Science
Caitlin Barrett
Pages 205-210
Classifying cartilaginous fish -page 206
1. State the kingdom to which all of the species in figure 3 belong. (1)
The kingdom all the species belong to is Animalia.
2. A) Four of the fish in Figure 3 are classified in the same genus. Deduce which these fish
are. (1)
The four fish classified in the same genus are the 2 bottom fish on the left hand side, the
large fish in the middle and the bottom fish on the right hand corner.
B) Deduce with a reason whether these four fish are in:
i) the same or different species (2)
These fish are not in the same species because they all have differences in their
appearance that separate them, those of the same species tend to look alike.
ii) The same or different families (2)
These fish are in the same families because they all are in the same genus and therefore
must share the same family.
C) State two characteristics of these four fish that are not possessed by the other four fish
(2)
Two characteristics of these four fish that others do not posses are a flat and wide body
with a long thin tail and two eyes on the top of their head that are clearly visible.
3. The other four fish are classified into two orders. Deduce, with a reason, how the four
fish are split into two orders. (2)
The two fish on both top corners and the bottom middle fish would all be in one order while
the second fish down on the right would be in a different order. This is because all three of
the first fish share a common body shape of a long thin body. The second fish has a more
flat body with bigger fins and does not share any visible similarities with the first group of
fish.
Animal classification -page 209
1. Study the organisms shown in Figure 7 and assign each one to its phylum (7)
Phylum
Organisms
Porifera
Adocia cinerea, Alcyonium glomeratum, Polymastia
mammiliaris
Cnidaria
Cyanea capillata, Corynactis viridis
Platyhelminthes
Prostheceraeus vittatus
Mollusca
Lepidonotus clara, Loligo forbesii, Procerodes littoralis
Annelida
Arenicola marina
Arthropoda
Nymphon gracilis, Pycnogonum littorale, Caprella
linearis, Gammarus locusta
2. List the organisms that are:
A) Bilaterally symmetric
Nymphon gracilis, Lepidonotus clara, Pycnogonum littorale, Procerodes littoralis and
Arenicola marina are bilaterally symmetric
B) Radically symmetric
Cyanea capillata and Corynactis viridis are radically symmetric
C) Not symmetrical in their structure
Adocia cinerea, Alcyonium glomeratum and Polymastia mammiliaris are not symmetrical in
their structure
3. List the organisms that have:
A) Jointed appendages
Nymphon gracilis, Pycnogonum littorale, Caprella linearis and Gammarus locusta have
jointed appendages
B) Stinging tentacles
Cyanea capillata and Corynactis viridis have stinging tentacles
C) Bristles
Arenicola marina has bristles
4. List the organisms that filter feed by pumping water through tubes inside their bodies (2)
Adocia cinerea, Alcyonium glomeratum and Polymastia mammiliaris are organisms that
draw water for filter feeding.
Race and racism -page 210
1. Was Linnaeus racist, in his division of humans into four varieties or in his description of
these varieties?
Linnaeus was not racist in his division as there is a noticeable difference between the
characteristics off all the racists he pointed out. However in his description of the divisions
he was border line racist because he stereo-typed each race such as saying that the
European race was ruled by laws or the African race governed by caprice.
2. Was the UNESCO symposium correct in its statement that the differences between
humans around the world are insignificant?
Yes, UNESCO’s statement is partially correct, it is correct in saying that our differences
are insignificant in terms of race and racism, however incorrect in saying that we are the
same species. We are the same genus, however we are four different species because
each race has characteristics that separates them from the other races however small they
are.
3. To what extent should efforts be made to preserve differences between humans?
Attempts to preserve differences between humans should be kept only for scientific
purposes. The differences in each race can tell scientist about evolution based on the
differences which is significant to research however, differences between races should be
kept only for research reasons not personal reasons to rid racism.
Chapter 18 questions- page 211
1. Identify the phylum to which each of the plants shown in Figure 10 belongs, giving
reasons for your answer.
A) I think this plant is a member of the Filicinophyta phylum because you can see that it is
a fern based on the shape of the leaves.
B) I think that this plant is a member of the Angiospermophyta pylum because you can see
the buds of the flowers on the plant therefore it would be classified as a flowering plant.
C) I think this is a member of the Byrophyta phylum because the glossy texture and shape
of the leaves look like liverworts.
D) I think this is a member of the Filicinophyta phylum because it resembles the leaves of
a fern plant
E) This is a member of the Coniferophyta phylum as you can tell from the pines on the
branches of the tree.
F) This is a member of the Angiospermophyta phylum because you can see the flowers
hanging from the branch.
G) This is a member of the Byrophyta phylum because it is a picture of moss.
H) This is a member of the Angiospermophyta phylum because if has flower buds forming
making it a flowering plant
2. In Figure 11, each number represents a species. The closer that two numbers are on
the diagram the more similar the two species. The circles represent taxonomic groups.
For example, the diagram shows the 2,3,4 and 5 are in the same genus.
A) State one species that is in a genus with no other species (1)
34 is in a genus of its own.
B) State the species that are in a family with two genera (2)
24-33 are in a family with two genera
C) State the species that are in an order with two families (2)
1-23 are in an order with two families
D) State the species that are in a class with three orders (2)
E) Deduce whether species 8 is more closely related to species 16 or species 6
Species 8 is more closely related to species 16 because they are in the same family where
species 6 is only in the same order.
F) Explain why three concentric circles have been drawn around species 34 in the
diagram. (2)
Three concentric circles are around species 34 because it is in its own genus, family and
order.
3. A) Distinguish between Porifera and Mollusca using external recognition features.
Porifera has no mouth or anus and is attached to rocks while Mollusca has a mouth and
anus, a shell and uses sharp radula. Porifera are also not symmetrical at all and Mollusca
had a bilateral foot but a non symmetrical shell.
B) Compare the external recognition features of Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes.
Cnidaria has radial symmetry, a mouth but no anus, tentacles and stinging cells.
Platyhelminthes has bilateral symmetry, a mouth but no anus and a ribbon-shaped body.
C) Compare the external recognition feature of Annelida and Arthropoda.
Annelida had bilateral symmetry, a mouth and anus, is very segmented and has bristles
and visible blood vessels. Arthropoda also has bilateral symmetry, a mouth and anus but
is slightly segmented and has jointed appendages as well as an exoskeleton.
4. A) State the group that humans are place in at each of the seven levels in the hierarchy
of taxa.
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Subphylum- Vertebrata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primate
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- Homo sapiens
B) Outline the binomial system that is used for naming living organisms.
Binomial means two names, which is how you write the names of organisms, the genus
first follow by the species. The genus must begin with a capital and the species must be in
all lower letters and italicized or underlined based on written or typing work. You may also
abbreviate the name after it is used in the work previous but you may only abbreviate the
genus, the species must remain in full.
C) Explain how keys are designed to allow organisms to be identified
Keys are made by have sets of pairs of descriptors, one that clearly identifies with the
organism and another that does not. The descriptors must be written so that it is easy to
make the clear difference between which is right and wrong. Each pair of descriptors leads
to another which eventually leads to an identification.