdiction
of the courts of arbitration.
The judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the
Supreme Arbitration Court are appointed by the Federation Council upon
nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.
At the lowest level of the judicial hierarchy are the city and district courts
(formerly known as "people's courts"), that exist in towns and rural districts, as
well as in urban districts of large cities. These courts function as the courts of
first instance for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.
1. What is the main function of the Constitutional Court?
2. What does the Supreme Court deal with?
181
3. Whom are the judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and
the Supreme Arbitration Court appointed by?
Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и
переведите их.
Контрольная работа № 2
Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 2 для студентов 2го курса, необходимо усвоить следующие грамматические темы:
1. Сложное предложение: условные предложения трех типов.
2. Наклонение: повелительное (повторение), изъявительное,
сослагательное.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочтите предложения. Укажите номера условных
предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.
1. He asked if we could help him.
2. They wondered if that was her house.
3. I would do it if I knew that it was important.
4. I will call you if I learn any information about it.
5. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения.
предложений:
а) изъявительное наклонение,
б) повелительное наклонение,
в) сослагательное наклонение.
Укажите
наклонение
этих
1. It is not necessary that the criminal act be the sole cause of death, but only
that it be a recognizable causal factor.
2. It is important that the prosecutor should not have the conviction
psychology.
3. All persons will be punished alike for the same acts.
4. Use a variety of investigative techniques to develop confidential and other
information sources.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных
предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. They will understand if you explain your problem.
2. It will be hard to protect him if he doesn’t want it.
3. Grant thought he might be staying at the hotel if he had more money on
him.
4. If you hadn’t persuaded me, I wouldn’t have trusted him with my money.
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Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
THE RUSSIAN BAR
Instrumental in the transformation of the Russian legal system will be the
advokatura or Russian bar — attorneys who provide representation to citizens in
civil and criminal cases. Following long-standing Soviet practice advocates are
organized into "colleges" of about 150 lawyers each. These colleges maintain
consultation bureaus in virtually every town and city throughout the country.
Each bureau has a staff of approximately twenty advocates. At the consultation
bureaus citizens may seek legal advice on a vast array of questions: divorce,
custody, inheritance, property rights, housing disputes, labor conflicts, and so
forth. The colleges also provide legal defense for people accused of criminal
offences. The constitution provides that a defendant is guaranteed the right to
legal counsel and that legal assistance will be provided free of charge if the
defendant cannot afford a lawyer. Prior to 1988 legal fees were set by state
authorities. After 1988 advocates were permitted to set their own fees.
There were approximately 27,000 advocates in the Soviet Union. Until
February 1989 advocates were not represented by a professional organization,
although there had been repeated calls for an organization to represent their
interests. The creation of the Union of Advocates, however, for the first time
gave defense attorneys an institutional basis for pressing their demands for legal
reform. A December 1990 draft of a new Law on the Advokatura proposed
keeping the structure of colleges of advocates under the direction of the Ministry
of Justice. The Union of Soviet Advocates organized a public protest march in
Moscow which drew some 600 attorneys. The advocates demanded the right to
be a self-governing profession, free of the ministry's control or supervision.
Increasingly, Russian attorneys are establishing their own law firms,
independent of the colleges and consultation bureaus. Such private law firms
began on an experimental basis in Moscow and St. Petersburg and are rapidly
spreading throughout Russia.
With the collapse of the USSR, former Union of Soviet Advocates has
fragmented into three organizations. The International Union of Advocates
endeavors to unite all advocates of the former Soviet Union. Closely associated
with it is the Russian Union of Advocates. Both associations favor preserving
the existing system of colleges and consultation bureaus. A rival organization,
the Association of Russian Advocates, draws on support from provincial
lawyers who resist the collegiate structure and dominance of Moscow and St.
Petersburg lawyers in the other organizations.
The International Union and its affiliate Union of Russian Advocates claim
a membership of about 40 percent of all advocates. while the association's
membership represents approximately 30 percent of the profession. The
remaining advocates apparently are not affiliated with and professional
organization.
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Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4).
1. Who provides representation to citizens in civil and criminal cases?
2. What questions can citizens seek at the consultation bureaus?
3. What does the constitution provide for people accused of criminal
offences?
4. What right did the advocates demand?
5. What three organizations has the former Union of Soviet Advocates
fragmented into?
Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Прочтите предложения. Укажите номера условных
предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.
1. Phil wouldn’t have told her anything unless he had known her to be
discreet.
2. Some politicians find the absence of sharp differences in the views of
Republicans and Democrats advantageous.
3. Had they asked me first, everything would have been fine.
4. Arresting a person is taking him into custody for the purpose of charging
him with a specific offence.
5. It should be noted that the main functions of police work are maintaining
public order and enforcing laws.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения.
предложений:
а) изъявительное наклонение,
б) повелительное наклонение,
в) сослагательное наклонение.
Укажите
наклонение
этих
1. It is essential that the juvenile offender be able to help the delinquent to
understand his problems and correct his delinquent behavior.
2. There can be no conviction unless the guilt of the defendant is established.
3. It is imperative that those acts that may lead to punishment should be
known.
4. It is required that the arrested persons should be isolated from each other.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных
предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If I had been asked to give my opinion at the moment, I would have been
able to answer.
2. Everybody would be surprised if he were charged with a crime.
3. If some people didn’t split their vote, there would be a different winner at
the election.
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4. I wish I had not made this mistake.
Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE USA
In some cities there are separate police and fire departments. But in other
places, the Department of Public Safety includes a police bureau and a fire
bureau. In the police bureau, there may be a separate traffic division responsible
for accident investigation, a detective division to examine the evidence in
crimes, and an identification and laboratory section. Volunteer companies may
fight fires in the county and in small towns, but the fire bureau of a city is a
large professional unit.
The Department of Public Safety may include a building inspector and a
traffic engineer. The office of the building inspector issues construction permits
to contractors. It sends out employees to inspect new and old buildings. These
officials check for violations of the building code, the local rules for safety.
Employees of the city's traffic engineering bureau study traffic patterns and
recommend places for one-way streets, traffic lights, stop signs, and so on.
The Public Works Department is responsible for the maintenance of streets
and sewers (pipes that carry wastes). Its employees clean the streets and collect
garbage. Most cities hire private contractors for major construction projects and
repairs.
The Department of Public Utilities usually provides water, gas, and
electricity, and in some places, it runs transportation lines. It also operates water
purification plants. Employees of the department read the utility meters on each
building to determine monthly billing.
The Department of Public Health sends inspectors out to restaurants, foodprocessing plants, nursing homes, and similar places. If a place has violated
local health or sanitation laws, the department issues warnings and instructions.
It can impose penalties if violations are not corrected.
Other divisions of the health department run clinics that provide lowincome people with free health services, such as chest X-rays, lab tests, and
baby care. They may also offer health education.
The Department of Social Services is concerned with the welfare of people
who need help, such as young children, the disabled, the elderly, and the blind.
Most of the money for these programs comes from state and federal tax funds.
The Department of Parks and Recreation maintains parks and other
recreational facilities, such as community centers, swimming pools, tennis
courts, and baseball fields. It may also provide recreational programs
(instruction in sports, dances, classes, etc.).
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).
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1. Do the services of local government departments differ from one city to
another?
2. What departments do volunteers run?
3. What does the department of Public Utilities provide?
4. What department is concerned with the welfare of people who need help?
Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Прочтите предложения. Укажите номера условных
предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.
1. It is reasonable that the nature of offence importantly affect the
probability of having a known suspect.
2. Interviewing skills are chiefly learned on the job.
3. Should the police be able to apprehend 25 per cent more suspects, the
effect of this increase on the amount of work of the prosecutor and court
could be very great.
4. A society would not tolerate a situation in which all laws are enforced
against all people in all circumstances.
5. The police officer suggested that a suspect should go to the police station
to be interviewed there.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения.
предложений:
а) изъявительное наклонение,
б) повелительное наклонение,
в) сослагательное наклонение.
Укажите
наклонение
этих
1. The policeman could identify the offender if he saw him.
2. I wish I could take part in this investigation.
3. Should the police be given the opportunity which laws to enforce and
against whom they shall be enforced?
4. It is essential to have profound knowledge of law at work of a policeman.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных
предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If I had been asked to give my opinion at the moment, I wouldn’t have
been able to answer and would have had to say I didn’t know.
2. I wish they had come earlier.
3. The alarm will ring if there is a fire.
4. He would be very grateful if you helped him.
Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
186
POLITICAL PARTIES
The U.S. Constitution does not talk about political parties, but they began
during George Washington's term of office. On one side there were the
Federalists. They wanted a strong federal government. On the other side, the
Democratic-Republicans wanted to limit the power of the national government.
Their leader was Thomas Jefferson, and their group later became the Democratic
Party.
Some of the early political parties, such as the Federalists and the Whigs,
no longer exist. Since 1854 the two major parties have been the Democrats and
the Republicans. Smaller parties have lasted for only a short time. "Third
parties" have won in local elections, but their candidates have never won a
Presidential election.
Many people say that there is not much difference between the
Republican and Democratic Parties. "Liberal" politicians usually favor reform
(change) and progress. "Conservative" politicians usually oppose change, but
both liberal and conservative members belong to the two major political parties,
and their ideas often change with the times and the issues.
The Democratic Party is the oldest party in the United States. In 1829,
Andrew Jackson became the first Democratic President. Since that time, the
issues of the nation and the ideas of the party have changed. Both the major
parties have liberal and conservative members, but in general people consider
the Democrats today more liberal than the Republicans. Democrats often want
the government to establish social programs for people in need, such as the poor,
the unemployed, and the elderly. They usually say they believe in equal rights
for women and minorities and they oppose nuclear weapons and too much
military spending. The symbol of the Democratic Party (from political cartoons)
is the donkey.
The Republican Party, sometimes called the G.O.P. (the Grand Old Party),
began in 1854 over the issue of slavery. Republicans oppose slavery. The first
Republican candidate to become President was Abraham Lincoln. After the
Civil War, Republicans got interested in farm, land, and business issues.
In general, Republicans vote more conservatively than Democrats. They
want the government to support big business but not to control the lives of
citizens. They often oppose government spending for social programs but
support military spending. The party symbol is the elephant.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).
1. Which party is the oldest in the USA?
2. What party did Abraham Lincoln belong to?
3. What party did Andrew Jackson belong to?
4. What are the parties’ symbols?
Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).
187
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте предложения. Укажите номера условных
предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.
1. I will be surprised if they get married.
2. Millions of cases come to trial every year.
3. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of power in
America.
4. As evidence is found, it should be marked, carefully packaged, each
article separately and placed in some locality where it will not be
destroyed or contaminated, until it is transported to a laboratory.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения.
предложений:
а) изъявительное наклонение,
б) повелительное наклонение,
в) сослагательное наклонение.
Укажите
наклонение
этих
1. Most states require that the person employing self-defense use no force
greater than that needed to protect himself reasonably.
2. There can be no conviction unless the guilt of the defendant is established.
3. The investigator should provide the evidence of guilt lest the defendant be
acquitted.
4. I wish they had prevented the evidence from being contaminated.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных
предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If police work were seen mostly as a broad category of occupations which
deal with people who are difficult to handle, individuals would enter
police work because they wanted to help people.
2. If the investigator had had more evidence, he would have been able to
prove the case.
3. If fingerprints are not found at the scene of the crime, the perpetrator will
not be identified.
4. One must put himself in the place of the criminal. What the investigator
himself do if he were in the same situation and under the same
conditions?
Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
THE USA GOVERNMENT AND ELECTORAL COLLEGE
The United States is a democratic republic (a representative democracy). The
national government is a government of all the people and their representatives
188
(elected officials). It is called the federal government because the nation is a
federation, or association, of states.
The U.S. Constitution gave the federal government only limited powers, the
powers stated in the Constitution. All other powers belong, to the individual
states. The Founding Fathers established three branches of government: the
legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Each branch has different functions
and powers under the principle of separation of powers. There is also a system
of checks and balances so that each branch has some control over the other two
branches. This way no one group can have too much power.
U.S. citizens do not vote on federal laws because the U.S. system of
government is a representative democracy, but they do choose the President and
Vice President of the United States. However, the system of electing these
officials is an indirect one.
When voters choose candidates on election day, they are actually voting for
presidential "electors". The numbers of electors in each state is equal to the
number of senators and representatives from that state in Congress. Because
states with large populations have more representatives than states with fewer
people, they have more power in an election. The Electoral College is based on a
"winner-take-all" system. The winner of the majority of votes in each state gets
all of that state's electoral votes. For example, the candidate with over fifty
percent of the popular (total) vote in California gets all of that state's electoral
votes, even if he or she won with only a small majority.
Because of the Electoral College system, occasionally the candidate with the
majority of the popular vote loses the presidential election. This is unusual,
however.
In December the electors meet in their state capitals to cast their votes and
send them to the U.S. Senate. On January 6 the members of Congress meet to
count the votes.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).
1. What do the US citizens vote for?
2. What kind of states have more power on elections and why?
3. When do the electors meet to cast their votes?
4. When do they count the votes?
Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочтите предложения. Укажите номера условных
предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.
1. An expert listens to the evidence for the first time when it is given at the
trial.
2. An expert would have interpreted the evidence in a different way if he had
visited the scene of a crime.
189
3. It is of primary importance that the greatest care should be taken to
prevent any possible contamination of various samples.
4. A practice of forcing a suspected tool to see if it fits a mark could destroy
the individuality of a particular mark.
5. If the criminals were more careful, the police could not establish their
identity.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения.
предложений:
а) изъявительное наклонение,
б) повелительное наклонение,
в) сослагательное наклонение.
Укажите
наклонение
этих
1. On arriving at a crime scene the inspector first removed objects of
possible evidential value.
2. If articles of evidential value had been found, they would have been
transported to a laboratory.
3. Remove and photograph objects from the crime scene.
4. Physical evidence is something that can be presented in court as a
physical object.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных
предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If I knew her better, I would introduce you.
2. If he had known you were away, he wouldn’t have come.
3. The car wouldn’t beak so often if you had it serviced more often.
4. If you want to do it, you will have to have a permit.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
We know that quick and accurate solution of a crime greatly depends on the
professional skills of the investigating officers, on their training. That is why
they try to master a special course of Detective Activity, various branches of
Law, Criminalistics, Crime Psychology and many other special subjects.
Nobody can say what crime you will have to face tomorrow, so the militia
officers should be educated people. It is not so easy to investigate crimes, it is
difficult to trace and locate criminals. We must know how to interview
witnesses, interrogate criminals, we learn all that at our Institute.
Very often the solution of a crime is in the crime scene. When the
investigator arrives at the crime scene he examines the scene very carefully. He
makes a plan of the investigation. All the evidence in the crime scene must be
found, collected and preserved for court presentation. The effectiveness of an
investigator largely depends upon his ability to obtain information. The elements
of the offence must be established. Identification must be obtained. The
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investigator works in close cooperation with other officers of the operative
group.
The officer of the Criminal Detection Department (a detective) is
responsible for the detection of the perpetrator. A great part of detective work is
devoted to "finding" missing or wanted person. The search for a person may be a
simple matter, but in many cases, however, it may become a complicated task.
The solving of a case frequently depends upon locating the perpetrator. The
proper presentation of a case in court involves the discovery and identification
of witnesses. The detective also takes measures for search, discovery and seizure
of the stolen property and instruments of the crime.
There are some people in our society who don't want to live an honest life,
who try to profit at the expense of our state. The task of an officer of Economic
Crimes Department is to reveal the criminal activity of such people and to
provide their punishment. Some of us will work as divisional inspectors. The
divisional inspectors are responsible for maintaining public order in their areas.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4).
4. What is the principal task of our militia?
5. What does quick and accurate solution of a crime depend on?
6. What are the duties of the investigator?
7. What is the detective responsible for?
Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4).
191
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу №1,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги
как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных
отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и
окончания –s.
2. Местоимения. Личные, притяжательные и указательные.
3. Глагол. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего
(Future) времени группы Simple действительного залога.
изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов “to be”, “to have” в
Present, Past, Future Simple.
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Students of our department study Information science in the first course.
2. This engineer works at the physical laboratory.
3. There are some computers at the University’s library.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на перевод глаголов “to be”, “to have”.
1. We are students of the Information Science and Computer Machines
department.
2. There is modern office equipment in their laboratory.
3. Students of our department have good knowledge of algorithmic
languages.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple Active и
переведите их на русский язык:
192
1. Extra-mural students ______ general technical subjects in the first year (to
have).
2. The Dean of our department _____ at the computer centre last week (to
be).
3. There _____ local and global networks at all higher educational
establishments (to be).
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. In the modern world even children play electronic games on computers or
play stations.
2. Many corporations and companies introduced local computer networks
and information systems into their business, production, service and
management.
3. Soon portable computers will provide continuous access to information in
all areas.
4. A young statistician Hollerith invented a means of coding data by
punching holes into cards.
Задание 5. Перепишите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью
речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием.
1. Stationary; 2. conventional; 3. logical; 4. definition; 5. development; 6.
capability; 7. arithmetic; 8. instructional; 9. addressable; 10. interchangeably.
Задание 6. Перепишите текст и переведите его письменно.
FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Computer systems have been classed into three generations. The first
generation consisted of vacuum-tube-based machines. They used magnetic
drums for internal storage and magnetic tape for external storage. These
computers were slow compared to modern ones (and required data to be brought
to them).
Second generation computers using transistors began to appear in 1959. The
internal storage used magnetic cores. This form of storage represented a
tremendous increase of speed and reduction of bulk over previous storage
methods. The external storage of second generation computers used magnetic
discs. This form of storage also added increased speed and greater “online”
capability as compared to magnetic tape systems.
Third generation computers began to emerge in 1964. These computers used
integrated circuits. It increased their capability and decreased size. Integrated
technology also provided improved internal storage capability. Solid-state
memory greatly increased the speed and capacity of the external memory while
decreasing its cost and complexity.
193
Later model computers have the capability of handling numerous input
devices directly. Modern computers are so fast in their operation that they can
handle many users without users being aware that others are on the system.
Задание 7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на поставленный вопрос:
8. When did the third generation computers emerge?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Millions of people use computers all over the world.
2. A computer processes the increasing data according to external
procedures.
3. Our University’s library is operated electronically.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на перевод глаголов “to be”, “to have”:
1. Modern computers have a tremendous operating capability.
2. Computer memory is directly addressable and may contain both data and
instructional words.
3. The engineers had to replace a faulty device of the computer system.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple Active и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. A silicon chip ______ a member of the family of large scale integrated
circuits (to be).
2. A typical microprocessor _____ half a centimeter on a side (to have).
3. Many ideas of the English mathematician Ch. Babbage _______ the basis
for building today’s computers (to be).
Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Microprocessor systems incorporate modules, small computer systems
and full development systems.
2. My friend wants to become a specialist in information technology.
194
3. The Russian government will provide all schools of the country with the
Internet.
4. He developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the
computer’s memory.
Задание 6. Перепишите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью
речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием.
1. Capability; 2. computer; 3. introduction; 4. available; 5. peripheral; 6.
different; 7. digital; 8. development; 9. installation; 10. directly.
Задание 7. Перепишите текст и переведите его письменно.
COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE
More and more people begin using computers in their work. Some of them
cannot imagine their life without this invention of the 20-th century. Children
find computer games very interesting. Modern aircraft depends on computers for
navigation, communication, passenger comfort and safety. Computers are also
used for engine control and control of aerodynamic surfaces. Automobiles
include computers for emission control and for optimizing engine to improve
gasoline mileage. In business offices the first applications of computers will
involve the distribution and control of information. In industry microprocessors
are now used for such tasks as machine tool control and remote monitoring of
oil fields.
Computers form a part of many military systems including communication
and control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.
Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment
and research.
Computers will be increasingly used in temperature controls, refrigerators,
telephones, solar energy systems, fire and burglary-alarm systems, etc.
Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на поставленный вопрос:
1. What is the role of computers in modern life?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
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1. Computers are one of the greatest inventions of mankind.
2. My friend studies a special subject – Computer science- learning to use
computers properly.
3. Charles Babbage’s invention of computers is a well-known fact.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на перевод глаголов “to be”, “to have”:
1. Today’s schoolchildren have the advantage that they can use computers in
their study.
2. Some people think that computers are dangerous for their health.
3. Their aim was to install computers in all the laboratories.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple Active и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. This unit developed in 1975 ______ a third generation computer (to be).
2. Microprocessors _____ many advantages over conventional computer
systems (to have).
3. Soon all classrooms _____ provided with computers (to be).
Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Computers make calculations and other things which are not interesting or
complicated for people to do.
2. The first generation computers comprised vacuum tubes.
3. This engineer will work with computer systems of the last generation.
4. A computer requires appropriate input-output devices.
Задание 6. Перепишите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью
речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием.
1. Generation; 2. various; 3. conventional; 4. special; 5. dangerous; 6. invention;
7. development; 8. popular; 9. fully; 10. different.
Задание 7. Перепишите текст и переведите его письменно.
MY FUTURE SPECIALITY
I’m going to become a computer engineer. I’m looking forward with pride
and confidence in my future profession. I’m sure that I have all the reasons to
feel so because nowadays our world is measured, controlled and managed by
computers. A great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in
creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information.
There are laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants and stationary
computers or desk tops everywhere. They are used not only in banks and offices,
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government and business institutions. Now they are widely used in schools and
private houses. In the modern world even children play electronic games on
computers or play-stations.
Many corporations, companies and institutions have introduced local
computer networks and information systems. They use them in their business,
production, service and management. A computer is becoming an indispensable
“must have” not only in business but in our everyday life. Moreover, computers
and Internet enable us to pick up knowledge and to maintain a remote control at
a great distance away.
Many new uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become
commonplace in our information society.
Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на поставленный вопрос:
1. Who has introduced local computer networks and information systems
into business and management?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Charles Babbage’s invention of computers was one of the greatest
contributions to modern technology.
2. The name “computer” covers many different types of machines.
3. All computers have three basic capabilities.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на перевод глаголов “to be”, “to have”:
1. Systems software are the programmes designed to control the operation of
a computer system.
2. Modern computers have many additional ways of processing various data.
3. Our aim was to integrate both input and output devices into one terminal.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple Active и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. All computers ______ basically the same (to be).
2. Computers ______ circuits for performing arithmetic operations (to have).
197
3. Soon all schools of the country_____ provided with Internet systems (to
be).
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The second generation computers comprised magnetic cores and magnetic
discs.
2. Those specialists will work with computer systems of the last generation.
3. A programmer gives instructions and data to the computer.
4. Computers became valuable medical diagnostic tools.
Задание 5. Перепишите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью
речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием.
1. Centimeter; 2. instruction; 3. programmer; 4. typical; 5. contribution; 6.
technology; 7. specialist; 8. magnetic; 9. basic; 10. gradually.
Задание 6. Перепишите текст и переведите его письменно.
COMPURES IN OUR HOUSES
A computer is becoming an indispensable “must have” not only in business
but in our everyday life too. Virtually every facet of our lives has some
computerized component. Moreover, computers and the Internet are gradually
transforming into extension of our brain and hands. They enable us to pick up
knowledge and to maintain a remote control at a great distance away.
Portable computers provide cautious access to information in all areas and to
various navigation and communication systems. Using them you can order
different goods and services, pay for them and check your accounts on line
whenever you want. You can computerize your own house installing all
necessary electronic devices with supporting technologies and software. As a
result, your place will be changed into the so-called “smart” house with full
automatic control and supply. They will include air-conditioning, Temperature,
dust and humidity monitoring, gate opening with face control.
At present the scientists and engineers are developing new applications of
computers at our houses. Now to enter your own home you may only have to
say “open door”. The computer will automatically scan your voice and unlock
the door and let you in. In the kitchen computers tell you how your food is doing
while it is cooking in the microwave and then tell you when it is done.
Задание 7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на поставленный вопрос:
1. What fields have local computer networks been introduced into?
198
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Von Neumann’s creation of a special type of machine instruction was the
next step in the development of computers.
2. The engineer wants to work out a fully programmable system.
3. First electronic computers appeared during the Second World War.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на перевод глаголов “to be”, “to have”:
1. Modern computers are very fast in their operation.
2. These computers had magnetic disks for external storage and magnetic
cores for internal one.
3. Automatic train control is impossible without computer application.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски
глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple Active и
переведите их на русский язык:
1. Extra-mural students ______ a special subject –computer science – last
year (to have).
2. The engineers of our department _____ at the computer center next week
(to be).
3. Microprocessors _____ many advantages over conventional computer
systems (to have).
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The first generation computers comprised vacuum tubes.
2. A programmer gives instructions and data to the computer.
3. These multitask computers will process the incoming data according to
internal procedures.
4. Modern computers perform optical scanning and image processing.
Задание 5. Перепишите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью
речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием.
199
1. Extra-mural; 2. department; 3. generation; 4. incoming; 5. numerous; 6. fully;
7. programmable; 8. creation; 9. electronic; 10. business.
Задание 6. Перепишите текст и переведите его письменно.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
I’m planning to become an information technologies engineer. Experts on
information technologies (IT) are in great demand in many industries and
business. Nowadays ITs are essential for almost all fields of human activities.
Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that
helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate
information.
About twenty years ago information systems in this country were applied
only in the sphere of high technologies in science, design work, research and
development. Now information technologies are introduced in all institutions of
Russia’s government. Many corporations, banks and numerous companies have
local networks and information systems. They facilitate management,
accounting, inventorying and information flows.
Information technologies are widely used in transportation industry too.
There are computerized systems of selling tickets, passenger and freight control,
logistic monitoring, rollick stock operations, personnel management and
accounting reports. The underground and rapid transit systems are also
controlled with computerized technologies.
It’s improve productivity and customer services, stimulates cost savings, etc.
It is known that ITs are paying off handsomely.
Задание 7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на поставленный вопрос:
1. What computerized systems are there within RZD (Russian Railroads)
Public Company?
Контрольная работа № 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Видовременные формы глаголов: активный залог – формы Simple
(Present, Past, Future), формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), формы
Perfect (Present, Past, Future), пассивный залог – формы Simple
(Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций
на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты: can (to be able), may, must (to
have to, to be to).
3. Неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II, Gerund.
200
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.
1. Latest model computers are provided with the capability of handling
numerous input devices directly.
2. These engineers will become experts at linking groups of computerized
machines to form automated systems.
3. Scientists have long predicted that computers would one day help to speed
up the task of translating texts.
4. Scientists are looking for new ways for the improvement of integrated
circuits technology.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Using computers they could operate their production efficiently.
2. Later-model computers are provided with the capability of handling
numerous input devices directly.
3. Computerized systems developed for numerous monitoring production
processes are very promising.
4. Early computers using vacuum tubes performed computations in
thousands of seconds.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Computer systems may be classed into three generations.
2. They were to finish their development last week.
3. These integrated circuits must be used for new microprocessors.
4. Electronic pulses can move at a speed of light.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, укажите правильный
перевод глагола-сказуемого.
1. In 1942 John P. Eckret and John W. Mauchly were working to build a
high-speed electronic computer. (Работает, работали, проработали,
будут работать).
2. Such computers are mostly found in large computer centers staffed with
many programmer and support personnel. (Нашли, находятся, будут
находиться, находились.)
3. We take an active part in the process of computerization of our society.
(Принимаем участие, будем принимать участие, принимали участие).
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4. These technological discoveries will find their way into new models of
digital computers. (Находят, находятся, найдут, нашли.)
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. The vacuum tube computers are referred to as the first generation
computers
2. First computers were looked at with great interest.
3. This model of computers will be subjected to careful consideration.
4. The size of computers was greatly reduced due to integrated circuits.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going
on. A vacuum tube was ideal for the application in computers. It had no
mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on for faster
than any mechanical devices. It was relatively reliable and operated hundreds of
hours without failure. The first vacuum tube computer, capable of performing
thousands of related computations was called ABC (Atanasoff-BerryComputer). It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage.
From ABC a number of vacuum tube digital computers developed. In the 50’s
two important engineering discoveries changed an electronic computer field.
These discoveries were the magnetic core memory and the Transistor Circuit
Element. These technical discoveries quickly found their way into new models
of digital computers.
However these machines were very expensive to purchase or even to rent.
Such computers were mostly found in large computer centers operated by
industry and government.
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопрос согласно тексту:
1. What engineering discoveries changed the image of the electroniccomputer field?
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.
1. Early computer languages included FORTRAN, LISP and COBOL.
2. A microelectronic technology has reduced transistors and other circuit
elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye.
3. Such systems will start working in Russia in the near future.
4. The scientists are testing the new type of integrated circuit now.
202
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. A local area network is a communication network used by a single
organization.
2. Processing is a series of operations converting inputs into outputs.
3. The Internet began in the 1960s for connecting millions of computers,
people, software programs, databases and files.
4. Operating with graphical interface people usually use a mouse and a track
ball.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Metal can be extracted from old chips and plastics can be reused.
2. This computer system may be brought into use in some time.
3. Specialists had to work out a new architecture for the central computer.
4. Programmers must write application programmes in a way that computers
can understand.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, укажите правильный
перевод глагола-сказуемого.
1. Most users are connected to the Net through Internet Service Providers.
(Связывали, связаны, будут связывать, связали).
2. The Web is a great technology for communicating. (Будет, были,
является, являются.)
3. The Internet providing powerful and universal connectivity makes the
Web possible. (Сделал, делается, делает, сделает).
4. These technological discoveries will find their way into new models of
digital computers. (Находят, находятся, найдут, нашли).
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. The term World Wide Web is used by many people as a synonym for the
Internet.
2. This computerized system was objected to by many specialists.
3. In the nearest future electronic devices will be increasingly used in
scientific research and industrial designing.
4. Many fields of technology were revolutionized due to transistors.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
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THE FIRST COMPUTERS
In 1930 the first analogue computer was built in America. This device was
used in World War II to help aim guns. In fact, the start of World War II
produced a great need for computer capacity. The need was especially great for
the military purposes. In 1942 J. Eckert and J. Maushly and their associates
decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. They worked at
the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of Pennsylvania University. The
ENIAC's design and construction were financed by the United States Army
during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and
work on the computer was begun in secret. This machine became known as
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator). The ENIAC was a
modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different
functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators, which could not only
add and subtract but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. ENIAC was
about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of relay computers.
ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes.
When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a
"Giant Brain". It was used from 1946 to 1955. It is accepted as the first
successful high-speed electronic computer.
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопрос согласно тексту:
1. What does ENIAC mean?
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.
1. These multitask computers process the incoming data according to
internal procedures.
2. The third generation computers used integrated circuits to increase
capability and decrease size.
3. The engineer will be working at this computer the whole year.
4. The computer has just accomplished the processing of the data on
passenger traffic.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. Being so fast in their operation modern computers can handle many users
simultaneously.
2. The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was
going on.
3. Vacuum tube had no mechanically moving parts.
204
4. The obtained results are very important for our research.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. These integrated circuits must be used for new microprocessors.
2. They had to work hard to make computers cheaper.
3. Magnetic disks could be used in first generation computers for the
external storage.
4. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, укажите правильный
перевод глагола-сказуемого.
1. First generation computers were slow compared to modern machines.
(Являются, будут, были, будет).
2. Solid state memory has resulted in decrease of the internal memory cost
and complexity. (Приводит, привели, приведут, привела).
3. The computer will then process the incoming data according to internal
procedures. (Обрабатывают, обрабатывается, будут обрабатывать,
будет обрабатывать.)
4. Business minicomputers perform to 100 million operations per second.
(Будут выполнять, выполнили, выполняет, выполняют).
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. Early computers were looked at with great interest by many specialists.
2. His research is influenced by the latest achievements in the field of
electronics.
3. The information will be referred to by many specialists.
4. Before the invention of the transistor its function was performed by
vacuum tubes.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The first vacuum tube computers are referred to as first generation
computers. Those devices were bulky and not very reliable. Such devices as
transistors were unvented in 1948. They improved computers and made them
faster. Computers of the second generation used a large number of transistors.
They were able to reduce computational time.
Advances in technology continued. In the 1970s entire assemblies became
available on tiny chips. It became possible to create cheaper computer systems.
Computers based on the integrated circuit technology were called the third
205
generation computers. They could perform many data processing operations in
nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.
In 1975 the first personal computer, the ALT AIR, was marketed in a kit
form. This computer had no keyboard but a panel of switches to enter the
information. Bill Gates and his partners wrote BASIC complier for the machine.
The next year the Apple Company began to market PCs.
So fourth generation computers have arrived and the integrated circuits have
been greatly reduced in size due to microminiaturization.
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопрос согласно тексту:
1. When was the first PC marketed?
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.
1. The term “microprocessor” has come to mean the central processing unit
(CPU) of a small computer system.
2. The system processes all of the minimum requirements of a computer.
3. The number of applications for microprocessors is increasing daily in
industry, in banking, in power generation and distribution, in
telecommunications, etc.
4. In the mid-1940s engineers developed electronic computers to perform
calculations for military and scientific purposes.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The data and programmed instructions may be arranged in any desired
order.
2. The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers began in
the USA.
3. Such computers operating in industry, government and private
laboratories are mostly found in large computer centers.
4. Using a display you can correct mistakes, delete words and replace
sentences.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The terms “microcomputer” and “microprocessor” can be used
interchangeably when referring to the whole system.
2. This microprocessor is to receive data in the form of strings of binary
digits.
206
3. Present microprocessors may vary in their detailed architecture.
4. This data base could be relied on.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, укажите правильный
перевод глагола-сказуемого.
1. Chips are used to construct a module, modules to construct a small
computer system and small computers to construct a full-development
system. (Использовали, используются, используется, будут
использоваться).
2. The second level of the hierarchy, the module and local-board systems
represents the simplest true computer system. (Представлены,
представят, будут представлены, представляет).
3. This system has been installed in different fields of engineering.
(Вводится, будут введены, ввели, была введена).
4. Professor Т. is delivering a lecture on the development of information
technologies in Russia. (Прочитал, прочтет, читает, будет читать).
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. The advantages of the small computer system level are considered in the
paper.
2. This group of computers is considered carefully by our specialists.
3. The invention of computers was much spoken about in the early 1960s.
4. A lot of electronic devices will be used in our experiment.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device. That is, the function or
logical operation that the device accomplishes may be altered by applying
instructional “words” at its input.
This definition, although correct, is somewhat broad. The term
“microprocessor” has come to mean the central processing unit (CPU) of a small
computer system. By itself, a microprocessor cannot function. But when it is
combined with a number of support circuits it has most of the characteristics
included in the classic definition of a computer. The microprocessor has traded
the greater speed and word length of a computer for compact size and low cost.
A microcomputer is a fully operational system based upon a microprocessor
chip which in itself contains a large percentage of the computer capability. The
system possesses all the minimum requirements of a computer. There are
different types of microprocessors. They can be general-purpose or special
purpose, single-chip or bit-slice.
Microprocessors are small and cheap enough that they've found their way
into thousands of products, not just personal computers.
207
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопрос согласно тексту:
1. How are modern microprocessors differentiated?
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.
1. Many corporations, banks and companies have set up local networks and
information systems.
2. Numerous advantages led to the development of computers created in
1953.
3. These computers will use special devices providing high-speed operation.
4. The engineers are working hard over improvements in the design and
manufacture of different laptops.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a programme.
2. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand
it.
3. Digital computers are divided into five main types depending on their size
and power.
4. Improved methods of obtaining three-dimensional television pictures were
worked out on the basis of holography.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The smallest computers can be held in one hand and must be used as
electronic organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses.
2. Computers are able to deal with different kinds of problems if they are
given the right instructions for what to do.
3. They had to install the fourth generation computer in their laboratory.
4. The instructions of the programme must be complete or else you will get
the wrong answers.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, укажите правильный
перевод глагола-сказуемого.
1. Pcs carry out their processing on a single microchip. (Выполняли,
выполняются, выполняют, будут выполнять).
2. A computer system consists of two parts: the software and the hardware.
(Состоят, состояла, состоит, будет состоять).
208
3. The basic structure of a computer system has been made up of three main
hardware sections: a central processing unit, the main memory and the
peripherals. (Составлена, была составлена, были составлены, будет
составлена).
4. Computer-controlled robots improved the quality of manufactured
products. (Улучшат, улучшают, улучшили, были улучшены).
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. The phase in which the programmes are written is called the development
stage
2. Symbolic languages can be easily converted into a machine code.
3. This information will be checked in details.
4. The transistor was replaced by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous
advantages.
Задание 6. Перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
СOMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions. They
enable the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions.
The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the problem by means
of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms,
but the computer cannot manipulate them. Any problem must be specially
processed for the computer to understand it.
The phase in which the programmes are written is called the development
stage. The programmes are lists of instructions that will be followed by the
control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instruction of the
programme must be completed in the appropriate sequence or the wrong answer
will result. To guard against these errors, logic plans should be developed. There
are two common techniques for planning the logic of a programme. They are
flow charting and pseudo code.
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопрос согласно тексту:
1. What is the essence of programming?
209
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ.
ПУТЬ И ПУТЕВОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВ. СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО.
Контрольная работа № 1
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The "Big Ben" clock weighs 13.5 tons.
2. Most of London's places of interest are to the north of the river Thames.
3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным.
1. The bus stop is not far from here.
2. Several Moscow University physicists work at .this problem.
3. There are only daylight lamps in this room.
Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные
формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.
2. This room is smaller than that one.
3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных
местоимений.
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, others have
escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of London.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
210
Задание 6. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. This student first came to Moscow in 1985.
2. The Port-of London is to the east of the City.
3. In a few days she will leave for Leningrad.
Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно, переведите 1, 2, 3,6 и 7-й абзацы.
LONDON
1. London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England
on both banks of the river Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the
world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than
twenty centuries old.
2. The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about
one square mile, but it is the financial and business centre of the country. It
contains almost all important English banks and offices.
3. The West End of London is famous for its beautiful monuments and
palaces, fine parks, fashionable shops and big hotels. The East End is quite
different from the West End. It is the district of factories, plants and the docks.
The main branches of industry are machine building, shipbuilding, metal
processing and others. The narrow streets and poor houses of the East End
present a contrast to the homes of the rich people in the West End.
4. There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar
Square with the Nelson's monument 185 feet high. Buckingham Palace is the
royal residence. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful buildings in
London. It contains the memorials of many famous citizens of Britain.
5. Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament,
the seat of the British government. The clock tower towers over the Houses of
Parliament. It contains' "Big Ben" - one of the largest clocks in the world.
6. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It
was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum. Not far from the
tower you can see the Tower Bridge, one of the finest bridges in London.
7. London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of
them. It is the greatest park in London as well.
8. London is the centre of the country's cultural life. There are many picture
galleries and museums there. The National Gallery houses a priceless collection
of paintings. The famous British Museum is one of the best museums in the
world. In the library of the British Museum a number of writers gathered
materials for their works there.
211
Задание 8. Прочтите 8-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов
ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на
поставленный вопрос:
Who worked in the library of the British Museum?
1. Prominent scientists worked there.
2. A number of writers gathered materials for their works there.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Soviet chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into
space.
3. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an. intensive research work of
Marie and Pierre Curie.
4. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I
и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является
ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
2. The atoms forming, our planet are built of negative electrons, positive
protons and ordinary neutrons.
3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.
Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce усиливать, укреплять).
Задание 4. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. Herman Helmholtz ['hә:man 'helmh‫כ‬lts] — Герман Гельмгольц
2. celebrated - знаменитый, прославленный
3. ophthalmoscope [oftallm‫כ‬skoup] - офтальмоскоп
212
4. colour-blindness - дальтонизм, неспособность глаза различать некоторые
цвета
5. through [ru : ] - из-за, благодаря
6. vortex motion [ 'уэ :teks] - вихревое движение
7. versatile ('vaәsatail] - разносторонний, многосторонний
8. ultimately [ ' ^ Itimәtli] — в конечном счете, в конце концов
HERMAN HELMHOLTZ (1821-1894)
1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated for his contributions to physiology and
theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for
understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early
talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded
by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at
Berlin, in 1838.
2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the
discovery of the ophthalmoscope (1851), followed by investigations into colour,
including the problem of colour-blindness. He also made fundamental
contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human
eye.
3. Helmholtz's first and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his
article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of
total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through central
forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other
important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex
motion (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to
electrodynamical problems.
4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile of nineteenth-century
scientists. From 1871 on words he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical
physicist "than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work
on the conservation of energy he will ultimately be remembered more for his
epoch-making researches in physiological optics and. acoustics in which his
talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius
were most vividly displayed.
Задание 5. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос:
For what researches will Helmholtz be remembered?
1.... for his celebrated paper in theoretical physics.
2.... for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics.
3.... for his paper on vortex motion.
213
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей активной или пассивной
формой глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. In 1745 Lomonosov (was appointed, appointed) a professor at the
Academy of Sciences.
2. The first electric lamp (was invented, invented) in 1873 by A.N. Lodygin.
3. In 1911 Marie Curie (was received, received) the Nobel Prize in
chemistry.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание
на инфинитивные обороты:
1. Lomonosov considered chemistry to be his “main profession”.
2. The air is known to be a mixture of gases.
3. Lomonosov is considered to be a great scientist.
Задание 3. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения на
русский язык:
1. Lomonosov began to work at an early age.
2. Edison founded an electric company to supply electricity to New York
and other places.
3. The experiment to be made by this scientist will give us important
information.
Задание 4. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в будущем времени, используя
эквиваленты модальных глаголов:
1. They must solve a number of scientific problems.
2. She can do this work in time.
3. You may use this method in your research.
Задание 5. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями “some”,
“any”, “no”.
1. There were (some, any, no) other higher schools at that time in Russia.
2. Can you give me (some, any, no) magazines?
3. They carried out (some, any, no) experiments today.
Задание 6. Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How old was Lomonosov when he left his native village?
2. When was the first Russian University founded?
M. V. LOMONOSOV
1. M.V.Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka near
Arkhangelsk in the family of a fisherman. At the age of 17 he left his native
village and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic214
Greek-Latin Academy. Lomonosov didn’t finish his last grade as he was sent
with eleven other pupils to St.Petersburg to study at the Academy of Sciences.
2. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad
to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and
began to teach chemistry and physics at the Academy.
3. Lomonosov established the fundamental law of chemical change of
substance, which is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.
4. Lomonosov founded a new science that we call today physical chemistry.
He also studied electrical phenomena in atmosphere of the Earth, the native of
light, and designed an improved telescope. Lomonosov considered nature to be
in a state of constant change and development. Coal, oil etc. were all formed as a
result of evolution.
5. Lomonosov was a great scientist. His works in poetry had a great influence
on Russian literature. Owing to his efforts, the first Russian University was
founded in Moscow in1755. This University bearing his name became the center
of knowledge and science in Russia.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог; предложения
переведите:
1. All molecules are always moving in random (беспорядочный) way.
2. There are only two kinds of energy transfer-wave motion and particle
motion.
3. The new principles of public education have produced new social
phenomena in our society.
4. All temperature scales are based on the physical properties of water.
5. The data of his scientific research are often referred to.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Part.1. и Part.2; укажите
функцию каждого из них; т.е. определите, будет ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения
переведите:
3. When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.
4. The Celsius scale (шкала Цельсия) is the scale used in most scientific
Experiments
5. Dividing a bar magnet into two parts, one fields that each of the two parts
is a magnet.
6. A plane moving at high speeds through air compresses the air in front of
it.
7. The speed of very fast planes and missiles (летающие снаряды) is
usually described by a Mach number.
215
Задание 3. Переведите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол и его эквивалент:
1. Artificial light can be produced in several ways.
2. Objects may reflect most of one colour, half of another colour, and a small
percentage of some others.
3. You must read this book. It’s really excellent.
4. English school children have to learn a complicated system of weights and
measures.
5. You are to stay at the laboratory till the professor comes. That is his
request.
6. You have put too much in your rucksack you will never be able to carry
all that.
Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL –
THE FAMOUS SCOTTISH MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICIST
1. Maxwell was born in a well-known Scottish family, early showed signs of
mathematical talent. At the age of fifteen he contributed a piece of original work
on the drawing of oval curves to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The work was
so well done that many refused to believe that such a young boy could be the
author. At Cambridge, which he entered in 1850, he graduated second in his
class in mathematics, as Kelvin had done before him. Maxwell was appointed to
his first professorship in 1856.
2. In 1871 Maxwell was appointed professor of experimental physics at
Cambridge. While at Cambridge he organized the Cavendish Laboratory, named
in honour of the eccentric English scientist Henry Cavendish of the previous
century. Several decades later the Cavendish Laboratory was to do great work in
connection with radioactivity.
3. The most important work of Maxwell life carried on between 1864 and
1873, when he placed into mathematical form the speculators of Faraday,
concerning magnetic lines of force. Maxwell’s theory showed that electricity,
and magnetism could not exist in isolation.
Where one was so was the other, so that his work is usually referred to as the
electromagnetic theory.
Maxwell died before the age of fifty in 1879. When Einstein’s theories upset
almost all of “classical physics”, Maxwell’s equations remained untouched as
valid as ever.
Задание 5. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения,
содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why did many refuse to believe that such a young boy could be the author?
216
1… because they had never seen Maxwell before.
2… because they did not like the boy.
3… because the work was done to well for such a young boy.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог; предложения
переведите:
1. The inventors or ideas of one man have often become the base for
expanded work by another.
2. There are only 92 naturally occurring elements.
3. The results of his expedition to the North were much spoken about.
4. The design of this experiment electronic device was worked out at our
laboratory.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Part.1. и Part.2; укажите
функцию каждого из них; т.е. определите, будет ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения
переведите:
1. Heat gained by one substance is heat lost by another.
2. Working day and night Jack London wrote poetry, essays (эссе, очерки)
and stories, sending them to magazines, but receiving only rejection
letters (отказы).
3. The motion of the boiling water is caused by the bubbles of vapour rising
through the water.
4. In 1876 Yablochow was working in Paris.
5. When heated to a certain temperature, water increase in volume.
Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент:
1. When the garage (мастерская) had repaired our car we were able to
continue our journey.
2. Our laboratory assistant fell ill and had to leave the Institute early.
3. He was to come at 10.00 but nobody saw him.
4. Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass.
5. Many possible solutions (растворы) may be tired and tested before the
final and correct solution is reached.
Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
217
ALEXANDER BELL – THE INVENTOR OF THE TELEPHONE
(1847-1922)
1. Al. Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847 in a family
interested in the problems of speech. Both father and grandfather had studied the
mechanics of sound and Bell’s father had been one of the pioneer teachers of
speech to the deaf.
2. Between 1868 and 1870 Alexander worked along with his father and
studied speech and taught deaf children in Edinburgh. In 1870 he moved to
Canada and the next year he went to the United States. In 1873 he was appointed
professor at Boston University. He became interested in the mechanical
production at sound, basing his work on the theories of Helmholtz.
3. It seemed to Bell that it was possible to convert the sound wave vibrations
into a fluctuating (пульсирующий) electric current, and then that current, in its
turn, could be reconverted into sound waves identical with the original at the
other end of the circuit. In this way, sound could be carried across wires at the
speed of light.
4. One day, while working with an instrument designed to carry sound, Bell
automatically cried out to his assistant, “Watson, please, come here”. Watson, at
the other end of the circuit on the other floor, heard the instrument speak and ran
downstairs, beside himself with joy. It was the first telephone communication.
Задание 5. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения,
содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why did Watson run downstairs beside himself with joy?
1… because he did not want to work alone.
2… because he wanted to go home.
3… because he heard the instrument speak.
Вариант 6
Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на глагол “to be”.
1. The total length of the bridge consisting of three spans was to be 910 feet.
2. A new highway bridge is to be built here.
3. New sections of the St. Petersburg underground system are to be put into
operation during the last year.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык следующую группу слов:
1. A timber arch bridge
2. Bridge design problems.
3. The 300-metre concrete span.
4. Prestressed concrete girder bridges.
218
Задание 3. Укажите суффикс, назовите, какой частью речи является и
переведите:
To depend, dependence, dependent, independently;
To complete, completion, completed, completely;
Short, shortly, shorten, shortage.
Задание 4. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите.
1. Considerable time and study has to be given to the choice of the type of
bridge best fitting the given conditions.
2. The approach spans of the new bridge are to carry three lanes of traffic.
3. Abutments may be classified according to their form.
4. The roadway of the bridge should be made very wide in order to cope
with future traffic.
Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
KULIBIN
(1735 - 1818)
P. Kulibin was an outstanding inventor of his time. He gained his reputation
and post of court mechanic through devising various complicated mechanisms.
Of all his inventions the design of a timber arch bridge over the Neva is of
particular interest for bridge engineers.
It was a single span of 300 meters in length. The superstructure consisted of
six arch lattice girders forming an integral unit.
Despite the sceptical criticism of his contemporaries he managed to prove to
the members of the Petersburg Academy of Science that his daring idea was
perfectly correct.
He made a model of his timber arch bridge, which was tested at the
Academy of Science in 1776, the tests fully confirming the correctness of his
computations.
For some years Kulibin was working at the design of an iron bridge over the
Neva. The total length of the bridge consisting of three arches was to be 910 ft.
The design was completed by 1813 but that bridge was never built either.
In the 18th century there existed no scientific methods for computation of
bridges, and still Kulibin knew how to determine stress distribution for the live
load in arches.
Only in our days one can fully appreciate the scope of engineering abilities
of this talented man who had never had any technical training.
Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What kind of bridge did he design?
2. Where was the model of the bridge tested?
219
Вариант 7
Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на инфинитив; подчеркните инфинитивный оборот.
1. Plastics technology is said to mark a new era of molecular engineering.
2. Plastics are a material to be widely used in industry.
3. We know plastics to be used as insulation for electric appliances.
4. Plastics are known to resist high temperature very well.
5. We want our buildings to be not only comfortable but beautiful as well.
6. Lebedev was the first to organize production of synthetic rubber.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их, учитывая
разные возможности передачи герундиальных оборотов на русский язык:
1. Adding heat does not always cause a rise in temperature.
2. Adding heat to a boiling liquid, we make it change its state without
changing its temperature.
Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите следующие сложные предложения,
содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1. If you observe the rules of operating this machine, you will be able to
increase its productivity.
2. If I were a designer of cars, I should think of more extensive application
of plastics for binishes (отделка).
3. If the resistance of plastics had not been so high they would have been
attacked by inorganic acids.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите текст.
PLASTICS MATERIALS
Plastics materials are not found as such in nature and owe their existence to
research and experiment on the part of the chemist.
The ancestor of modern synthetic plastics is celluloid. The principal agent
incorporated in a plastic is the resin.
Plastics are known to be used in a variety of ways .By their chemical
properties plastics are generally more resistance to environments which attack
common engineering materials such as steel, wood and rubber.
Much more than metals plastics easily combine with other materials like
wood, fibres and paper. Plastics are good thermal and electric insulators, all
having dielectric strength. The advantages of the plastic material include the
combination of light weight with good strength.
Plastics have found wide application both in everyday life and in industry.
We can hardly name a branch of industry where plastics are not applied.
The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their use in the
electrical engineering industry.
220
The use of plastics as materials of construction in the form of sheets, roads
or tubes is increasing. In road and railway transport the use of plastic materials
is becoming a common part of design, the advantage being light weight, strength
and resistance to mechanical damage.
Задание 5. Перепишите вопрос и предложения; укажите номер
предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why is the use of plastic materials in road and railway transport becoming a
common part of the design?
1. The use of plastic materials in road and railway transport is becoming a
common part of design because they are good thermal and electrical
insulators.
2. The use of plastic materials in road and railway transport is becoming a
common part of design because their advantage is lightweight, strength
and resistance to mechanical damage.
3. The use of plastic materials in road and railway transport is becoming a
common part of design because their advantage is heavy weight, nonresistance to mechanical damage.
Вариант 8
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов “should”, “would”:
1. Measures should be taken to ensure high reliability of instruments
installed in spaceships.
2. The launching of space rockets would not have been possible without the
necessary polymeric materials.
3. We should not be able to solve the problem of protecting equipment
against solar radiation if we had no materials with unique properties.
4. The engineer said that the increase in plastics production would proceed
on the basis of further automation of production processes.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, принимая во внимание,
что инфинитивные, герундиальные и причастные обороты соответствуют
чаще всего придаточным предложениям:
1. Using this method is became possible to produce rubber which, when
processed in a certain way, can double the life of tyres.
2. Having studied the properties and composition of the new materials
scientists made attempts to determine their exact molecular weights.
3. Atoms are believed to consist of three elementary particles: electrons,
protons and neutrons.
4. This material is capable of withstanding high temperature and pressure.
5. We know some metals to occur in a free state.
221
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание
на различные значения выделенных слов:
1. It is cost and often cost alone that determines the use of plastics in place
of metals.
2. Mechanical treatment usually results in changes in the properties of a
metal as well as changes in its shape.
3. Cosmic rays are supposed to be the only radiation reaching the earth.
4. Unlike metals plastics have found major application in electrical industry
due to their dielectrical properties.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите текст.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN SPACE
1. While exploring space scientists came across some problems concerning
the behavior of materials used in space equipment. These are too high or too low
temperatures, low pressures and solar radiation. These factors were found to
after the physical and mechanical properties of the materials used.
2. The behavior of some materials under vacuum conditions had been
studied. It was founded that such widely used coatings as cadmium and zink
would be easily evaporated in vacuum, when heated. The phenomenon of
evaporation of materials may cause trouble to electronic equipment and devices.
Cadmium, zink and magnesium are the most dangerous in this respect. That is
why they cannot be used in the construction of vehicles launched into space.
3. Some polymeric materials proved to change their properties under such
conditions as well. This is mostly due to the rapid evaporation of components
the polymers are made of. The use of new protective films and the proper
selections of the necessary materials is the only means to ensure high reliability
of instruments operating under low pressures.
4. Scientists consider polyamides to be the best polymeric materials.
Thermoplastic polyamides process good technological properties and good
casting ability. Because of a small shrinkage it is possible to directly cast
precision parts of complex shapes.
5. The materials mentioned above can be used in industries as light and
strong engineering materials. Their application in electric equipment enables us
to considerably increase the reliability and lifetime of machines operating under
severe conditions. Besides, the weight of electronic equipment is essentially
reduced which is of great importance for aviation and space engineering.
Задание 5. Прочтите 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов
ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на
поставленный вопрос.
222
What additional advantages can we get using the new materials?
1… we can decrease the lifetime of the equipment.
2… we can increase the weight of the equipment.
3… we can decrease the weight of the equipment.
Вариант 9
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание
на инфинитивные обороты:
1. Every engineer considers electronic devices to play a great role in
industrial control.
2. The generator is a device to change mechanical energy into electric
energy.
3. Electronic devices are likely to find an over growing application.
4. I heard our professor speak about the new device.
5. The apparatus to be designed will be used at the power station.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
причастный оборот:
1. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting in making
calculations at a great speed.
2. First computers being rather imperfect, scientists went on improving
them.
3. Having devised (изобретать) fast-acting computing machines, scientists
make the most complicated calculation very quickly.
Задание 3. Перепишите, подчеркните герундиальный оборот и переведите
предложения:
1. By repeating experiments one gets more data which help arriving at right
conclusions.
2. In modern computers transistors are used for performing complicated
operations.
3. The car is loading by gravity through the top hatches and unloaded
pneumatically through special discharge arrangements.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните
придаточные предложения условия.
1. If you want to get an idea of a computer design, you can find a number of
books on the subject in our library.
2. If there were no computers, space flight, railway transport and many other
achievements of modern science and technology would be impossible.
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Задание 5. Перепишите текст и переведите его.
MACHINES OF THE 20th CENTURY
The specific territorial, geographic and climatic conditions of this country,
and big volumes of freight and passenger traffic over long distances make high
requirements to the development and operation of the transport system, which
embraces rail, river, sea, motor, pipeline and air transport.
Railway transport has always been the main method of transportation in our
country and distinguished by a high carrying capacity, relatively low
transportation costs, high speed and regularity of deliveries. Besides, it is
weatherproof, can be developed throughout the whole territory of industrial
facilities of the country and ensures access to the majority of industrial facilities
and construction projects.
At present, Russia railway transport is one of the major highly developed
branches of the national economy.
An active use of latest achievements of science and technology and selfsupporting arrangements contribute to a high performance of the rolling stock
and other technical facilities and make for their enhanced economic efficiency
and labour productivity.
A key role is played here by advanced railway divisions, enterprises and
organizations, which develop and introduce high technology and progressive
technological schemes to ensure an intensified use of transportation services.
Вариант 10
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив и
переведите предложения:
1. We heard the plant to be equipped with modern machinery.
2. Vacuum tubes are assumed to be basic elements in numerous technical
devices now in use.
3. The useful work to be done by a machine is less than the total work to be
performed by it.
4. Transfer machines (автоматические линии) are known to be replacing
old machinery in large plants.
5. One of the graduates of our institute designed the equipment to be
installed in this shop.
6. The engineer wants the new devices to be tested in the laboratory.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая в переводе
функцию зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first
spaceflight could be realized.
224
2. Having solved many scientific and technical problems, our scientists,
engineers and workers could launch the first spaceship into outer space.
Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные
возможности передачи герундиальных оборотов на русский язык:
1. Without understanding properly the major laws of mechanics it is difficult
for the student to take part in research.
2. The second law of motion provides scientists with a means for measuring
forces, which is of great importance in planning the orbits for artificial
satellites.
Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите сложные предложения, содержащие
придаточные предложения условия:
1. If you are studying at the institute of railway communication, you must
have been an excursion to a locomotive fleet.
2. If they were sent to a plant, they would visit the assembly shop first of all.
3. If you had handled (обращаться) the machine in the right way, you would
have increased its productivity.
Задание 5. Перепишите текст и переведите его.
RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN RUSSIA
To cope with the intensifying traffic railway transport needs to upgrade its
operational standards, accelerate the process of re-tooling at its operating
facilities, and make a more efficient use of all its resources.
Today the industry will mobilize its research and production potential to
resolve the most important scientific and technical problems of transport
development and traffic capacity of railways, station and junctions, increase the
mass of freight trains, raise the speed of passenger traffic, upgrade the quality of
services for passengers and secure higher labour productivity and better working
conditions. The fleet of passenger cars has been steadily replenished with
comfortable vehicles outfitted with centralized air-conditioning, fluorescent
lighting, and electric heating systems. The principal requirements of passengercarrying cars are maximum comfort, rational lay out and design, improved
ventilation, heating, water supply and illumination, low noise and enhanced
strength.
Further technological efforts will be aimed at raising the reliability and
economy of car operation, enhancing and the strength of design while reducing
the tare mass and speeding up the transfer to roller bearings and all metal body.
There are plans to increase the share of eight-axle open-top and tank cars, and
four-axle cars of enhanced carrying capacity and volume.
225
Вариант 11
Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово,
оформленное окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет в
предложении:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед.ч. гл. в Present Ind;
б) признаком мн.ч. имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. My friend’s sister studies at an evening department of the Rostov
University of Railway Communication.
2. This scientist works in the field of physics.
3. Not long ago he published some interesting articles on quantum
generators.
4. The building of the new modern cinemas greatly changes the appearance
of this square.
5. Great changes in the appearance of the district are due to new modern
buildings.
Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на
разные способы перевода существительных в функции определения:
1. My friend knows chemistry not as well as his sister.
2. Moscow is a more ancient city than Rostov.
3. The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of
the structure of matter.
4. A train does not travel as fast as an airplane.
Задание 3. Перепишите данные предложения; определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов; укажите их инфинитив и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. A delegation of teachers from English colleges will arrive in our
University tomorrow.
2. Outstanding professors deliver lectures at Rostov University.
3. Russian scientists made great contribution to world science.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их; обратите внимание
на то, что в них просьба (побуждение) выражена с помощью глагола “let”:
1. Let the students correct all the mistakes.
2. Let us repeat the main English reading rules.
226
THE ROSTOV STATE TRANSPORT UNIVERSITY
The History of the RSTU
The Rostov State Transport University (RSTU) occupies a prominent position
among the scientific and educational institutions of Russia.
Its history dates back to the 20-s of the 20-th century. The young socialist
republic started rapid industrial and railway construction and desperately needed
skilled engineers. On the 1-st of October 1929 the Rostov Mechanical Institute of
Transport Communication Engineers (so RSTU was called then) was opened. 292
students were accepted to its three departments: Railway, Water-Transport
and Road Construction.
They were lucky to attend the lectures of the outstanding Russian
scientists, among who we can name the mathematicians D. D. MordukhaiBoltovskoy, D. N. Goryachev, the physicist E.V. Bogoslovsky, the chemist
N. N. Stasevich, the engineers A. P. Korobov, N. N. Dyakov, etc.
By the beginning of the 40-s the Institute had established its educational
process, industrial base and laboratories. When transformation into the
specialized industrial railway institution was completed it got the name of the
Rostov Institute of Railway Transport Engineers.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War the Institute was evacuated to
Tbilisi. Education of the railway transport engineers and scientific research
did not stop even during this hard period. More than 30 teachers and
300 specialists heroically defended our homeland.
In August 1944 when the faculty and students returned back to Rostov
they were struck seeing the ruins of the main building, Electro-Mechanical
department, Hostel № 1 and other buildings. But they managed to restore
everything and then to construct new buildings and facilities.
THE RSTU TODAY
Nowadays the Rostov State Transport University has become one of the
largest and most prestigious higher educational establishments in the Russian
Federation. The status of the university was given to it in 1993. In 2009 it was
included into the list of 500 best universities of the world by the independed agency
“Reuter”. Since its foundation the University has been a dynamic force both as an
educator and a promoter of technical sciences and up-to-date technologies.
It is a vast complex comprising 8 departments, the International Institute
of Business and Law, 42 chairs, Postgraduate and Doctorate Colleges, Branch
Department of the Russian Transport Academy, Computer Centre, ExperimentalTesting Plant, Engineering Centre of Postgraduate Professional Education, etc.
Its main departments are Electro-Mechanical; Power Engineering; Automation,
Telemechanics and Communication; the Humanities; Railroad Construction;
Railroad Construction Machines; Railway Management and Operation;
Preparatory. Besides day-time education there is also correspondence department.
227
General Engineering Department is situated in Mineralnie Vodi, the biggest
railway junction of Russia and the North Caucasus. The University has four
branches in the cities of the Northern Caucasus: in Tuapse, Miniralnie Vodi,
Krasnodar and Kropotkin. More than 22000 of students study in all the structural
department of the university. At the present time the University conducts education
in 31 specialities of the higher professional training and 12 working professions.
Our University is headed by professor Vladimir. I. Kolesnikov, an
academician of the Russian Academy of Science. The University faculty exceeds
700 people, more than 40 members of various Academies, 80 doctors of science,
400 candidates of science and assistant professors. The University scholars carry
out research work in various fields of fundamental sciences, engineering
technology, education and the humanities. The University has good contacts with
education centres of Europe, Asia and Africa. Annually many teachers
participate in numerous international conferences in Russia, the C.l.S, Austria,
the U.S.A., Germany, France, Italy, Israel, China, Thailand, etc. Some of them
read lectures in the Universities of Gamburg, Berlin, Freiburg and Gissen.
The students of all the departments actively participate in scientific research.
They make reports at different conferences, conduct experiments in the
numerous labs and try to implement their results into industrial process. The
students of the RSTU understand the necessity of mastering one or two foreign
languages for their future professional activity so they try to do their best at the
lessons and the specialized foreign language courses.
Our University is “a technopark”. The students have the opportunity to
study real locomotives and carriages with working systems. They can have their
lessons in the computer labs, Internet labs and multi-media classrooms. The
unique training complex “The virtual rail road” is meant for getting professional
skills and competencies.
The campus of the University occupies 16.5 hectares. It is a beautiful
park all the year round. There are four academic buildings, four hostels for
students, two large sport complexes with a swimming pool, a wonderful students'
club for entertainment and recreation. Cultural and social life of the students is
various and interesting. There are many traditional conquests popular among the
students: «Miss RSTU», «Students’Autumn», etc. The performances of the student
theatre, jazz band and orchestra always attract a large audience. Many cities of
Russia like and welcome the student-actors from the Agitation Train. Thanks to
wonderful sport facilities the University conducts different festivals and
competitions. The students of the RSTU always get sport prizes and some of them
even became the champions of the Olympic Games (as a wrestler Valentin
Nikolaev in Melburn (1956); a cyclist Yuri Kashirin in Moscow (1980) and
others).
Having rich and glorious history the faculty and the students of the RSTU
keep their traditions and put forward new plans to meet the requirements of
specialists' education in the 21-st century.
228
Vocabulary:
to occupy – занимать
to occupy a place – занимать место
the line is occupied – телефон занят
prominent (syn. significant) – значительный
to date back – уходит в прошлое, относится к периоду
rapid (syn. quick) – быстрый
desperately – отчаянно
skilled – квалифицированный
to accept – принимать
department – факультет, отдел, подразделение
faculty – профессорско-преподавательский состав
outstanding (syn. famous, well-known) – известный
to complete (syn. to finish) – заканчивать
to be struck (to strike- struck –struck) – быть пораженным
hostel (BE), dormitory (AE) – общежитие
facility – оборудование, средство, условие
higher educational establishment – высшее учебное заведение
promoter – распространитель
branch – 1)филиал, 2) отрасль, 3) ветвь
to participate (syn. to take part) – принимать участие
scientific research – научно-исследовательская деятельность
to conduct – проводить, осуществлять
to conduct an experiment – проводить эксперимент
to conduct a lecture – проводить лекцию
to implement – внедрить
to meet the requirements – отвечать потребностям
229
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Для студентов инженерных профилей подготовки
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1) Глаголы “to be”, “to have”, “to do”.
2) Оборот с вводящим “there” (to be).
3) Порядок членов английского предложения.
4) Система видовременных форм глагола.
5) Группа времен Simple (Active) – утвердительная и отрицательная
формы
6) Причастие I, II
7) Simple Passive
8) Словообразование: -ion, -ic, -al, -ly
Вариант 1
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:
1. examination 2. expansion 3. lecture 4. special 5. speciality 6. specialist 7.
specialize 8. specialization 9. qualification 10. physics 11. mechanics 12.
chemistry 13. computer 14. sport centre
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
new academic year;
higher school;
higher education;
higher mathematics;
theoretical knowledge;
specialized knowledge;
computer engineering;
to be interested in.
Задание 3. Употребите глаголы “to be”, “to have” в соответствующей
форме.
1. The lecture delivered by our dean 1. Our University … several buildings,
yesterday … very important
old and new ones.
Задание 4. Употребите соответствующие предлоги:
1. to take books … library 2. to be headed … Rector 3. the students … our group
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Задание 5. Give the English equivalents:
1. Вести лекции;
2. Техника, машиностроение, инженерное дело;
3. Производственная практика;
4. Энергетический факультет.
Задание 6. Употребите сказуемое в соответствующей форме.
1. Today my lecture (to begin) at 10 in the morning.
2. Last week the first-year students (to see) the new laboratory.
Задание 7. Transform into the Negative form.
Today our lectures (to begin) at 10.
Задание 8. Transform into the Passive.
1. Students asked the lecturer a lot of questions.
2. Our professor on mathematics asked her to bring the diagrams.
Задание 9. Translate into Russian.
1. A new lab equipped with modern computers was opened last year.
2. The man delivering this lecture is our dean.
Задание 10. Compose the sentences:
will, scientific and technological, the qualification, determine, of, specialists, the
progress, of, the country.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:
1. acceleration 2. technology 3. technological 4. progress 5. technical 6. theory
7. mathematics 8. high 9. autumn 10. major 11. per cent 12. curricular 13.
pedagogy 14. future 15. further
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
at present;
entrance examination;
to be over;
technological university;
new branches of science and technology;
institutes of higher learning the naturals sciences;
the first-year student.
Задание 3. Употребите глаголы “to be”, “to have” в соответствующей
форме.
231
1. There … not many universities in 1. Each faculty … has a number of
Rostov 20 years ago.
specialized departments.
Задание 4. Употребите соответствующие предлоги:
1. to be headed … a dean;
2. to get a mark … my exam;
3. to begin … the 1-st of September.
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents:
1. Вступительные испытания, первокурсник (студент первого курса);
2. Получать государственную стипендию;
3. Электромеханический факультет.
Задание 6. Употребите сказуемое в соответствующей форме.
1. We (to take) all the necessary books from the library in September.
2. I (to get) excellent marks for my entrance exams.
Задание 7. Transform into the Negative form.
He (to know) the meaning of the word “engineering”.
Задание 8. Transform into the Passive.
The monitor told the first-year students to come to the laboratory.
The lab assistant taught us to use the lab equipment.
Задание 9. Translate into Russian.
The students studying at the universities passed their entrance exams well.
The attention paid to the study of fundamental subjects is great.
Задание 10. Compose the sentences:
the specialists, today’s, in, technology, people, of, young, will be, tomorrow, the
society, new, with.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:
1. feature 2. to provide 3. priority 4. humanities 5. to determine 6. to know 7.
knowledge 8. part 9. as 10. accessible 11. as well as 12. to consider 13. to
connect 14. to develop
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
general engineering subjects
strength of materials
elements of machines
computer engineering
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foreign language
educational system
to be accessible
free of charge
Задание 3. Употребите глаголы “to be”, “to have” в соответствующей
форме.
1. There … a large library, some 1. When founded, our University only
laboratories and workshops in our …3 faculties.
university.
Задание 4. Употребите соответствующие предлоги:
1. to study … the University 2. to study … the first two … years 3. the result …
the examinations
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents:
1. Получать отличные отметки;
2. Брать книги в библиотеке;
3. Использовать лабораторное оборудование;
4. УПП.
Задание 6. Употребите сказуемое в соответствующей форме.
The students of our group (to meet) in the reading room next Monday.
The librarian (to give) us all the necessary books.
Задание 7. Transform into the Negative form.
We (to be) school-children last year.
Задание 8. Transform into the Passive.
1. Usually the lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.
2. The dean told him to bring the application.
Задание 9. Translate into Russian.
1. The subjects studied in the first two years are very important.
2. An article discussing the new system of education appeared in all
newspapers.
Задание 10. Compose the sentences:
for, accessible, in, educational, this, main, is that, it, the feature, this, system, of,
country, is, and, free of charge, all.
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Вариант 4
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:
1. development 2. enable 3. effect 4. effectively 5. to enter 6. especially
7. general 8. to improve 9. main 10. to mean 11. number 12. a number of 13. to
provide 14. to receive
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
state grant
a highly-qualified specialist
to make decision
a general education
to pass an exam
to enter the university
to pay for the education
to get a grant
Задание 3. Употребите глаголы “to be”, “to have” в соответствующей
форме.
1. Our university … founded in 1929. 1. Every faculty … ins own specialized
laboratories.
Задание 4. Употребите соответствующие предлоги:
1. to get up … 7 o’clock 2. to walk … the institute 3. to watch TV … the
evening
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents:
1. Развитие науки и техники;
2. Интересоваться компьютерной техникой;
3. Новые отрасли науки и техники;
4. Строительный факультет.
Задание 6. Употребите сказуемое в соответствующей форме.
We (to go) to a big plant for our industrial training next year.
The third-year student (to go) for the industrial training last summer.
Задание 7. Transform into the Negative form.
We (to have) four entrance exams in summer.
Задание 8. Transform into the Passive.
Students watched the process with great attention.
Our professor shows us the new method of research.
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Задание 9. Translate into Russian.
1. The lecture delivered by our professor was on new methods of
technology.
2. The scientists discussing the results of the experiments are our teachers.
Задание 10. Compose the sentences:
is, for, only, the state, free of charge, not, education, the students, for, but.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:
1. the same 2. state 3. to spend 4. to use 5. usual 6. various 7. to enroll 8.
decision 9. several 10. to rise 11. almost 12. branch 13. drawing 14. foreign
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
lab assistant
to pay the attention to
to deliver a lecture
senior years
term works
final examination
laboratory works
course works
Задание 3. Употребите глаголы “to be”, “to have” в соответствующей
форме.
1. The results of the experiment … 1. Most higher schools … their own
published in a month.
student’s hostels.
Задание 4. Употребите соответствующие предлоги:
1. to be free … charge; 2. a good foundation… professional knowledge; 3.
institute … higher learning
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents:
1. Анализировать и соотносить теории и факты;
2. Принимать решения;
3. Изучение теории;
4. ДСМ.
Задание 6. Употребите сказуемое в соответствующей форме.
My friend (to live) in a hostel this year.
My friend (to live) in a hostel last year.
Задание 7. Transform into the Negative form.
The first-year students (to see) the university’s workshop last week.
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Задание 8. Transform into the Passive.
Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task.
The first and second-year students study many fundamental subjects.
Задание 9. Translate into Russian.
The results of the experiments discussed yesterday will be published.
The student translating the text is our monitor.
Задание 10. Compose the sentences:
more, this country, into, one, than, students, were enrolled, the universities and
institutes, of.
Контрольная работа № 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2,
необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1) Progressive Active, Passive;
2) Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий;
3) Функции и перевод “it”, “one”, “that”;
4) Словообразование: -ment, -ty, -ous, -re.
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
1. hour 2. to watch 3. to ring up 4. ago 5. to prepare 6. whole 7. to go on 8.
grammar 9. to discuss 10. research 11. to use 12. to look through 13. to invent
14. must 15. may
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
to have supper, general engineering subject, jet airliner.
Задание 3. Give all the forms of the verbs.
Расти, стоять, думать
Задание 4. Определите часть речи по суффиксу, переведите (укажите часть
речи).
Integral, measurement, radioactivity, basic, nervous, interaction, rebuild.
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents to the word-combinations:
1. Устранить загрязнение воды и воздуха;
2. Научные знания и технические достижения;
3. Взаимодействие атмосферных и океанических глобальных
процессов.
Задание 6. Choose the Correct form of a Predicate:
1. Water and air (become, are becoming) more and more polluted.
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2. At present computers and robots (are used, are being used) more widely
than ever before.
Задание 7. Употребите сказуемое в нужной видовременной форме:
This student (study) hard at his English at present.
Задание 8. Употребите прилагательное в нужной по смыслу степени
сравнения.
Moscow is (large) than Petersburg.
Henry is (tall) of all.
Задание 9. Вставьте нужный по смыслу союз сравнения.
It was … so warm in March than it is in April.
Задание 10. Translate into Russian.
The more we study, the more we know.
Задание 11. Translate into Russian.
1. Yesterday I bought a new coat for myself and another one for my sister.
2. That air and water pollution is reaching dangerous level is realized by
everyone.
3. It is with the help of the radio that we get most information from the
satellites.
Вариант 2
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
1. non-renewable 2. article 3. to enter 4. journal 5. to lecture 6. feature 7.
accessible 8. to determine 9. long 10. tall 11. short 12. fast 13. hard 14. heavy
15. low
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. it is known … 2. it is said … 3. to have supper
Задание 3. Give all the forms of the verbs:
1. Иметь дело (с);
2. Приносить;
3. Делать (заниматься какой-либо деятельностью).
Задание 4. Определите часть речи по суффиксу, переведите (укажите часть
речи).
Geological, advancement, society, symbolic, serious, elimination, remake.
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents to the word-combinations:
1. Рост населения, индустриализация и использование ресурсов;
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2. Изменять глобальный климат и водный баланс;
3. Успешно справляться с проблемой.
Задание 6. Choose the Correct form of a Predicate:
1. Yesterday we (were studying, studied) at the reading-room at six o’clock.
2. New courses of education such as management (are being organized, are
organized) in many Universities.
Задание 7. Употребите сказуемое в нужной видовременной форме:
This student (study) hard at his English every day.
Задание 8. Употребите прилагательное в нужной по смыслу степени
сравнения.
Mary is (beautiful) than Sheala.
December 22 is (short) day of the year.
Задание 9. Вставьте нужный по смыслу союз сравнения.
I do not get up … early on Sunday … on weekdays.
Задание 10. Translate into Russian.
The more we study, the more we forget.
Задание 11. Translate into Russian.
1. One must study hard to pass the exams successfully.
2. The main purpose of education is that graduates must be able to work with
technologies of tomorrow.
3. The future engineers study strength of materials. It is a very difficult
subject.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
new, resources, proportion, era, ocean, oceanic, social, environment, pollution,
to achieve, success, to purify, natural, however, job.
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
to find it easy; large-scale; to take place
Задание 3. Give all the forms of the verbs.
Знать, делать (производить что-то конкретное), посылать.
Задание 4. Определите часть речи по суффиксу, переведите (укажите часть
речи).
Chemical, achievement, activity, scientific, anxious, proportion, restart.
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Задание 5. Give the English equivalents to the word-combinations.
1. Защита окружающей среды по всему миру;
2. Разработка международных программ;
3. Изучать данные по воде, земле, лесам и воздуху.
Задание 6. Choose the Correct form of a Predicate.
1. The ecological situation at Lake Baikal (remains, is remaining) very
serious.
2. Much attention (is paid, is being paid) to the development of international
scientific contacts.
Задание 7. Употребите сказуемое в нужной видовременной форме.
This student (study) hard at his English last semester.
Задание 8. Употребите прилагательное в нужной по смыслу степени
сравнения.
This winter is (cold) than the last one. This is (beautiful) house in the city.
Задание 9. Вставьте нужный по смыслу союз сравнения.
Lesson One is… so difficult Lesson Three.
Задание 10. Translate into Russian.
The more we forget, the less we know.
Задание 11. Translate into Russian.
1. This TV set is very expensive, please, let me see another one.
2. The education in Oxford and Cambridge is different in many ways from
that in other universities.
3. Mathematics is studied at all the technological colleges because every
engineer must know it well.
Вариант 4
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
1. to measure 2. to remain 3. mankind 4. to reach 5. successful 6. especially 7.
advance 8. throughout 9. to eliminate 10. purpose 11. scale 12. essential
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
large-scale, to make it difficult, it seems …
Задание 3. Give all the forms of the verbs:
Посылать, находить, получать.
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Задание 4. Определите часть речи по суффиксу, переведите (укажите часть
речи).
Industrial, improvement, humanity, atmospheric, tremendous, isolation, reopen.
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents to the word-combinations.
1. Делать возможным устранить проблему;
2. Становиться серьезно загрязненным промышленностью;
3. Очищение воды, воздуха и почвы.
Задание 6. Choose the Correct form of a Predicate.
1. Science (is becoming, becomes) a leading factor in the progress of
mankind.
2. Measures (are being taken, are taken) to save lake Baikal.
Задание 7. Употребите сказуемое в нужной видовременной форме.
This student (study) hard at his English when the telephone rang.
Задание 8. Употребите прилагательное в нужной по смыслу степени
сравнения.
Mathematics is (difficult) for him than He is (good) student in the group.
physics.
Задание 9. Вставьте нужный по смыслу союз сравнения.
She does not work at her English …much… she did last year.
Задание 10. Translate into Russian.
The less we know, the less we forget.
Задание 11. Translate into Russian.
1. One cannot know, what may happen.
2. New robots will have several manipulators that will carry out many
functions.
3. It is the most interesting article on this subject.
Вариант 5
Задание 1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
therefore, data, joint, renewal, measure, to realize, circumstance, area, to bring
about, to carry out, to change, considerable, to deal with, effort, evident.
Задание 2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
it seems …, free of charge, to solve a problem.
Задание 3. Give all the forms of the verbs.
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Думать, тратить, проводить (о времени), получать.
Задание 4. Определите часть речи по суффиксу, переведите (укажите часть
речи).
Tutorial, fulfillment, electricity, oceanic, dangerous, prediction, reconstruct.
Задание 5. Give the English equivalents to the word-combinations:
1. Принимать меры по охране природных ресурсов;
2. Планирование защиты против загрязнения;
3. Основная особенность защиты окружающей среды.
Задание 6. Choose the Correct form of a Predicate.
1. Air and water pollution by industry (reaches, is reaching) tremendous
proportions in our era.
2. Great changes in people1`s life (were brought, were being brought) about
by the scientific and technological progress.
Задание 7. Употребите сказуемое в нужной видовременной форме:
This student (study) hard at his English tomorrow at this time.
Задание 8. Употребите прилагательное в нужной по смыслу степени
сравнения.
The Pacific ocean is (large) than the Which is (large) city in this country?
Atlantic ocean.
Задание 9. Вставьте нужный по смыслу союз сравнения.
Chemistry is … interesting to him …mathematics.
Задание 10. Translate into Russian.
1. These books are too difficult, we need easier ones.
2. That computers and industrial robots are very important for industrial uses
is well-known to scientists and engineers.
3. It is evident that ecological problems can only be solved on the global
level.
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КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ СТУДЕНТОВ И ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ
ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЫ:
СПОСОБЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ
Монография
Редакторы А.И. Гончаров, Н.С. Федорова
Корректоры А.И. Гончаров, Н.С. Федорова
Подписано к печати 17.12.2010. Формат 60х84/16.
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Ризография РГУПС.
Адрес университета:
344038, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Ростовского Стрелкового Полка
Народного Ополчения, 2.
Тел. 272-64-85
E-mail: conf_teacher@rgups.ru
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