CV Geology
GEOUNITS
Ke
Kucg
Kush
Qa
Qca
Qg
Qls
Qoa
Qog
Qs
Qsb
Tcd
Tcdss
Tcw
Tcwsh
Tjsh
Tjss
Tm
Tma
Tmash
Tml
Tp
Tr
Tsbs
Tsp
Tspss
Tsq
fc
fg
fs
ocean
water
Figure 3.1: Dibblee geologic formations for the Carpinteria Valley (Diblee,
1988). Faults are in dark brown, watershed boundaries in yellow, and stream
monitoring points in red. The important formations are the Matilija Sandstone
(Tma), Juncal Formation (Tjsh), Coldwater sandstone (Tcw, Tcwsh, Tmash),
Cozy Dell Shale (Tcd, Tcdss), Sespe Formation (Tsp and Tspss), foothill
alluvial fans of silt sand and gravel (Qoa, Qog, Qca), and coastal plain fluvial
sediments (Qa, Qs).
138
D
C
B
A
Figure 3.2: Hydrologic soil groups (A-D) for the Carpinteria Valley; soils
with high (A), moderate (B), low (C), and limited (D) infiltration capacity.
139
Uplands
Foothills
Rapid runoff
Coastal plain
Area
Upland
Foothill
Coastal Plain
Rapid Runoff
(ha)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Santa Monica
981
95
2
2
1
Franklin
1112
38
15
29
17
Carpinteria
3998
78
9
10
3
Figure 3.3: Morphological unit with percentages of each category by
watershed for the Carpinteria Valley.
140
SM05
SM04
SM01

FK06
FK04
FK03 FK07
FK00
CP05
GB04
CP02
CP20
CP00
CP30
Kilometers
0
0.5
1
2
3
4
Figure 3.4: Watersheds of the Carpinteria Valley (34o24’N, 119o30’W).
Sampling points are shown in red. Colored polygons distinguish the
contributing area for each sampled subcatchment. The Carpinteria Salt Marsh
is demarked with a green stipple.
141
Figure 3.5: A close up of the urban-agricultural fringe on Santa Monica and
Franklin creeks showing the detailed digitizing done for the 2002 land use
classification effort. Land use boundaries are in yellow with the watershed
boundaries and sampling points in red.
142
1929
1976
2002
Figure 3.6: Aerial photographs of land use in 1929, 1976 and 2002. The
watershed boundaries and drainage network are included for reference.
143
1200
100
Baseflow
Stormflow
1000
80
Rainfall
60
800
600
40
Rainfall (cm)
Annual discharge (10 3 m 3)
1400
400
20
200
0
0
SM-WY02
FK-WY02
CP-WY02
SM-WY03
FK-WY03
CP-WY03
Figure 3.7: Baseflow and stormflow in thousands of cubic meters at the outlet
sites for each watershed: Santa Monica, Franklin, and Carpinteria creek
watersheds. Distributed rainfall in centimeters shows the differences between
a drought year and a year with above average precipitation.
144
SM05
SM04
CP05
SM01
FK03 FK06
FK07
GB04
FK00
CP02
CP00
Figure 3.8: Inline sampling sites on Santa Monica, Franklin, and Carpinteria
creeks. Reaches with intermittent flow are shown with a dashed line, concrete
lined channels are shown in dark green (storm drains in dashed green), and the
Carpinteria Salt Marsh is demarked with a stipple pattern.
145
1200
1000
80
Baseflow
Stormflow
Rainfall
70
60
50
800
40
600
30
400
Rainfall (cm)
Annual discharge (10
3
m 3)
1400
20
200
10
0
0
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
Figure 3.9: Annual stormflow and baseflow conditions for Carpinteria Creek.
Distributed rainfall amounts for each subwatershed are shown for comparison.
146
1000
NH4
NO3
DON
PO4
Annual export (mol ha -1)
100
10
1
0.1
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
---------------------- WY2002 -------------------
CP00
CP02
CP05
---------------------- WY2003 -------------------
Figure 3.10: Annual nutrient export (mol ha-1) for Carpinteria Creek
watershed for WY2002 and WY2003.
147
GB04
Nutrient export (mol ha -1 )
100
NO3-Baseflow
NO3-Stormflow
PO4-Baseflow
PO4-Stormflow
10
1
0.1
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
Figure 3.11: Annual baseflow and stormflow nutrient export (mol ha-1) for
Carpinteria Creek for WY2002 and WY2003.
148
100
CP00
(a)
CP02
Nitrate export (mol ha -1)
CP05
10
GB04
1
0.1
0.01
11/7 34
12/14 1
12/16 212/19 12/28
2/11
224
6
43
12/12
2/24
11
3/15
16
4/13
25
5/2
16
10
Phosphate export (mol ha -1)
(b)
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
1
0.1
0.01
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
20
1000
Storm discharge (10
3
m3)
(c)
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
Rainfall
100
18
16
14
12
10
10
8
Rainfall (cm)
10000
6
1
4
2
0.1
0
11/7
12/14 12/16 12/19 12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.12: Event-based flux of (a) nitrate and (b) phosphate, as well as (c)
runoff-rainfall for WY2003 on Carpinteria Creek. Distributed rainfall amounts
for the watershed are provided and the numbers of days since the previous
storm are shown in gray between the panels (a+b).
149
1200
3
GB04
Outlet flow
800
3
3 -1
(a)
Discharge (m s )
Nitrate concentration (µM)
1000
4
CP00
CP02
CP05
2
600
2
400
1
200
1
0
0
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
500
(b)
CP00
CP02
400
20
CP05
GB04
300
Outlet flow
CP02 flow
250
15
10
200
150
3 -1
350
Discharge (m s )
Nitrate concentration (µM)
450
5
100
50
0
3/14
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.13: Nitrate concentrations on Carpinteria Creek during the (a)
11/7/02 and (b) 3/15/03 storms of WY2003. Discharge at the outlet and midbasin (CP02, only for the second storm) sites are included.
150
4
(a)
CP02
CP05
50
GB04
Outlet flow
40
3
2
30
2
20
1
10
1
0
0
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
35
Phosphate concentration (µM)
3
30
Discharge (m 3s -1)
60
CP00
11/13
25
CP00
(b)
CP02
CP05
GB04
25
Outlet flow
20
20
15
CP02 flow
15
10
10
5
5
0
3/14
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.14: Phosphate concentrations on Carpinteria Creek during the (a)
11/7/02 and (b) 3/15/03 storms of WY2003. Discharge at the outlet and midbasin (CP02, only for the second storm) sites are included.
151
Discharge (m 3s-1)
Phosphate concentration (µM)
70
10
FK00-temperature
CP00-temperature
FK00-discharge
CP00-discharge
35
Temperature ( o C)
30
25
9
8
7
6
20
5
4
15
3
Dicharge (m 3 s-1 )
40
10
2
5
1
0
4/18
0
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
Figure 3.15: Outlet stream water temperatures and corresponding discharge on
an open-canopy, concrete-lined channel (FK00) and a natural bottomed stream
(CP00) with an intact riparian canopy during clear skies in April, 2002. The
variance of stream flow on Franklin Creek is an indication of anthropogenic
releases upstream.
152
900
Annual discharge (10
Baseflow
Stormflow
Rainfall
60
50
600
500
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
0
0
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
Figure 3.16: Annual stormflow and baseflow conditions for Franklin Creek.
Distributed rainfall for each subcatchment is provided for comparison.
153
Rainfall (cm)
700
3
m 3)
800
70
10,000
NH4
NO3
DON
PO4
Annual export (mol ha -1 )
1,000
100
10
1
0
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
--------------------- WY2002 ------------------
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
-------------------- WY2003 -------------------
Figure 3.17: Annual nutrient export (mol ha-1) for Franklin Creek watershed
for WY2002 and WY2003.
154
10000
Nutrient export (mol ha -1 )
NO3-Baseflow
PO4-Baseflow
NO3-Stormflow
PO4-Stormflow
1000
100
10
1
0.1
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
Figure 3.18: Annual baseflow and stormflow nutrient export (mol ha-1) for
Franklin Creek for WY2002 and WY2003.
155
1000
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
Nitrate export (mol ha -1)
(a)
100
10
1
0
11/7
12/14 12/16
224 34
1
12/19 12/28
2
6
2/11
43
2/12
1
2/24
11
3/15
16
4/13
25
5/2
16
10
FK00
Phosphate export (mol ha -1)
(b)
FK03
FK06
FK07
1
0.1
0.01
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
10000
18
1000
FK03
FK07
16
14
12
100
10
8
10
Rainfall (cm)
Storm discharge (10
3
m3)
(c)
FK00
FK06
Rainfall
6
4
1
2
0.1
0
11/7
12/14 12/16 12/19 12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.19: Event-based fluxes (a) nitrate and (b) phosphate as well as (c)
runoff-rainfall for WY2003 on Franklin Creek. Distributed rainfall amounts
for the watershed are provided and the numbers of days since the previous
storm are shown in gray between the panels (a+b).
156
4500
(a)
8
FK06
7
3000
FK07
6
Outlet flow
2500
5
2000
4
1500
3
1000
2
500
1
0
0
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
3000
11/12
11/13
16
(b)
FK00
14
FK03
2500
Nitrate concentrations (µM)
3 -1
3500
Discharge (m s )
FK03
FK06
12
FK07
2000
10
Outlet flow
1500
8
6
1000
Discharge (m 3 s-1 )
Nitrate concentrations (µM)
4000
9
FK00
4
500
2
0
3/14
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.20: Nitrate concentrations for the (a) 11/7/02 and 3/15/03 storms of
the year on Franklin Creek.
157
9
FK03
8
FK06
7
FK07
80
6
Outlet flow
5
60
4
40
3
2
20
1
0
0
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
60
16
(b)
Phosphate concentrations (µM)
3 -1
(a)
100
Discharge (m s )
FK00
FK00
14
FK03
50
FK06
12
FK07
40
Outlet flow
30
10
8
6
20
4
10
2
0
3/14
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.21: Phosphate concentrations for the (a) 11/7/02 and (b) 3/15/03
storms of the year on Franklin Creek.
158
Discharge (m 3 s-1 )
Phosphate concentrations (µM)
120
80
5
70
Stormflow
60
Rainfall
50
3
40
2
30
20
Annual rainfall (cm)
Annual discharge (cm)
Baseflow
4
1
10
0
0
SM05
CP05
GB04
SM05
-------------------- WY2002 ------------------
CP05
GB04
-------------------- WY2003 ------------------
Figure 3.22: Annual baseflow, stormflow and rainfall for the three upper
basin sites. Distributed rainfall amounts for each subwatershed are shown for
comparison.
159
1000
WY2002
NH4
VWM concentration (µM)
NO3
100
DON
PO4
10
1
0.1
1000
SM05
NH4
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP00
WY2003
VWM concentration (µM)
NO3
100
DON
PO4
10
1
0.1
SM05
CP00
Figure 3.23: VWM concentrations (µM) for the three upper sites (SM05,
CP05, GB04) plus two associated outlet sites (SM01, CP00) during WY2002
and WY2003.
160
1000
WY2002
NH4
-1
Annual flux (mol ha )
NO3
100
DON
PO4
10
1
0.1
Annual flux (mol ha -1)
1000
100
SM05
NH4
NO3
DON
PO4
CP05
SM05
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP00
WY2003
10
1
0.1
GB04
SM01
CP00
Figure 3.24: Nutrient flux (mol ha-1) for the three upper sites plus two
associated outlet sites during WY2002 and WY2003.
161
1000
Nutrient export (mol ha -1)
NO3-Baseflow
WY2003
NO3-Stormflow
PO4-Baseflow
100
PO4-Stormflow
10
1
0.1
SM05
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP00
Figure 3.25: Baseflow and stormflow nitrate and phosphate export (mol ha-1)
for the three upper basin and outlet sites in WY2003.
162
100
20
SM05
GB04
10
Rainfall
1
10
0.1
5
0.01
1
15
Rainfall (cm)
-1
Nitrate export (mol ha )
CP05
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
20
CP05
-1
GB04
15
Rainfall
0.1
10
Rainfall (cm)
Phosphate export (mol ha )
SM05
5
0.01
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.26: Storm-to-storm nitrate and phosphate export (mol ha-1) during
WY2003. Rainfall amounts at the Carpinteria Fire Station are given for storm
magnitude comparison.
163
300
NO3-CP05
NO3-GB04
Q-CP00
Nitrate concentration (µM)
200
3
2
150
100
1
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
(a)
250
50
0
0
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
300
NO3-CP05
NO3-GB04
Q-CP00
2
150
100
1
50
0
0
12/14
12/16
12/18
12/20
12/22
12/24
300
25
(c)
NO3-SM05
NO3-CP05
NO3-GB04
Q-CP00
250
Nitrate concentration (µM)
12/26
200
20
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
Nitrate concentration (µM)
200
3
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
(b)
250
15
150
10
100
5
50
0
3/14
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.27: Nitrate concentrations (µM) from the (a) 11/6/02, (b) 12/26/02
and (c) 3/15/03 storms at the upper sites. SM05 was not shown in the first two
graphs because of limited data across each hydrograph. The discharge (Q)
curve in cubic meters per second is from CP00 at the basin outlet.
164
10
(a)
PO4-CP05
PO4-GB04
Q-CP00
Phosphate conc (µM)
8
7
3.0
6
2.0
5
4
3
1.0
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
9
2
1
0
0.0
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
10
Phosphate conc (µM)
8
PO4-CP05
PO4-GB04
Q-CP00
(b)
7
6
3.0
2.0
5
4
3
1.0
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
9
2
1
0
0.0
12/14
12/16
12/18
12/20
12/22
12/24
6
25
PO4-SM05
(c)
PO4-CP05
20
PO4-GB04
5
Q-CP00
15
4
10
3
5
2
1
3/14
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
Phosphate concentration (µM)
7
12/26
0
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
Figure 3.28: Phosphate concentrations (µM) from the (a) 11/6/02, (b)
12/26/02 and (c) 3/15/03 storms at the upper sites. SM05 was not shown in the
first two graphs because of limited data across each hydrograph. The
discharge (Q) curve in cubic meters per second is from CP00 at the basin
outlet.
165
25
300
15
200
10
100
5
0
0
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
40
35
Phosphate conc (µM)
20
3/19
25
(b)
PO4-GB04
PO4-CP00
Q-CP00
Q-GB04
30
25
20
15
20
10
15
Discharge (m 3s-1 )
Nitrate concentration (µM)
(a)
NO3-GB04
NO3-CP00
Q-CP00
Q-GB04
Discharge (m 3s -1)
400
10
5
5
0
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
0
3/19
Figure 3.29: Contrasts in the (a) nitrate and (b) phosphate chemographs for
the 3/15/03 storm at an upper basin (GB04) and outlet (CP00) sites. Discharge
(Q) is given for both sites in cubic meters per second.
166
160
NO3-CP05
(a)
140
NO3-GB04
Concentration (µM)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
10
100
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
90
(b)
80
DON-CP05
DON-GB04
70
Concentration(µM)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
4.5
100
PO4-CP05
(c)
4.0
Concentration (µM)
10
3 -1
Discharge (ms )
PO4-GB04
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
1
10
100
3 -1
(d)
900
Conductivity (µS cm
-1
)
Discharge (m s )
SC-CP05
SC-GB04
700
500
300
100
0
1
10
100
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
Figure 3.30: (a) Nitrate, (b) phosphate, (c) dissolved organic nitrogen, and (c)
conductivity concentration-discharge curves at CP05 and GB04 during the
3/15/03 storm of WY2003.
167
350
(a)
Concentration (µM)
300
NO3-CP00
NO3-GB04
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
120
(b)
100
DON-CP00
DON-GB04
Concentration (µM)
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
25
PO4-CP00
(c)
Concentration (µM)
20
3 -1
Discharge (ms )
40
PO4-GB04
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
900
Conductivity (µS cm
-1
)
(d)
SC-CP00
SC-GB04
700
500
300
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
Figure 3.31: Upper (GB04) verses outlet (CP00) (a) nitrate, (b) dissolved
organic nitrogen, (c) phosphate, and (d) conductivity concentration-discharge
curves on Carpinteria Creek during the 3/15/03 storm of WY2003.
168
10000
2002 Baseflow
2002 Stormflow
2003 Baseflow
2003 Stormflow
-1
Nitrate flux (mol ha )
1000
100
10
1
0.1
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
1000
-1
Phosphate flux (mol ha )
2002 Baseflow
2002 Stormflow
2003 Baseflow
2003 Stormflow
100
10
1
0.1
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Figure 3.32: Annual nitrate and phosphate fluxes (mol ha-1) by baseflow and
stormflow for each of the land use classes. Flows at the avocado site were
estimated.
169
Nitrate VWM concentration (µM)
10000
2002 Baseflow
2002 Stormflow
2003 Baseflow
2003 Stormflow
1000
100
10
1
0.1
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Phosphate VWM concentration (µM)
1000
2002 Baseflow
2002 Stormflow
2003 Baseflow
2003 Stormflow
100
10
1
0.1
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Figure 3.33: Annual land use nitrate and phosphate volume weighted mean
(VWM) concentrations by baseflow and averaged stormflow values. Flows at
the avocado site were estimated.
170
10000
-1
6
5
100
4
10
3
1
2
0.1
1
0.01
0.001
0
10/30
11/11
11/24
11/29
12/2
12/14
12/20
12/29
1/27
2/17
3/6
3/17
3/23
10000
20
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
-1
Nitrate flux (mol ha )
1000
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
WY2003
18
16
100
14
12
10
10
1
8
6
0.1
4
0.01
2
0.001
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.34: Storm-to-storm nitrate fluxes (mol ha-1) for each land use type
during the two years of the project. Rainfall for the Carpinteria Creek
watershed was provided for comparison of storm magnitudes.
171
Rainfall (cm)
Nitrate flux (mol ha )
1000
WY2002
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
Rainfall (cm)
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
6
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
1000
WY2002
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
5
4
10
3
1
2
0.1
1
0.01
0.001
0
10/30
11/11
11/24
11/29
12/2
12/14
12/20
12/29
1/27
2/17
3/6
3/17
3/23
10000
-1
Phosphate flux (mol ha )
Rainfall (cm)
100
20
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
1000
WY2003
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
18
16
100
14
12
10
10
1
8
6
0.1
4
0.01
2
0.001
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.35: Storm-to-storm phosphate flux (mol ha-1) for each land use type
during the two years of the project. Rainfall for the Carpinteria Creek
watershed was provided for comparison between storm magnitudes.
172
Rainfall (cm)
-1
Phosphate flux (mol ha )
10000
6
1000
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
WY2002
5
4
100
3
2
10
1
1
0
10/30
11/11
11/24
11/29
12/2
12/14
12/20 12/29
1/27
2/17
3/6
3/17
3/23
10000
Nitrate VWM concentration (µM)
Rainfall (cm)
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
20
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
WY2003
18
16
1000
14
12
100
10
8
6
10
4
2
1
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.36: Storm-to-storm nitrate volume weighted mean (VWM)
concentrations for each land use type during the two years of the project.
Rainfall for the Carpinteria Creek watershed was provided for comparison
between storm magnitudes.
173
Rainfall (cm)
Nitrate VWM concentration (µM)
10000
6
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
WY2002
5
100
4
3
10
2
1
1
0
10/30
11/11
11/24
11/29
12/2
12/14
12/20
12/29
1/27
2/17
3/6
3/17
3/23
1000
Phosphate VWM concentration (µM)
Rainfall (cm)
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
20
Greenhouse
Commercial
Avocado
Rainfall
WY2003
Nursery
Residential
Chaparral
18
16
14
100
12
10
8
10
6
4
2
1
0
11/7
12/14
12/16
12/19
12/28
2/11
2/12
2/24
3/15
4/13
5/2
Figure 3.37: Storm-to-storm phosphate volume weighted mean (VWM)
concentrations for each land use type during the two years of the project.
Rainfall for the Carpinteria Creek watershed was provided for comparison
between storm magnitudes.
174
Rainfall (cm)
Phosphate VWM concentration (µM)
1000
Table 3.1: Physical and land use characteristics for Santa Monica, Franklin
and Carpinteria creek watersheds for 2002. Percent agriculture includes
greenhouses.
Watersheds
Santa Monica
Franklin
Carpinteria
Area
(km2)
9.8
11.1
40.0
Ave-Slope Max-Elev
(%)
(m)
45
20
38
1192
533
1424
Land Use:
Chaparral Riparian Agriculture
(%)
(%)
(%)
92
41
79
2
2
2
175
4
36
14
Greenhouse Urban
(%)
(%)
0.4
7
0.5
2
21
5
Impervious
(%)
2
18
4
Table 3.2: Land use percentages for each sampling area. “Only” refers to the
contributing area between the above (Figure 3.4) and below sampling points
and “ws” indicates the entire watershed from the ocean or estuary upward.
Missing percentages are concrete-lined channels, Highway 101 and water
(reservoirs).
SUB_WSS
Area
(ha)
Chaparral
(%)
Riparian
(%)
Rangeland
(%)
Avocado
(%)
Nursery
(%)
Greenhouse
(%)
Other Agriculture
(%)
Commercial
(%)
Residential
(%)
SM-ws
SM-ws-only
SM01-only
SM01
SM04-only
SM04
SM05
981
7
38
973
34
935
902
92
0
3
93
46
96
98
2
0
0
2
22
2
1
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
2
0
29
2
16
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
13
1
2
0
0
0
19
2
0
0
0
0
2
64
25
1
2
0
0
FK-ws
FK-ws-only
FK00-only
FK00
FK03-only
FK03
FK04
FK06-only
FK06
FK07
1112
39
214
1073
468
859
21
79
370
291
41
0
0
42
61
53
0
9
45
55
2
0
0
2
4
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
15
0
18
16
14
15
6
27
18
15
5
0
8
6
1
5
2
35
11
4
7
0
5
7
5
8
92
7
7
7
8
0
0
9
8
11
0
15
15
15
4
44
6
3
3
2
0
1
0
0
15
51
57
14
3
3
0
5
3
3
CP-ws
CP-ws-only
CP20
CP00-only
CP00
CP30
CP02-only
CP02
CP05
GB04
3998
22
40
101
3935
7
721
3827
1232
1874
79
0
0
0
80
0
15
82
97
98
2
15
0
9
2
0
4
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
6
1
1
0
9
0
0
17
9
0
49
9
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
8
2
1
12
2
0
0
2
28
73
11
1
0
2
0
0
0
3
52
27
31
3
99
9
2
0
0
176
Table 3.3: Historic land use percentages by broad categories with impervious
surface extent for the three principal watersheds of the Carpinteria Valley from
1929, 1976, and 2002. Percent agriculture includes greenhouses.
Watersheds
Santa Monica
Franklin
Carpinteria
Drainage Land Use:
Area
Chaparral
(km2)
Year
(%)
1929
9.8
93
1976
92
2002
92
1929
11.1
48
1976
39
2002
41
1929
40.0
85
1976
81
2002
79
Riparian
(%)
3
2
2
2
1
2
4
3
2
177
Agriculture
(%)
4
5
4
48
42
36
10
14
14
Greenhouse Urban Impervious
(%)
(%)
(%)
0.0
0.2
0.2
1
2
1
0.4
2
2
0.0
2
3
3
17
9
7
21
18
0.0
1
1
0.1
3
2
0.5
5
4
Table 3.4: Distributed precipitation totals in cm for each year and by storm
according to the isohyetal method; storms were defined as having cumulative
rainfall greater than 0.25 cm on the coastal plain. In 2001 and 2002 three
gauging stations were used; five were used in 2003. Differences between
annual totals and summation of storm precipitation were events with less than
0.25 cm of rainfall on the coastal plain.
SITE TOTALS
SM01 SM04
WY2001
Total (cm)
79.7 80.5
Storm totals (cm)
10/10/00
2.0
2.1
10/26/00
3.4
3.4
10/29/00
3.4
3.5
1/8/01
0.7
0.7
1/10/01
15.2 15.2
1/24/01
3.7
3.7
1/26/01
2.4
2.4
2/10/01
12.8 12.9
2/19/01
2.1
2.2
2/26/01
6.4
6.5
3/5/01
18.7 18.9
4/7/01
4.5
4.6
4/20/01
1.9
2.0
5/26/01
0.8
0.8
Storm sums:
78.0 78.8
WY2002
Total (cm)
28.0 28.3
Storm totals (cm)
10/30/01
1.4
1.4
11/11/01
5.4
5.4
11/24/01
3.8
3.8
11/29/01
1.6
1.6
12/2/01
1.4
1.4
12/14/01
0.4
0.4
12/20/01
2.0
2.0
12/29/01
2.9
2.9
1/27/02
2.2
2.2
2/17/02
1.3
1.4
3/6/02
2.1
2.2
3/17/02
1.1
1.1
3/23/02
1.2
1.2
Storm sums:
26.7 27.0
WY2003
Total (cm)
70.6 71.1
Storm totals (cm)
11/7/02
17.6 17.7
12/14/02
0.5
0.5
12/16/02
5.6
5.6
12/19/02
5.9
5.8
12/28/02
1.2
1.2
2/11/03
1.5
1.5
2/12/03
7.9
8.0
2/24/03
1.4
1.4
3/15/03
13.8 13.9
4/13/03
8.7
8.8
5/2/03
5.8
5.8
Storm sums:
69.9 70.4
SM05 FK00 FK03 FK04 FK06 FK07 CP00 CP20 CP30 CP02 CP05 GB04
81.1
61.1
61.6
59.2
59.9
60.0
79.2
56.8
55.7
80.2
80.0
87.6
2.2
3.4
3.5
0.7
15.3
3.8
2.4
13.1
2.2
6.5
19.0
4.6
2.0
0.9
79.5
0.1
3.8
2.0
0.7
13.2
2.4
1.8
9.1
1.7
4.8
15.7
3.6
1.1
0.4
60.3
0.2
3.8
2.0
0.7
13.3
2.5
1.8
9.2
1.7
4.8
15.8
3.6
1.1
0.4
60.8
0.1
3.7
1.9
0.7
12.8
2.3
1.7
8.8
1.6
4.6
15.3
3.5
1.0
0.3
58.4
0.1
3.7
1.9
0.7
13.0
2.4
1.7
8.9
1.6
4.7
15.5
3.5
1.0
0.3
59.1
0.1
3.8
1.9
0.7
13.0
2.4
1.7
8.9
1.6
4.7
15.5
3.5
1.0
0.3
59.2
1.8
3.6
3.3
0.8
15.3
3.6
2.3
12.6
2.1
6.4
18.9
4.5
1.8
0.8
77.7
0.1
3.5
1.8
0.7
12.3
2.3
1.6
8.4
1.6
4.5
14.7
3.3
1.0
0.3
56.0
0.1
3.5
1.8
0.7
12.1
2.2
1.6
8.3
1.5
4.4
14.4
3.3
1.0
0.3
54.9
1.8
3.6
3.3
0.8
15.5
3.7
2.4
12.7
2.2
6.4
19.1
4.6
1.9
0.8
78.7
2.1
3.4
3.4
0.7
15.2
3.7
2.4
12.8
2.1
6.4
18.8
4.5
1.9
0.8
78.4
2.3
3.6
3.8
0.8
16.5
4.1
2.6
14.1
2.3
7.1
20.5
5.0
2.1
0.9
85.8
28.6
21.3
21.5
20.6
20.9
20.9
27.8
19.8
19.4
28.2
28.2
30.8
1.4
5.4
3.8
1.6
1.4
0.4
2.1
2.9
2.2
1.4
2.3
1.2
1.2
27.2
1.3
4.9
4.3
1.1
1.0
0.4
1.3
2.3
1.5
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
20.1
1.4
4.9
4.3
1.1
1.0
0.4
1.3
2.3
1.5
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
20.3
1.3
4.7
4.3
1.1
0.9
0.4
1.3
2.2
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.1
19.4
1.3
4.8
4.3
1.1
1.0
0.4
1.3
2.2
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.1
19.7
1.3
4.8
4.3
1.1
1.0
0.4
1.3
2.2
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.1
19.7
1.4
5.5
4.0
1.5
1.4
0.4
2.0
2.9
2.1
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.0
26.5
1.3
4.6
4.1
1.0
0.9
0.4
1.2
2.1
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.1
18.7
1.2
4.5
4.0
1.0
0.9
0.4
1.2
2.1
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.1
18.3
1.4
5.5
4.0
1.6
1.4
0.5
2.0
2.9
2.1
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.1
26.8
1.4
5.4
3.8
1.6
1.4
0.4
2.0
2.9
2.2
1.4
2.2
1.1
1.2
26.8
1.5
5.8
4.1
1.7
1.5
0.5
2.2
3.2
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.3
1.3
29.4
71.5
59.7
60.0
58.5
58.9
59.0
70.1
56.1
55.0
70.9
70.8
74.9
17.7
0.5
5.6
5.8
1.3
1.5
8.1
1.4
14.0
9.0
5.8
70.8
16.0
0.2
5.2
6.1
0.9
1.3
5.6
1.2
12.0
5.0
4.8
58.3
16.1
0.2
5.2
6.0
0.9
1.3
5.8
1.2
12.1
5.0
4.9
58.7
15.8
0.2
4.9
6.3
0.8
1.2
5.1
1.1
11.8
4.9
4.6
56.8
15.9
0.2
5.0
6.3
0.8
1.2
5.3
1.1
11.9
5.0
4.7
57.4
15.9
0.2
5.1
6.2
0.8
1.2
5.3
1.1
11.9
5.0
4.7
57.5
17.7
0.5
5.6
6.1
1.2
1.5
7.6
1.4
13.7
8.4
5.7
69.2
15.2
0.2
4.7
6.1
0.8
1.2
4.9
1.1
11.3
4.7
4.4
54.6
14.9
0.2
4.6
6.0
0.8
1.1
4.8
1.0
11.1
4.6
4.3
53.5
17.8
0.5
5.6
6.1
1.2
1.5
7.7
1.4
13.9
8.5
5.7
70.0
17.6
0.5
5.6
5.8
1.2
1.5
8.0
1.4
13.9
8.7
5.8
70.1
18.5
0.6
5.8
6.2
1.4
1.6
8.4
1.4
14.5
9.7
6.0
74.2
178
Table 3.5: Stream discharge, basin rainfall, and runoff/rainfall ratios for Santa
Monica (SM), Franklin (FK), and Carpinteria (CP) creek watersheds during the
three years of the study. The number of storms and number of stream samples
taken each year are also included.
Annual Rainfall3
Number of
2
Samples
(cm)
SM
FK CP SM FK
CP
14
70
71
71
80
61
79
13
105 397 287
28
21
28
11
291 738 859
71
60
70
11
157 208 185
36
26
36
1. Storm was defined as > 0.25 cm of rainfall.
2. Total number of samples: 3439.
3. Distributed rainfall.
Number of
Storms1
WY2001
WY2002
WY2003
WY2004
179
Annual Rainfall
(cm)
SM
FK
CP
18
16
19
2
7
1
7
14
4
2
6
1
Runoff/Rainfall
(%)
SM FK CP
0.2
0.3 0.2
0.1
0.3 0.04
0.1
0.2 0.1
0.05 0.2 0.04
Table 3.6: Percentages of dominant land use classes with impervious surface
extent and distance down stream to the basin outlet (DTO) for the inline
subwatershed sampling sites (SUB-WSs) on Santa Monica, Franklin, and
Carpinteria creeks.
SUB_WSs
SM01
SM04
SM05
Area DTO
(ha) (km)
973
0.4
935
2.0
902
2.6
Chaparral
(%)
92.5
96.1
98.0
Riparian
(%)
2.1
2.2
1.4
Avocado
(%)
2.0
0.9
0.4
Nursery
(%)
0.3
0.0
0.0
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
1073
859
370
291
0.5
1.2
1.9
2.3
42.1
52.7
45.0
54.7
1.7
2.2
0.0
0.0
15.6
15.2
17.8
15.2
5.6
5.1
10.5
4.0
7.2
7.9
6.6
6.5
2.8
1.9
0.1
0.0
13.8
3.1
3.3
2.7
16.9
12.4
11.3
9.7
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
3935
3827
1232
1874
0.5
2.0
5.5
6.0
80.0
82.2
97.0
98.3
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.5
9.5
9.3
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.6
1.7
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.0
0.0
0.0
180
Greenhouse Commercial
(%)
(%)
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Residential
(%)
1.2
0.2
0.2
Impervious
(%)
1.3
0.2
0.1
Table 3.7: Stream nutrient characteristics for the Carpinteria Creek catchment
as mass loading (kmol), volume weighted mean concentration (µM), and flux
(mol ha-1).
Carpinteria Creek:
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
Site
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
CP00
CP02
CP05
GB04
NH4
NO3
DON
PO4
Loading
(kmol)
(kmol)
(kmol)
(kmol)
5.5
185.9
25.6
3.1
0.1
2.6
1.1
0.4
0.3
3.5
2.2
0.8
0.2
0.9
3.3
0.9
6.2
350.4
132.3
13.6
0.3
96.6
58.1
6.2
0.3
26.3
20.0
1.3
0.6
38.9
32.5
2.5
Volume weighted mean
(µM)
(µM)
(µM)
(µM)
13.6
455.2
62.6
7.7
4.0
98.2
41.5
15.1
1.2
15.9
9.8
3.4
0.4
1.8
6.6
1.7
3.9
220.9
83.4
8.6
0.4
110.4
66.4
7.1
0.7
50.7
38.5
2.4
0.4
29.4
24.6
1.9
Flux
(mol ha-1) (mol ha-1) (mol ha-1) (mol ha-1)
1.4
47.2
6.5
0.8
0.0
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.2
2.9
1.8
0.6
0.1
0.5
1.7
0.5
1.6
89.0
33.6
3.4
0.1
25.2
15.2
1.6
0.3
21.4
16.2
1.0
0.3
20.8
17.4
1.3
181
Table 3.8: Nutrient stream characteristics for the Franklin Creek catchment as
mass loading (kmol), volume weighted mean (µM), and flux (mol ha-1).
Franklin Creek:
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
Site
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
Year
2002
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
FK00
FK03
FK06
FK07
NH4
NO3
DON
PO4
Loading
(kmol)
(kmol)
(kmol)
(kmol)
5.5
1257.8
118.9
10.8
6.6
689.0
49.6
13.3
1.6
319.9
28.3
2.0
1.0
16.2
5.2
0.8
7.8
1436.3
240.0
22.5
8.6
903.3
172.6
17.2
6.1
501.8
200.1
8.8
6.5
51.9
25.2
3.2
Volume weighted mean
(µM)
(µM)
(µM)
(µM)
7.3
1678.0
158.6
14.4
16.5
1723.0
124.0
33.4
9.4
1926.9
170.3
11.8
22.8
367.3
117.2
18.2
5.2
971.6
162.4
15.2
9.2
963.5
184.1
18.3
13.2
1081.5
431.2
18.9
59.0
471.3
228.9
29.0
Flux
(mol ha-1) (mol ha-1) (mol ha-1) (mol ha-1)
5.1
1171.9
110.8
10.1
7.7
802.3
57.7
15.5
4.2
865.1
76.5
5.3
3.5
55.6
17.7
2.7
7.2
1338.3
223.7
21.0
10.0
1051.9
201.0
20.0
16.5
1357.0
541.0
23.7
22.3
178.2
86.5
11.0
182
Table 3.9: Influence of debris basins on nutrient concentrations on upper
Santa Monica and Gobernador creeks.
Above
Below
Above
Below
SM05
(µM)
SM04
(µM)
GB05
(µM)
GB04
(µM)
Min:
0*
0*
0*
0*
Max:
0.6
1.3
1.1
1.5
Mean:
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
Median:
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
Min:
0*
0*
0*
0*
Max:
2.0
14.9
26.9
28.3
Mean:
0.5
2.7
4.5
3.1
Median:
0.1
0.2
1.3
0.8
Min:
0*
6.9
1.0
0.8
NH4
NO3
DON
Max:
13.9
24.3
27.5
27.1
Mean:
7.7
11.2
12.8
11.1
Median:
8.4
7.0
13.6
9.2
Min:
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.3
Max:
8.6
8.6
7.4
7.2
Mean:
3.8
4.2
4.0
3.0
Median:
3.5
3.6
4.4
1.4
PO4
* At or below the detection limit.
183
Table 3.10: Annual loading (kmol), volume weighted mean concentrations
(µM), and fluxes (mol ha-1) for the three upper basin sites (SM05, CP05 and
GB04) and associated outlet sites (SM01 and CP00) during WY2002 and
WY2003. The annual mean and standard deviation nutrient values are given
for VWM concentrations and fluxes only; loading is biased by contributing
area and is only included for reference.
WY
Site
Area
2002
"
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
"
SM05
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP00
SM05
CP05
GB04
SM01
CP00
(ha)
902
1232
1874
973
3935
902
1232
1874
973
3935
2002
"
"
"
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
"
"
"
SM05
CP05
GB04
(ha)
902
1232
1874
Mean upper
Std-Dev upper
-
1.3
0.9
SM01
CP00
SM05
CP05
GB04
973
3935
902
1232
1874
2002
"
"
"
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
"
"
"
NH4
NO3
Loading
(kmol)
(kmol)
0.3
1.3
0.3
3.5
0.2
0.9
0.9
59.5
5.5
185.9
0.7
33.0
0.3
26.3
0.6
38.9
0.5
102.6
6.2
350.4
Volume weighted mean
(µM)
(µM)
2.2
8.8
1.2
15.9
0.4
1.8
DON
PO4
(kmol)
1.9
2.2
3.3
11.7
25.6
22.3
20.0
32.5
55.1
132.3
(kmol)
0.5
0.8
0.9
3.7
3.1
1.8
1.3
2.5
4.7
13.6
(µM)
13.3
9.8
6.6
(µM)
3.6
3.4
1.7
8.9
7.0
9.9
3.3
2.9
1.0
5.6
13.6
1.0
0.7
0.4
365.2
455.2
51.7
50.7
29.4
71.8
62.6
34.9
38.5
24.6
22.8
7.7
2.9
2.4
1.9
Mean upper
-
0.7
43.9
32.7
2.4
Std-Dev upper
-
0.3
12.6
7.2
0.5
SM01
CP00
973
3935
0.7
3.9
155.9
220.9
83.7
83.4
7.1
8.6
SM05
CP05
GB04
(ha)
902
1232
1874
(mol ha-1)
1.4
2.9
0.5
(mol ha-1)
2.1
1.8
1.7
(mol ha-1)
0.6
0.6
0.5
Mean upper
Std-Dev upper
-
0.2
0.1
1.6
1.2
1.9
0.2
0.5
0.1
SM01
CP00
SM05
CP05
GB04
973
3935
902
1232
1874
0.9
1.4
0.7
0.3
0.3
61.1
47.2
36.6
21.4
20.8
12.0
6.5
24.7
16.2
17.4
3.8
0.8
2.0
1.0
1.3
Mean upper
Std-Dev upper
-
0.4
0.3
26.3
9.0
19.4
4.6
1.5
0.5
SM01
CP00
973
3935
0.5
1.6
105.4
89.0
56.6
33.6
4.8
3.4
Flux
(mol ha-1)
0.3
0.2
0.1
184
Table 3.11: Land use distribution by percentage for each sampled
subcatchment. Secondary and tertiary land uses were shown for reference.
There were three upper basin (chaparral) sites, one on Santa Monica Creek
(SM) and two on Carpinteria Creek (CP1 and CP2).
Land Use
Chaparral-SM
Chaparral-CP1
Chaparral-CP2
Avocado
Greenhouse
Nursery
Residential
Commercial
Area (ha)
902
1232
1874
721
21
79
7
40
Target land use (%)
98
97
98
49
92
35
99
73
Secondary land use (%)
1
(riparian)
2
(riparian)
2
(riparian)
12
(other agriculture)
6
(avocado)
27
(avocado)
1
(other agriculture)
27
(residential)
185
Tertiary land use (%)
Impervious (%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
(residential)
11
2
(nursery)
79
15
(other agriculture)
17
0
30
0
70
Table 3.12: Annual land use nutrient fluxes (mol ha-1) and volume weighted
mean concentrations (µM).
Year
Land use
2002
"
"
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
"
"
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
2002
"
"
"
"
"
2003
"
"
"
"
"
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
NH4
NO3
Flux
(mol ha-1)
292
3404
7
3869
28
238
29
54
1
21
<1
1
708
5684
<1
5731
6
179
44
49
1
146
<1
21
Volume weighted mean
(µM)
(µM)
132
1542
5
2490
21
181
22
41
9
233
1
6
130
1045
<1
1271
4
108
18
21
<1
139
<1
35
186
DON
PO4
239
294
78
172
10
2
963
2235
78
206
82
17
298
15
14
42
3
1
511
71
9
68
11
1
(µM)
108
189
59
130
91
8
177
494
47
86
81
29
(µM)
135
10
10
32
34
2
94
16
5
28
9
2
Table 3.13: Annual nitrate and phosphate fluxes and VWM concentrations by
land use class for a dry year (WY2002) and a wet year (WY2003).
Ammonium and dissolve organic nitrogen were not included given their
relatively small contribution.
Land use
Nutrient
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Greenhouse
Nursery
Commercial
Residential
Avocado
Chaparral
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Flux (mol ha-1)
Dry year (WY2002)
Wet year (WY2003)
Baseflow Stormflow Annual Baseflow Stormflow Annual
2563
841
3404
3930
1755
5684
3325
544
3869
3802
1929
5731
97
140
238
85
94
179
22
32
54
23
27
49
0
21
21
0
146
146
1
1
1
1
20
21
167
2
2
19
0
0
131
13
12
23
3
0
298
15
14
42
3
1
322
0
2
41
0
0
189
71
7
26
11
1
511
71
9
68
11
1
VWM concentration (µM)
Dry year (WY2002)
Wet year (WY2003)
Baseflow Stormflow Annual Baseflow Stormflow Annual
1839
841
1542
1931
1755
1045
3305
994
2490
2242
686
1271
285
140
181
299
94
108
35
32
41
28
27
21
0
272
233
0
401
139
5
8
6
3
56
35
120
2
5
31
0
2
131
23
12
23
37
3
187
135
10
10
32
34
2
158
0
5
50
0
2
189
25
7
26
31
2
94
16
5
28
9
2