Exercise 1 for Histology (Epithelial tissue)
I.
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
The embedding medium for microscopy is
paraffin
ethyl alcohol
plastic material
xylol
celloidin
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The lining qpithelium of the serous body cavities (pericardial, pleural and peritoneal) is
endothelium
mesothelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
transitional epithelium
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
an endocrine gland passes its secretion directly into the
blood or lymph
duct
body surface
digestive tract
lumen of acinus
4. the nucleus is flattened against the basal plasma memberane of the cells, the cytoplasm is
filled with large mucigen droplets, it is the
A. serous cell
B. mucous cell
C. serous demilune
D. goblet cell
E. myoepithelial cell
II.
Fill in the blanks:
1. In H.E. stain sections, the cytoplasm is stained pink by ___________, the nucleus is stained
purple-blue by___________________________.
2. ___________________can be demonstrated by the PAS positive reaction.
3. The
procedure
of
preparation
of
histologic
slides
includes
mainly_______________,______________,_____________,_____________and mounting.
4. Scanning electron microscopy allows the biologist to record accurately in ____________ of
the surface features of cells and tissues.
5. In gap jnnution, within the gap are seen a hexagonal array of particles, which appear to be
composed of ______________ arranged around a central channel.
6. The 4 basic types of tissue are ______________,______________,_________________and
________________.
7. Epithelia are mainly classified into 2 groups: ______________and__________________.
8. The intercellular junctions of epithelial cells are (1) _______________,(2) _____________,(3)
_________________,and (4)___________________.When 2 or more kinds of them are
present together, we called it _________________________.
9. Specialized structures on basal surface of epithelial cells are _____________,_____________
and ________________.
10. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells with different shape
and height, but all set on the basal membrane: __________________,__________________
and ________________.
11. Stratified squamous epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells from surface to base:
_______________, ____________________ and __________________.
12. ____________________ is an example of unicellular gland which secretes mucous.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Questions:
Describe the characteristics of epithelial tissue.
Describe the structural characteristics and functions(location) of each covering epithelial type.
Compare the structure of microvilli with cilia.
Compare the structure of intermediate junction with desmosome.
Exercise 2 for Histology (Connective tissue)
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I.
Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
Macrophages can participates in phagocytosis, immunological reactions and secrete several
important substances, such as
AKP and lysozyme
Heparin and interferon
Complement and histamine
Antibody and heparin
Lysozyme and interferon
2. The microfibrils show a characteristic crossbanding with a major periodicity of 64 nm. They
are located in
A. smooth muscle fiber and reticular fiber
B. collagenous fiber and reticular fiber
C. striated muscle fiber and collagenous fiber
D. collagenous fiber and elastic fiber
E. elastic fiber and reticular fiber
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the macromolecule of each tropocollagen is long
64nm
70nm
140nm
280nm
2800nm
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The irregularly arranged dense connective tissue is usually distributed in
tendon
yellow elastic ligament
dermis of skin
epiglottis
epidermis of skin
II.
Fill in the blanks:
1. In any type of connective tissue there are three elements: ___________,
______________ and _________________.
2. According to their properties of ground substance, there are 3 types of connective tissue:
__________________,___________________ and ___________________.
3. There are 5 classes of connective tissue proper: ________________,________________,
_______________________, _________________ and ___________________.
4. Tissue fluid leaves the capillary through its _____________and repenetrates the blood at
the __________________.
5. The main glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are composed of a core protein associated with
_______________,_________________,_______________ and ______________.
6. Hyaluronidases are produced by ______________,________________,______________
to hydrolyse hyaluronic acid and to reduce the viscosity of matrix barrier and spead in
tissues.
7. The cell types in loose connective tissue are ________________,___________________,
___________________, __________________,_________________,_______________
and ___________________.
8. There are 3 main types of connective tissue fibers: _______________,_______________
and _________________.
9. The cytoplasm of young fibroblasts and plasma cells are rich in ___________________,
_______________________ and ____________________ are well developed.
10. The procedure of collagen fibers synthesis is: amino acids--- synthesizes
__________________
(RER)
-----
________________(Golgiapparatus)
-----________________ (extracellular space) ---- collagenous fibrils.
11. There are numerous _______________, _________________,_____________________,
______________________ and _________________ etc. in cytoplasm of macrophages.
12. The granules of mast cell consist of chemical mediators such as _________________,
__________________,___________________,_________________,_____________and
_____________________.
13. Reticular tissues are composed of _________________,_____________________and
___________________________.
1.
2.
3.
4.
III.
Questions:
Describe the characteristics of connective tissue.
Compare the structure of collagen fibers with elastic fibers.
Compare the fine structure and function of fibroblast with macrophage under the light
microscope.
Compare the structure of plasma cell with mast cell.
Exercise 3 for Histology (Cartilage and bone)
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I.
Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
The elastic cartilage is found in the
respiratory tract
symphysis pubis
intervertebral disc
articular surface
auricle and epiglottis
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Periosteum is a fibrous sheath which one is incorrect in following contents
enveloping the whole bone
consisting of two layers
osteoprogenitor cells in the inner layer
sharpey’s fibers enter the bone
protection, nutrition, repair and regeneration
3. When hemoglobin of erythrocyte escapes into the plasma, the outward passage of hemoglobin
is called
A. anemia
B. microcyte
C. macrocyte
D. hemolysis
E. agglutination
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
During development the platelets are derived from the azurophilic granules of
macrophage
megakaryocyte
lymphoblast
monoblast
erythroblast
II.
Fill in the blanks:
Cartilage tissues are composed of ___________________,______________ and
___________.
Cartilage are composed of _______________________and _______________________.
Cartilage can be classified into 3 types: _______________, _______________and
____________________.
There are 2 growth fashions of hyaline cartilage _________________ and ____________.
The collagenous fibers in hyaline cartilage are not apparent in fresh material since they have
approximately the same _________________ as that of the surrounding ground substance, the
collagen is in the form of __________________.
Bone is the biggest _________________ reservoir, and it is in the form of osseous salt called
______________________ with the composition Ca10(Po4)6(OH)2.
7. Osseous tissue is composed of _________________, __________________and __________.
8. There are 4 types of bone cells: _________________,________________,______________
and ______________________.
9. The structure of long bones includes _________________, ________________,
______________,________________,____________________ and _________________ and
so on.
10. The structures of compact bone are composed of _______________,_________________,
______________________,____________________ and _________________, surrounding
them there is often a deposit of amorphous material called the _____________________-.
11. The blood components are formed by ______________ and ______________. The former
includes_________________ and ___________________, the later includes _____________,
___________________ and __________________.
12. The cytoplasm of erythrocyte contains rich ______________ which combined with oxygen or
CO2. The immature erythrocyte is ____________________.
13. The normal average number of erythrocyte is ________________. The normal number of
platelet is ______________________.
14. Each erythrocyte is shaped like a ______________________, and has lost
its______________.
15. If the number of leukocytes is increased above 12,000, the condition is referred to as
_____________, if decreased below 5000, it is called ____________________.
16. The ultrastructure of blood platelets may demonstrate two regions: ____________________
and ___________________.
17. The structure of red bone marrow is composed of _______________,________________ and
____________________.
18. Between epiphysis and diaphysis there is the _____________ which keep proliferating to
enable the bone growing up. When it stops growth the __________________ substitutes
cartilage.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Questions:
Describe the structural characteristic of chondrocyte.
Describe the structural of bone matrix ( or bone lamellae).
Compare the morphologic features of osteoblast with osteocyte and osteoclast.
Describe the classification, percentage, size, structure and function of leukocytes.
Exercise 4 for histology (Muscular tissue)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The main components of the thick filaments of myofibril are
A. actin
B. myosin
C. tropomyosin
D. troponin
E. myofilament
2. The location of T tubules of cardiac muscle differ from those of skeletal muscle, the former lie
at the
A. A-I junctions
B.I bands
C. A bands
D.M lines
E. Z lines
3. Sarco-plasmic reticulum of muscle fiber is composed of
A. lysosome
B. mitochondria
C. microsome
D. RER
E. SER
4.The cell junction which transmit rapidly an electrical impulse between adjacent smooth muscle
cells is
A. tight junction
B. intermediate junction
C. gap junction
D. desmosome
E. semidesmosome
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Three types of muscle may be distinguished:
,
,
and
.
2. The sarcomere is a distance of myofibrils between two adjacent
lines. It
consists
of
band +
band +
band.
3. Triad of striated skeletal muscle includes
+
+
components.
4. The I band of myofibril consists only of the portions of the
, the A band is
composed of both
and
, the H band consists
only of the
.
5. A thin filament is composed of
,
,
and
.
6. Individual skeletal muscle fibers are covered by
; each bundle is surrounded
by
;each termed muscle of gross anatomy is enveloped by
.
7. The present of dark staining transverse line or a steplike line at the interface between adjacent
cardiac muscle cells is called
. The junctional complex
are
,
and
.
8. Diad of striated cardiac muscle includes
and
,
9. In smooth muscle cells there are some
on the sarcolemma, and
some
in the sarcoplasm, they constitute a
10.In smooth muscle cells, there are 3 kinds of filament:
and
.
.
,
,
III.Questions:
1. Describe the characteristics of muscle tissue.
2. Compare the similar with the difference for three kinds of muscle cells according to their fine
structure and ultrastructure.
3. Describe the molecular structure of myofilaments in detail.
4. Explain briefly the contraction mechanism of the striated skeletal muscle.
Exercise 5 for histology (Nervous tissue)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The neuroglial cells with phygocytosis in nervous tissue are
A. astrocytes
B. oligodendrocytes
C. microglial cells
D. ependymal cells
E. Schwann cells
2. Cerebrospinal fluid fill in the
A. epidural space
C. perivascular space
E. subpial space
B. subdural space
D.subarachnoid space
3. In myelinated fibers of the PNS, myelin sheath is a series of concentric layers of cell plasma
membrane of
A. Schwann cell
B. oligodendrocyte
C. axon of neuron
D. satellite cell
E. astrocyte
4. The function of neuroglia is responsible for
A. transmiting impulse
C. contraction
E. absorption
B. metabolic exchange
D. secretion
II. Fill in the blanks
1. The 2 special structures in cytoplasm of neuron are
and
.
2. Each neuron has 2 kinds of processes:
and
.
3. According to number of the processes, neurons can be classified into
,
and
.
4. According to their function, neurons can be classified into
,
and
.
5. There are 2 kinds of nerve fibers:
and
.
6. Mylinated nerve fibers are composed of
,
and
.
7. The spaces between adjacent Schwann cells which has no myelin sheath are called
.
8. Myelin sheaths are formed by
in the peripheral nervous system, and they are
formed by
processes in the central nervous system.
9. Free sensory nerve ending are receptors to
and
; Meissner’s corpuscles
are the receptors for
; muscle spindles are responsible for the
.
Lamellated corpuscles are receptors to
or
or
.
10. The ultrastructure of the chemical synapses include: (1)
,(2)
(3)
;(4)
.
11. The electrical synapses are composed of
between presynaptic membrane and
post-synaptic membrane.
12. The neuroglia cell in central nervous system are
and
nervous system are
and
13. The meninges include three membranes:
.
,
,
. The neuroglial cells in peripheral
.
,
and
III. Questions:
1. Describe the characteristics of nerve tissue.
2. Point out the different features of the structure both dendrite and axon.
3. Describe the structure and function of motor end-plate.
4. Describe the structure of blood-brain barrier in detail.
5. Describe the ultrastructure of Nissl body and neurofibril.
Exercise 6 for histology (Cardiovascular system)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. Fenestrated capillaries are found in the
A. muscle tissue
B. lung
C. brain
D. kidney and intestinal mucosa
E. connective tissue
2. The tunica media of large artery is characterized by
A. 20 to 40 layers of elastic fibers
B. 40 to 70 layers of smooth muscles
C. 40 to 70 layers of collagenous fibers
D. 40 to 70 layers of elastic fibers
E. 40 to 70 layers of elastic laminae
3. The venous valves are composed of
A. endothelium
B. mesothelium
C. elastic connective tissue
D. elastic connective tissue and lined on both sides by endothelium
E. elastic connective tissue and lined on both sides by mesothelium
4. The Purkinje fibers in heart lie mainly in the
A. subendothelial layer
B. subendocardial layer
C. myocardium
D. epicardium
E. atrioventricular node
II. fill in the blanks:
1. The cardiovascular system is composed of the following structures: (1)
,
(2)
, (3)
, and (4)
.
2. The lymphatic vascular system contains (1).
, (2)
and
(3)
.
3. The general structure of capillary includes
,
and a few
.
Around them the undifferentiated cells called
can regulate the diameter of the
capillaries and form fibroblasts: smooth muscle cells.
4. The capillaries can be grouped into 3 types depending on the ultra-structure of the endothelial
cell walls:
,
and
.
5. The general structure of the medium-sized arteries or veins can be divided into 3 layers:
(1)
, (2)
; and (3)
.
6. The tunica intima of blood vessels consists of
,
and
.
7. In the tunica media of blood vessels there are not fibroblasts, the fibers and proteoglycans are
producted by
cells.
8. The arteries of medium diameter are called
, the arteries of large diameter
are called
.
9. The cardiac walls consist of 3 tunicas: (1)
, (2)
and (3)
.
The thickest layer is
.
10. The impulse conducting system of the heart contains many cells called
.
11. The large molecule can pass through the capillaries via special structures of endothelial cell:
,
and
.
III. Questions:
1. Describe the ultrastructure and distribution of the 3 types of capillaries.
2. Compared the different structure between the artery and vein.
3. Compared the structure of medium-sized artery with that of small-sized and large artery.
4. Compared the structure between endocardium and epicardium.
Exercise 7 for Histology (Immune system)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The source of T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organ is derived from
A. thymus
B. tonsils
C. lymph nodes
D. bone marrow
E. spleen
2. The afferent lymphatic vessels enter the parenchyma of lymph node from
A. hilum
B. sinus
C. capsule
D. cortex
E. medulla
3. The capsule of spleen is covered by
A. periosteum
B. pericardium
C. perimysium
D. perineurium
E. peritoneum
4. The place where the macrophages contact first with antigen in spleen is
A. splenic cord
B. splenic sinusoid
C. splenic nodule
D. marginal zone
E. periarterial lymphatic sheath
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The central lymphoid organs include
and
. The peripheral
lymphoid organs include
,
and
.
2. The main component of lymphoid organs are
. They are composed of
, numerous
and macrophages.
3. Each lobule of thymus has a peripheral zone of
and a central zone of
.
4. In the thymus, lymphocytes are also called
, the epithelial reticular cells can
mainly secrete
and
to induce the division and differentiation of stem cells.
5. A characteristic feature of the thymus medulla is the prescence of
which consist of
concentric layers of
cells.
6. The blood-thymus barrier is formed by the following layers:
of the blood capillary
wall, their basement membrane, a perivascular space containing some
, the basal
lamina of the
, and the processes of
.
7. The cortical region of lymph node is composed of
,
and
.
8. The T lymphocytes are mainly found in the
of lymph node and the
of spleen.
The B lymphocytes are mainly found in the
,
of lymph node and
of spleen. The T and B lymphocytes are found in
.
9. The post-capillary venules of lymph node may be found in
and lined by
cells.
10. The structure of tonsil consists of
epithelium, a numerous
and
in
lamina propria, and
formed by dense connective tissue.
III. Questions:
1. Describe the characteristics of thymic cortex.
2. Compare the structures of medullary region of lymph node with that of red pulp of spleen.
3. Describe the recirculation of lymphocytes.
4. Describe the blood circulation in spleen.
Exercies 8 for Histology (Skin)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. Which function of skin is incorrect in following contents
A. protect the human body
B. prevent the invasion from bacteria etc.
C. sensory organ
D. store and supply energy
E. excrete water and some waste products
2. Nonkeratinocytes include
A. monocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells
B. melanocytes, islets of langerhans and Merkel cells
C. basal cells, spinous cells and granular cells
D. spinous cells, granular cells and horney cells
E. melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells
3. Racial differences in skin color are due to differences in the number and size of
A. melanosome
B. melanocyte
C. melanophore
D. Langerhans cell
E. melanin granule
4. Sweat glands are most numerous in the
A. palms and soles
B. palm and axilla
C. axilla and areola of the nipple
D. sole and labia majora
E. epidermis and dermis
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The skin consists of 2 layers: a superficial layer of epithelium called
and a deep
layer of connective tissue called
.
2. The epidermis is composed of
epithelium; The dermis is mainly composed of
connective tissue.
3. The melanocytes are lack of bundles of
in the cytoplasm, but have numerous
ovoid
and
with melanin.
4. The Langerhans cells have an
nucleus and present more
and
characteristic racket-shape
granules in their cytoplasm.
5. The dermis consists of
layer and
layer. The subcutaneous tissue is
composed of
, and contains more
.
6. The skin appendages include
,
,
,
and mammary
gland.
7. Each hair root is surrounded by
, it is expanded into a
. The base of it is
invaginated by connective tissue which called
.
is attached at one end
to the connective tissue sheath of the follicle and at the other to the papillary layer of the dermis.
8. The cells of the sebaceous acini are small,
in outer layer and large
in
center. They contain abundant
in their cytoplasm. The products of secretion
are
.
III. Questions:
1. Describe simply the strata and histologic features of the epidermis of palms or soles.
2. Please explain the formed factors of cutaneous pigmentation.
3. Compare the structures and distribution of sweat gland with that of large sweat gland.
Exercise 9 for Histology (Endocrine system)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. Neural stalk in hypophysis is composed of
A. pars distalis and pars tuberalis
B. pars nervosa and pars intermedia
C. pars tuberalis and pars intermedia
D. pars nervosa and median eminence
E. infundibular stem and median eminence
2. Which results is not followed by hypophysectomy in following:
A. cessation of bone growth
B. atrophy of thyroid
C. atrophy of sex organs
D. atrophy of suprarenal cortex
E. increasing in the percentage of basophils
3. In pars nervosa of hypophysis, Herring bodies are composed of
A. groups of neurosecretory granules
B. neuroglial cell
C. dendrite of neuron
D. dendrite of neuron
E. axon of neuron
4. On electron microscopy, the most characteristic feature of component cells of the zona
fasciculat is
A. numerous SER and RER
B. well-developed RER and numerous mitochondria
C. well-developed SER and numerous mitochondria
D. well-developed SER and numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae and lipid droplets
E. well-developed RER and numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae and lipid droplets
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Hypophysis is derived from two different tissues: The adenohypophysis is derived
from
; The neurohypophysis is derived from the floor of
.
2. There are three types of cells in the pars distalis of pituitary gland:
,
and
.
3. According to produced hormones, the acidophils of hypophysis are subdivided into two types of
cells:
and
.
4. According to produced hormones, the basophils of hypophysis are subdivided into three types
of cells:
,
and
.
5. In the pars distalis of hypophysis, the cells with the largest number are
; the cells with
the largest granules are
; the cells with the smalles granules are
and
.
6. In the pars distalis of hypophysis, somatotrophs secrete
hormones (STH);
mammotrophs secrete
hormones (LTH); thyrotrophs secrete
hormones (FSH),
hormones (LH) and
hormones (ICSH) and corticotrophs secrete
hormones (ACTH).
7. Herring bodies contain two hormones:
(ADH) which is synthesized by the
nucleus
and
which is synthesized by the
nucleus.
8. In amphibia, the pars intermedia is well developed and produces
hormone (MSH)
which is a polypeptide that is produced by
cells.
9. In clinics, oversecretion of somatotropin causes
in children and
in adults.
Undersecretion of growth hormone leads to
in childhood. On the absence of
vasopression, it leads to
.
10. The adrenal cortex may be divided into three zones: (1).
Which secretes
,
such as
that maintain electrolyte and water balance; (2) .
which
secretes
, such as
and
which effect on the metabolism
of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids including the
and
in small amounts.
11. The structure of medulla of adrenal gland includes
,
and
.
12. The medullary parenchymal cells of adrenal medulla is
in shape. They contain two
kinds of different secreting granules;
and
.
13. The adrenal cortex is derived from
and the adrenal medulla is derive from
.
III. Questions:
1. Write the component of hypophysis by list.
2. Describe the blood supply of the hypophysis and their significance.
3. Compare the structure and function of the zona glomerulosa with that of the zona fasciculat in
adrenal cortex.
Excercise 10 for Histology (Digestive tract)
1. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The adventitia of esophagus is
A. mucosa
B. mesothelium
C. fibrosa
D. Serosa
E. capsule
2. The location of synthesizing hydrochloric acid in parietal cells of gastric gland is in
A. tubulovesicular system
B. RER
C. pinocytotic vesicles
D. Golgi complex
E. surface of intracellular canaliculi
3. The intrinsic factor which aids vitamin B12 absorption is secreted by
A. chief cell
B. parietal cell
C. mucous neck cell
D. enteroendocrine cell
E. gastric epithelial cell
4. Which structure of appendix is incorrect in following contents.
A. without goblet cells
B. villi are absent
C. incomplete epithelium
D. less and short intestinal glands
E. a mass of lymphoid mass
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. There are
glands or
glands in the submucosa of the digestive tract.
2. In the middle third muscular layer of esophagus consists of
muscles and
muscles.
3. The epithelium of stomach is
epithelium. The
secreted by these
epithelial cells protects the gastric mucosa.
4. The gastric glands are composed of
,
,
,
and
. These glands open into the bottom of the
.
5. The cardiac glands and pyloric glands in stomach are
glands, they are distributed in
.
6. In the cytoplasm of parietal cells there are an abundance
and the apical plasma
membrane forms the
.
7. The three special structures to increase the surface areas of absorption in the small intestine are
,
and
.
8. The cell coat on the microvilli of columnar cell surface of small intestinal epithelium contains
, including
,
and
to help
digestion.
9. The intestinal glands of small intestine consist of five types of cells:
,
,
,
and
.
10. The duodenal glands (Brunner’s ) are of
type. The product of its secretion is to
neutralize the acid gastric juice.
11. In the adult, amino acids and glucoses are absorbed by the
and enter the
; The micelles of fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the
and enter the
.
12. The general structure of mucosa of the digestive tract may be divided into 4 layers from the
inner to the outer:
,
,
and
.
13. The muscularis externa intestinal tract is composed of smooth muscle arranged in an inner
and an outer
layer. Between these two layers are a vascular vessels and
nerve plexus.
14. Adventitia of digestive tract is composed of
or
.
III. Questions:
1. Compare the mucosal structure of stomach with that of esophagus, small intestine and large
intestine.
2. Describe the fine structure and ultra-structure of the parietal cell and chief cell in the gastric
gland.
3. Describe the different formation of villi and plicae in small intestine.
4. Describe the structure of mucosa of the digestive tract.
Exercise 11 for Histology (Digestive gland)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The B cells in islet of Langerhans secrete
A. glucagon
B. insulin
C. serotonin
D. pepsin
E. trypsin
2. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptid are secreted by
A. A cell
B. B cell
C. C cell
D. D cell
E. PP cell
3. The perisinusoidal space ( space of Disse ) in hepatic lobule is located between
A. two adjacent hepatocytes
B. hepatic macrophage and endothelium of hepatic sinusoid
C. hepatocyte and endothelium of hepatic sinusoid
D. hepatic plate and hepatic plate
E. fat-storing cell and endothelium of hepatic sinusoid
4. The organelles in hepatocyte which possess detoxification which some drugs can be inactivated
are
A. microbodies
B. mitochondria
C. Golgi complex
D. Lysosome
E. SER
5. The A cells in islet of Langerhans secrete
A. trypsin
B. pepsin
C. serotonin
D. Glucagon
E. insulin
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. They are
acini in the exocrine portion of pancreas. The
granules
present in cytoplasma of cells.
2. Each portal space contains a
, an
,
and lymphatic
vessels.
3. Bile canaliculi are tiny cavities limited by only the
of two adjacent hepatocytes.
The junctions of them with bile duct in a portal space are called
. The cell
membranes near these bile canaliculi are firmly joined by
and
.
4. The hepatic sinusoid are the spaces between the hepatic plates. They contain
cells
and
cells.
5. The ultrastructures of cytoplasm of Kupffer cells contain prominent
, many
and
well developed
.
6. Spaces of Disse is a narrow space. There are many
on the surface of the hepatocyte.
The space contains
cells, which contain vitamin A-rich lipid inclusions.
7. There are three hepatic functional surfaces:
,
and
surfaces.
8. The functions of liver include: (1). Synthesize proteins by
, (2). Synthesize bile
acid by
, (3). Detoxification by
of hepatocyte, (4), Phagocytosis by
and
so on.
9. The major salivary glands are composed of
and
.
10. Ducts of the major salivary glands are subdivided into
,
and
.
11. They are pure
acini in the parotid gland. Most of acini are
in the
submandibular. The majority of acini are
in the sublingual glands.
III. Questions:
1. What are the structures and functions of islets of Langerhans.
2. Describe the ultra-structures and functions of hepatocytes in detail.
3. Describe the structures of the liver lobule.
4. Describe the blood circulation of liver.
Exercise 12 for Histology (Respiratory system)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The small granular cells of repiratory epithelium constitute
A. immune system
B. nervous system
C. endocrine system
D. neuroendocrine system
E. sensory system
2. The basic unit of the lung is lung lobule which is formed by
A. alveoli
B. alveolar duct
C. respiratory bronchiole and its tributaries
D. terminal bronchiole and its tributaries
E. bronchiole and its tributaries
3. When a bronchiole is obstructed, which structure may equalize pressure in the alveoli are make
possible collateral circulation of air.
A. alveolar septa
B. intercellular space
C. alveolar sac
D. Alveolar pore
E. endothelium of capillary
4. Nonciliated cells of terminal bronchioles are
A. goblet cells
B. Clara cells
C. brush cells
D. basal cells
E. small granule cells
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The main functions of respiratory system are
. The respiratory system
includes
and
.
2. From the inner to the outer, the trachea is composed of the
,
and
.The
C-shaped hyaline cartilage is located in
.
3. There are numerous bundles of
,
and abundant
in
portion of membranous wall of trachea, but there is no
.
4. The typical respiratory epithelium is composed of
. They include five cell
types:
,
,
,
, and
.
5. The conducting portion of lung consists of
,
and
.
6. The respiratory portion of lung consists of
,
,
and
.
7. A lung lobule is
in shape with the apex directed toward the
.
8. The structure of the discontinous wall of alveolar duct composed of
epithelium, thin
layer of
and
fibers and
fibers. The wall appear as
between
adjacent alveoli.
9. There are two types of alveolar epithelium: type I alveolar cell is also named
cell; type II
alveolar cell is
cell. In the cytoplasm of type II alveolar cells it contains many
giving
rise to
.
10.
is the connective tissue between the neighbouring alveoli, within this thin
wall there are abundant
,
and
and so on.
11. Surfactant may aid in reducing the
of the alveolar cells and stabilizing the
the alveoli. It also have a
effect.
12. There are two kinds of macrophages of lung:
and
.
III. Questions:
1. Compare the structure of bronchiole with that of terminal bronchiole.
2. Describe the morphology and function of type I cell and type II cell in lung in detail.
3. What is the air-blood barrier (or respiratory memebrane) composed of?
4. Describe the blood circulation of lung.
of
Exercise 13 for histology （Urinary system）
I.Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer:
1. The structural and functional units for urine secretion in kidney are
A. renal corpuscle
B. filtration barrier
C. nephron
D. collecting tubule
E. uriniferous tubule
2. In two kidneys of adult, the total glomerular filtrate (primary urine) in per minute produce about
A. 124ul
B. 125ml
C. 124L
D. 125L
E. 1500ml
3. The epithelium of thin segment in nephron is
A. simple squamous epithelium
B. simple cuboidal epithelium
C. simple columnar epithelium
D. transitional epithelium
E. stratified squamous epithelium
4. In kidney the prostaglandin is secreted by
A. podocyte
B. interstitial cell
C. juxtaglomerular cell
D. collecting tubule
E. extraglomerular mesangial cell
5．Parafollicular cells in thyroid gland are able to produce
A. rennin
B. erythropoietin
C. thyroxine
D. calcitonin
E. prostaglandin
6. The epithelial cells in parathyroid gland are of two types
A. chief cells and parietal cells
B. follicular cells and parietal cells
C. chief cells and oxyphil cells
D. follicular cells and oxyphil cells
E. alpha cells and beta cells
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The parenchyma of kidney may be divided into outer
and an inner
.
2. The renal medulla is composed of 10-18 pyramid-shaped structures, called
, and a
lot of elongated parallel arrays of tubules penetrate the cortex, called
.
3. The cortical labyrinth consists mainly of
. A renal lobule consists
of 1/2
+ single
+1/2
.
4. Each nephron is composed of two portions: (1).
, and
(2).
..
5. The collecting tubules are lined with simple
or
epithelium. The cells
are pale-staining and the cellular border of two adjacent cells are clearly visible. They are under
the control of the
.
6. The primary urine is formed in the space of
, through reabsorption, secreting
and concentration of renal tubules to form terminal urine which volume is
% of the
primary urine.
7. The juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of
,
and
.
8. The intraglomerular mesangial cells are located among
, they have receptrors
for
. The extraglomerular mesangial cells are located outside the
in
the vascular pole.
9. The main function of distal convoluted tubule in kidney is in the elimination of wasted
materials such as
and
, as well as maintain the
balance.
10. In the endocrine system, hormones differ greatly in their chemical composition : some are
; others are
.
11. Thyroxine increases basal metabolic rate, hypothyroidism in the fetal life influence
And development of the
.
III. Questions:
1. Describe the fine structure of renal corpuscle in detail.
2. Draw the ultra-structures of the filtration barrier of kidney and describe it in detail.
3. Compare the structures and functions of the proximal convoluted tubule with that of distal
convoluted tubule.
4. Compare the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular cells with that of the macula densa.
5. Describe the blood supply of the kidney.
6. Which structural characteristics are there in the wall of urinary bladder?
7. How do the thyroid follicular epithelial cells synthesize thyroglobulin and release thyrosine?
Exercise 14 for histology (Male reproductive system)
I. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer:
1. In spermatogenesis, it includes reduction from the diploid to the haploid number of
chromosomes after two meioses, the first meiotic division occurs in the
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
2. The spermatids become spermatozoa undergoing
A. spermatogenesis
B. spermiogenesis
C. meiosis I
D. meiosis II
E. mitosis
3. The mitochondrial sheath of sperm is located in the
A. head
B. neck
C. middle piece
D. principal piece
E. end piece
4. After puberty the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) may produce
A. androgen
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. prostaglandin
E. interstitial cell stimulating hormone
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules include
,
,
,
and
.
2. The epithelium of the prostate gland is
or
or
epithelium. There are the
in the lumen of the prostate.
3. Segments of the tail in sperm are designated 4 pieces: (1)
, (2)
, (3)
(4)
.
4. In the end of seminiferous tubules, they continue the
and connect
. they
enter the cephalic portion of the
.
5. The surface of testis is covered by tunica
, beneath it is thicker tunica
.
On the posterior surface of the testis, it forms the
.
III. Questions:
1. Compare the structure and function of the sertoli cell with that of Leydig cell in the testis.
2. Describe the compostition of the blood-testis barrier.
3. Compare the structure of ductuli efferentes with that of ductus epididymis.
Exercise 15 for histology (Female reproductive system)
I.Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer:
1. In the fifth month of fetus, the primordial follicles are estimated to number about
A. 700
B. 7,000
C. 70,000
D. 700,000
E. 7,000,000
2. The secondary oocyte completes the second mature division during
A. follicle matured
B. before fertilization
C. fertilization
D. ovulation
E. 36-48 hours before ovulation
3. When ovulation occurs the discharged contents from the ovary include follicular fluid,
A. secondary oocyte, zona pellucida and cumulus oophorus
B. matured ovum, granulosa cells and cumulus oophorus
C. matured ovum, zona pellucida and corona radiata
D. primary oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata
E. secondary oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata
4. The location of cervical cancer is often in the
A. transitional portion between simple columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium
B. simple columnar epithelium
C. stratified squamous epithelium
D. cervical canal
E. vaginal portion of cervix
5. The basal layer of the uterine endometrium
A. is sloughed during menstruation
B. has no glands
C. is supplied by colied arteries
D. is supplied by straight arteries
E. is avascular
6. Which of the following statements concerning secondary ovarian follicles is true?
A. They lack liquor folliculi.
B. They contain a secondary oocyte
C. Their continued maturation requires follicle-stimulating hormone.
D. They lack a theca externa.
E. They have a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells surrounding the oocyte.
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Primordial follicle consists of a
enveloped by only one layer of flattened
.
2. Only about
follicles reach full maturity. The woman’s reproductive life about
years.
3. There are two types of lutein cells:
and
.
4. Dependant upon the expulsive ovum fertilized or not, the development of the corpus leteum
may be divided into two types:
which persists for
days and
which
persists for
months.
5. The structure of uterus is composed of three layers:
,
and
.
The epithelium of uterus is
.
6. The menstrual cycle may be divided mainly into three phases:
,
and
.
7. The epithelium of cervical canal is
. The vaginal portion of cervix is lined
by
.
III. Questions:
1. Describe the structure of the secondary follicles in detail.
2. Compare the structure and function of the granulose lutein cells with that of the theca lutein
cells.
3. Describe the structure of the oviduct.
4. Describe the structural changes and hormonal control of the endometrium in three phases of
menstrual cycle.
5. Compare the structure between resting (nonlactating) and active (lactating) mammary glands.
Exercise 16 for Histology (Sense organ)
Ⅰ. Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The posterior wall of eyeball from outside inward contains
A. fibrous layer, vascular layer and retina
B. retina, horoid and sclera
C. sclera, horoid and retina
D. cornea,iris and retina
E. Retina, vascular layer and fibrous layer
2. The Müller cells of retina belong to
A. sensory neurons
B. neuroglial cells
C. interneurons
D. photoreceptors
E.motor neurons
3. The cells used color perception and fine visual acuity are
A. ganglion cells
B. Müller cells
C. bipolar cells
D.rods
E. cones
4. The optic nerve fibers are constituted by axons of
A. ganglion cells
B. Müller cells
C. Bipolar cells
D. rods
E.cones
5. The receptor of hearing is located on
A.Vestibular membrane
B.Crista ampullaris
C.Maculae saccule
D.Maculae utricle
E. Organ of Corti
Exercise 17 for Embryology (Fertilization to Implantation)
Ⅰ.Choice: Select the single most appropriate answer.
1. The normal chromosome number of a human spermatid is
A.23 autosomes plus an X and a Y chromosome
B.22 autosomes plus an X and a Y chromosome
C.23 autosomes plus two X chromosomes
D.23 autosomes plus an X or a Y chromosome
E. 22 autosomes plus an X or a Y chromosome
2. Which of the following chromosome constitutions in a sperm normally result in a male, if it
fertilizes an ovum?
A. 22 autosomes plus no sex chromosomes
B. 22 autosomes plus one X chromosome
C. 23 autosomes plus a Y chromosome
D. 23 autosomes plus one X chromosome
E. 22 autosomes plus a Y chromosomes
3. How many sperms would likely be deposited by a normal young adult male in the vagina
during ejaculation?
A. 300 thousands
B. 300 millions
C. 30 millions
D.3 millions
E. 300
4. The eight-day blastocyst:
A. is surrounded by zona pellucide
B. has about 6 to 8 cells
C. lies under uterine epithelium
D. is partially implanted
E. has a secondary yolk sac
5. Ectopic implantations occur most commonly in the
A. Ovary
B. abdominal cavity
C. oviduct
D. cervix
E. mesentery
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks:
1.There are three periods from fertilization to matured fetal: __________________________,
______________________________ and ______________________.
2.At three days, a solid ball of 12-16 cells called _______________, leaves the uterine tube and
enters the _______________________.
3.The blastocyst consists of ______________________, ___________________ and
_______________________.
4.About the fifith day after fertilization, the membrane around the blastocyst, called the
_________________________, degenerates and disappears. The ___________________ of the
blastocyst then attaches to the __________________epithelium.
5.Implantation is began on ___________ days after fertilization and completed by ___________
days.
6.The trophoblast differentiates into the multinucleated ______________________________
outward and ___________________ inward.
7. According to the site of relationship between deciduas and blastocyst, three regions of the
deciduas are identified as ____________________, ___________________ and
____________________.
8. Normally, the human blastocyst implants in the endometrium along the __________________
and _______________ walll of the body of the uterus.
9.During the second week of the development, the inner cell mass differentiates into
___________________ and _______________.The two juxtaposed cells of these two cavities
form a flat disc and they are known as the __________________.
Ⅲ. Questions:
1. The definition of the human Embryology.
2. The major phases of fertilization and the site where fertilization typically occurs.
3. Endometrial changes that enable implantation and the hormones that modulates this
change
4. Normal sites of implantation and the most common abnormal sites.
5. Morphologic changes in the zygote that occur enroute to the uterus
6. The development roles of the inner cell mass and the outer cell mass.
7. Bilaminar germ discs.