MAMMAL
AFRICA
Foot and mouth and disease

Alexandersen, S., Z. Zhang, A.I. Donaldson, and A.J.M. Garland. 2003. The
pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 129: 136.

Baipoledi, E.K., G. Matlho, M. Letshwenyo, M. Chimbombi, E.K. Adom, M.V.
Raborokgwe, and J.M.K. Hyera. 2004. Re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease
in Botswana. Vet. J. 168: 93-99.

Bruderer, U., H. Swam, B. Haas, N. Visser, E. Brocchi, S. Grazioli, J.J.
Esterhuysen, W. Vosloo, M. Forsyth, N. Aggarwal, S. Cox, R. Armstrong, and J.
Anderson. 2004. Differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouthdisease: evaluation of an ELISA based on recombinant 3ABC. Vet. Microbiol.
101: 187-197.

Cornelius, S.T. 2003. Emerging African animal diseases. Commonwealth Vet.
Assoc. News 19: 44-50.

Dewi, I.A., B. Molina-Flores, and G. Edwards-Jones. 2004. A generic
spreadsheet model of a disease epidemic with application to the first 100 days of
the 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK. Vet. J. 167: 167-174.

Donaldson, A.I., and R.F. Sellers. 2003. Transmission of FMD by people. Vet.
Rec. 153: 279-280.

Geering, W.A., and J. Lubroth. 2002. Preparation of foot-and-mouth disease
contingency plans. FAO Animal Health Manual No.16, viii.

Gibbs, P. 2003. The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic of 2001 in the UK:
implications for the USA and the "war on terror". An agenda for action:
veterinary medicine's role in biodefense and public health. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 30:
121-132.

Grubman, M.J., and B. Baxt. 2004. Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin. Microbiol.
Rev. 17: 465-493.

Jorna, T., G. Benedictus, A. Bouma, A.J. Breeuwsma, P. Franken, A.J. Plaisier,
and P. Sutmüller. 2003. The control of foot and mouth: conclusions and
recommendations of the Working Group FM. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde
128: 146-148.

Kitching, R.P. 2003. Foot and mouth disease diagnostics: requirements for
demonstration of freedom from infection. 70th General session of the
International Committee, Paris, France, 26-31 May 2002. pp. 189-203.

Musser, J.M.B. 2004. A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc. 224: 1261-1268.

Niedbalski, W. 2004. Comparison of different ELISA methods for the detection
of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type O. Bull. Vet.
Instit. Pulawy 48: 5-9.

Paprocka, G. 2003. Advances in foot-and-mouth disease laboratory diagnoses.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna 59: 706-709.

Salman, M.D. 2004. Controlling emerging diseases in the 21st century
"One Medicine for the Future". A symposium honoring the lifetime achievements
of Prof. Calvin W. Schwabe, St. Louis, Missouri. Prevent. Vet. Med. 62: 177184.

Szweda, W., S. Mikulska, and Z. Procajlo. 2003. Differential diagnosis of foot
and mouth disease. Medycyna Weterynaryjne 78: 211-218.

Taylor, N.M., N. Honhold, A.D. Paterson, and L.M. Mansley. 2004. Risk of footand-mouth disease associated with proximity in space and time to infected
premises and the implications for control policy during the 2001 epidemic in
Cumbria. Vet. Rec. 154: 617-626.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever

deer farms in New Zealand. Vet. Rec. 148: 334-340.

Bender, L.C., H. Li, B.C. Thompson, P.C. Morrow, and R. Valdez. 2003.
Infectious disease survey of gemsbok in New Mexico. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 772-778.

Brenner, J., S. Perl, D. Lahav, S. Garazi, Z. Oved, A. Shlosberg, A., and D.D.
David. 2002. An unusual outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a beef herd in
Israel. J. Vet. Med. Series B 49: 304-307.

Collins, J.K., C. Bruns, T.L. Vermedahl, A.L. Schiebel, M.T. Jessen, P.C.
Schultheiss, G.M. Anderson, R.P. Dinsmore, R.J. Callan, and J.C. DeMartini.
2000. Malignant catarrhal fever: polymerase chain reaction survey for ovine
herpesvirus 2 and other persistent herpesvirus and retrovirus infections of dairy
cattle and bison. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 12: 406-411.

Cortez, P.P., P.D. Pereira, A. Cortez, C. Mendona, and G. Thompson. 2002.
Three confirmed cases of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Portugal. Revista
Portuguesa de Cincias Veterinrias 97: 43-46.

Dewals, B., C. Boudry, N. Markine-Goriaynoff, D.Desmecht, P.P. Pastoret, and
A. Vanderplasschen. 2003. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1: the causative agent of the
African form of malignant catarrhal fever. Annales de Medecine Veterinaire 147:
1-15.

Ehlert, F., I. Gollnast, G. Neumann, and A. Hlinak. 2003. Malignant catarrhal
fever in cattle - a case report. Praktische Tierarzt 84: 938-940.

Klieforth, R., G. Maalouf, I. Stalis, K. Terio, D. Janssen, and M. Schrenzel. 2002.
Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in Barbary red deer (Cervus elaphus
barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. J.
Clin. Microbiol. 40: 3381-3390.

Li, H., K. Gailbreath, L.C. Bender, K. West, J. Keller, and T.B. Crawford. 2003.
Evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in
muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx
gazella). J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 875-880.

Mnller-Doblies, U.U., J. Egli, B. Hauser, H. Li, M. Strasser, F. Ehrensperger, U.
Braun, and M. Ackermann. 2001. The diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant
catarrhal fever. Schweizer Archiv fnr Tierheilkunde 143: 581-591.

Mnller-Doblies, U.U., J. Egli, H. Li, U. Braun, and M. Ackermann, M. 2001.
Epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever in Switzerland. Schweizer Archiv fnr
Tierheilkunde 143: 173-183.

Schenz, C., A. Pernthaner, M. Bagiz., K. Mostl, and W. Baumgartner. 2000.
Diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle using PCR in comparison
to clinical and pathological examination. Wiener Tierztliche Monatsschrift 87:
350-358.

Schultheiss, P.C., J.K. Collins, T.R. Spraker, and J.C. DeMartini. 2000. Epizootic
malignant catarrhal fever in three bison herds: differences from cattle and
association with ovine herpesvirus-2. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 12: 497-502.

Worthington, R.W., and R.D. Bigalke. 2001. A review of the infectious diseases
of African wild ruminants. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 68: 291-32
NORTH AMERICA
Chronic wasting disease of cervids

AAZV/AAWV/WDA Annual Conference. 2004. Chronic wasting disease. San
Diego, California: 224-227.

Bunk, S. 2004. Chronic wasting disease-prion disease in the wild. PloS Biol. 2:
E121.

Diefenbach, D.B., C.S. Rosenberry, and R.C. Boyd. 2004. From the field:
efficacy of detecting chronic wasting disease via sampling hunter-killed whitetailed deer. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 32: 267-272.

Jacques, C.N., J.A. Jenks, A.L. Jenny, and S.L. Griffin. 2003. Prevalence of
chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging deer and elk in
South Dakota. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 29-34.

Kellar, J.A., and V.W. Lees. 2003. Risk management of the transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies in North America. Rev. Sci. Tech. 22: 201-225.

Miller, M.W., E.S. Williams, C.W. McCarty, T.R. Spraker, T.J. Kreeger, C.T.
Larsen, and E.T. Thorne. 2000. Epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids in Colorado and Wyoming. J. Wildl. Dis. 36: 676-690.

Miller, M.W., E.S. Williams, N.T. Hobbs, and L.L. Wolfe. 2004. Environmental
sources of prion transmission in mule deer. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1003-1006.

Miller, M.W., and M.A. Wild. 2004. Epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in
captive white-tailed deer and mule deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 40: 320-327.

O’Rourke, K. 2004. Scientists prove environmental transmission of CWD. J.
Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225: 22.

Travis, D., and M. Miller. 2003. A short review of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies, and guidelines for managing risks associated with chronic
wasting disease in captive cervids in zoos. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 34: 125-133.

Wild, M.A., T.R. Spraker, C.J. Sigurdson, K.I. O’Rourke, and M.W. Miller.
2002. Preclinical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using
tonsillar biopsy. J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt. 10): 2629-2634.
Bovine mycobacteriosis in white-tailed deer ecosystems

Bruning-Fann, C.S., S.M. Schmitt, S.D. Fitzgerald, J.S. Fierke, P.D. Friedrich,
J.B. Kaneene, K.A. Clarke, K.L. Butler, J.B. Payeur, D.L. Whipple, T.M. Cooley,
J.M. Miller, and D.P. Muzo. 2001. Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging
carnivores from Michigan. J. Wildl. Dis. 37: 58-64.

Miller, R., J.B. Kaneene, S.D. Fitzgerald, and S.M. Schmitt. 2003. Evaluation of
the influence of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Michigan wild deer
population. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 84-95.

O’Brien, D.J., S.M. Schmitt, D.E. Berry, S.D. Fitzgerald, J.R. Vanneste, T.J.
Lyon, D. Magsig, J.S. Fierke, T.M. Cooley, L.S. Zwick, and B.V. Thomsen.
2004. Estimating the true prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in hunter-harvested
white-tailed deer in Michigan. J. Wildl. Dis. 40: 42-52.

Palmer, M.V., W.R. Waters, and D.L. Whipple. 2004. Shared feed as a means of
deer-to-deer transmission of Mycobacterium bovis. J. Wildl. Dis. 40: 87-91.

Palmer, M.V., W.R. Waters, and D.L. Whipple. 2003. Aerosol exposure of
white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to Mycobacterium bovis. J. Wildl. Dis.
39: 817-823.

Wilkins, M.J., P.C. Bartlett, B. Frawley, D.J. O’Brien, C.E. Miller, and M.L.
Boulton. 2003. Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) exposure as a recreational risk
for hunters: results of a Michigan Hunter Survey, 2001. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.
7: 1001-1009.
Toxoplasmosis in sea otters

Cole, R.A., D.S. Lindsay, D.K. Howe, C.L. Roderick, J.P. Dubey, N.J. Thomas,
and L.A. Baeten. 2000. Biological and molecular characterizations of
Toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris
nereis). J. Parasitol. 86: 526-530.

Dubey, J.P., R. Zarnke, N.J. Thomas, S.K. Wong, W. Van Bonn, M. Briggs, J.W.
Davis, R. Ewing, M. Mense, O.C. Kwok, S. Romand, and P. Thulliez. 2003.
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis
canis-like infections in marine mammals. Vet. Parasitol. 116: 275-296.

Kreuder, C., M.A. Miller, D.A. Jessup, L.J. Lowenstine, M.D. Harris, J.A. Ames,
T.E. Carpenter, P.A. Conrad, and J.A. Mazet. 2003. Patterns of mortality in
southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from 1998-2001. J. Wildl. Dis. 39:
495-509.

Lindsay, D.S., M.V. Collins, S.M. Mitchell, R.A. Cole, G.J. Flick, C.N. Wetch, A.
Linquist, and J.P. Dubey. 2003. Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii
in seawater. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 Suppl.: 687-688.

Miller, M.A., M.E. Grigg, C. Kreuder, E.R. James, A.C. Melli, P.R. Crosbie, D.A.
Jessup, J.C. Boothroyd, D. Brownstein, and P.A. Conrad. 2004. An unusual
genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra
lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality. Int. J. Parasitol. 34: 275-284.

Miller, M.A., I.A. Gardner, A. Packham, J.K. Mazet, K.D. Hanni, D. Jessup, J.
Estes, R. Jameson, E. Dodd, B.C. Barr, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M. Gulland, and P.A.
Conrad. 2002. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for
demonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the sea otter (Enhydra
lutris). J. Parasit. 88: 594-599.
SOUTH AMERICA
Anaplasmosis

Bekker, C.P., S. de Vos, A. Taoufik, O.A. Sparagano, and F. Jongejan. 2002.
Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ruminants and
detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks by reverse
line blot hybridization. Vet. Microbiol. 89: 223-38.

Benavides, E., O. Vizcaino, C.M. Britto, A. Romero, and A. Rubio. 2000. An
attenuated trivalent vaccine against babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Colombia.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 916: 613-616.

Carrique, J.J., G.J. Morales, and M. Edelsten. 2000. Endemic instability for
babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in the Bolivian Chaco. Vet. J. 160: 162164.

de La Fuente, J., L.M. Passos, R.A. Van Den Bussche, M.F. Ribeiro, E.J. FacuryFilho, and K.M. Kocan. 2004. Genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of
Anaplasma marginale isolates from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 26:
121: 307-316.

de la Fuente, J., K.M. Tocan, J.C. Garcia-Garcia, E.F. Blouin, P.L. Claypool, and
J.T. Saliki. 2002. Vaccination of cattle with Anaplasma marginale derived from
tick cell culture and bovine erythrocytes followed by challenge-exposure with
infected ticks. Vet. Microbiol. 89: 239-251.

Grzeszczuk, A., B. Puzanowska, H. Miegoc, and D. Prokopowicz. 2004.
Incidence and prevalence of infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Prospective study in healthy individuals exposed to ticks. Ann. Agric. Environ.
Med. 11: 155-157.

Kano, F.S., O. Vidotto, R.C. Pacheco, and M.C. Vidotto. 2002. Antigenic
characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolates from different regions of Brazil.
Vet. Microbiol. 87: 131-138.

Kocan, K.M.., J. de la Fuente, A.A. Guglielmone AA, and R.D. Melendez. 2003.
Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle.
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16: 698-712.

Kocan, K.M., J. De La Fuente, E.F. Blouin, and J.C. Garcia-Garcia. 2002.
Adaptations of the tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, for survival in
cattle and ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28: 9-25.

Kocan, K.M., T. Halbur, E.F. Blouin, V. Onet, J. de la Fuente, J.C. Garcia-Garcia
and J.T. Saliki. 2001. Immunization of cattle with Anaplasma marginale derived
from tick cell culture. Vet. Parasitol. 102: 151-161.

Kocan, K.M., E.F. Blouin, and A.F. Barbet. 2000. Anaplasmosis control. Past,
present, and future. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 916: 501-509.

Ogden, N.H., A.N. Casey, N.P. French, and Z. Woldehiwet. 2002. A review of
studies on the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep:
implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28:
195-202.

Oliveira, J.B., C.R. Madruga, M.A. Schenk, R.H. Kessler, M. Miguita, and F.R.
Araujo. 2003. Antigenic characterization of Brazilian isolates of Anaplasma
marginale. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 98: 395-400.

Rey, C., P.M. Aso, and A. Coronado. 2000. Homologous and heterologous
immune reactions between Venezuelan geographic isolates of Anaplasma
marginale. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 916: 658-661.

Rey Valeiron, C., P.M. Aso, and A. Coronado. 2003. Prevalence of Anaplasma
marginale and specific antibodies in new born calves. Acta Cient. Venez. 54:121126.

Rodriguez-Vivas, R.I., Y. Mata-Mendez, E. Perez-Gutierrez, and G. Wagner.
2004. The effect of management factors on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma
marginale in Bos indicus cattle in the Mexican tropics. Trop. Anim. Health Prod.
36: 135-143.

Stuen, S., K. Bergstrom, and E. Palmer. 2002. Reduced weight gain due to
subclinical Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila)
infection. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28: 209-15.
Histoplasmosis

Cermeno, J.R., I. Hernandez, J.J. Cermeno, G. Godoy, J.J. Cermeno, Y. Orellan,
Y. Blanco, I. Cabello, Y. Guzman, F. Alcala, T. Garcia, and S. Penna. 2004.
Epidemiological survey of histoplasmine and paracoccidioidine skin reactivity in
an agricultural area in Bolivar state, Venezuela. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 19: 189-193.

de Medeiros Muniz, M., C.V. Pizzini, J.M. Peralta, E. Reiss, and R.M. ZancopeOliveira. 2001. Genetic diversity of Histoplasma capsulatum strains isolated
from soil, animals, and clinical specimens in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, by a
PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:
4487-4494.

Durkin, M.M., P.A. Connolly, K. Karimi, E. Wheat, C. Schnizlein-Bick, S.D.
Allen, K. Alves, R.P. Tewari, and E. Keath. 2004. Pathogenic differences
between North American and Latin American strains of Histoplasma capsulatum
var. capsulatum in experimentally infected mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 43704373.

Ferreira, O.G., S.V. Cardoso, A.S. Borges, M.S. Ferreira, and A.M. Loyola. 2002.
Oral histoplasmosis in Brazil. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol.
Endod. 93: 654-659.

Lyon, G.M., A.V. Bravo, A. Espino, M.D. Lindsley, R.E. Gutierrez, I. Rodriguez,
A. Corella, F. Carrillo, M.M. McNeil, D.W. Warnock, and R.A. Hajjeh. 2004.
Histoplasmosis associated with exploring a bat-inhabited cave in Costa Rica,
1998-1999. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70: 438-442.

Mendez-Tovar, L.J., A. Lemini-Lopez, F. Hernandez-Hernandez, P. ManzanoGayosso, R. Blancas-Espinosa, and R. Lopez-Martinez. 2003. Mycoses
frequency in three communities in the North mountain of the State of Puebla.
Gac. Med. Mex. 139: 118-22.

Zia, S.A., F. Siddiqui, and E. Nemat. Disseminated histoplasmosis in an
immunocompetent host. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 52: 376-378.
Toxoplasmosis

Canon-Franco, W.A., L.E. Yai, A.M. Joppert, C.E. Souza, S.R. D'Auria, J.P.
Dubey, and S.M. Gennari. 2003. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii
antibodies in the rodent capybara (Hidrochoeris hidrochoeris) from Brazil. J
Parasitol. 89: 850.

Diaz-Suarez, O., J. Estevez, M. Garcia, R. Cheng-Ng, J. Araujo, and M. Garcia.
2003. [Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in a Yucpa Amerindian community
of Sierra de Perija, Zulia State, Venezuela] Rev. Med. Chil. 131: 1003-1010.

Dubey, J.P., M.C. Venturini, L. Venturini, M. Piscopo, D.H. Graham, E. Dahl, C.
Sreekumar, M.C. Vianna, and T. Lehmann. 2003. Isolation and genotyping of
Toxoplasma gondii from free-ranging chickens from Argentina. J. Parasitol. 89:
1063-1064.

Dubey, J.P., I.T. Navarro, C. Sreekumar, E. Dahl, R.L. Freire, H.H. Kawabata,
M.C. Vianna, O.C. Kwok, S.K. Shen, P. Thulliez, and T. Lehmann. 2004.
Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats from Parana, Brazil: seroprevalence, tissue
distribution, and biologic and genetic characterization of isolates. J. Parasitol. 90:
721-726.

Meireles, L.R., A.J. Galisteo Jr, E. Pompeu, and H.F. Andrade Jr. 2004.
Toxoplasma gondii spreading in an urban area evaluated by seroprevalence in
free-living cats and dogs. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 9: 876-881.

Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Toxoplasmosis. 2004. May
23-27, 2003. Tarrytown, New York, USA. Int. J. Parasitol. 34: 249-432.

Saavedra, G.M., and Y.R. Ortega. 2004. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii
in swine from slaughterhouses in Lima, Peru, and Georgia, U.S.A. J. Parasitol. 90:
902-904.
AVIAN
AFRICA
Chlamydophilosis

Barboni de Stella, A.M., N. Guida, J.A. Picos, F. Grimoldi, and E.V. Moras.
2001. Avian chlamydial infections: comparison of diagnostic techniques.
Investigacian Veterinaria 3: 161-164.

Harris, D.J., and V. Koehler. 1999. Practical antibiotic selection in avian patients.
Comp. Cont. Ed. Pract. Vet. 21: 115-120.

Kos, U., B. Slavec, and J. Golja. 2000. Chlamydiosis (chlamydophilosis) in free
living pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) in Ljubljana. Veterinarske Novice 26:
73-75.

Rzedzicki, J., and S. Tokarzewski. 2001. Birds as a potential source of human
infection by Chlamydiae. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 57: 459-463.

Schettler, E., J. Fickel, H. Hotzel, K. Sachse, W.J. Streich, U. Wittstatt, and K.
Frolich, K. 2003. Newcastle disease virus and Chlamydia psittaci in free-living
raptors from Eastern Germany. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 57-63.

Vlahovic, K., M. Pavlak, and J. Dov. 2002. Avian chlamydiosis (Chlamydophila
psittaci). Praxis Veterinaria (Zagreb) 50: 265-271.
NORTH AMERICA
Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy

Dodder, N.G., B. Strandberg, T. Augspurger, and R.A. Hites. Lipophilic organic
compounds in lake sediment and American coot (Fulica americana) tissues, both
affected and unaffected by avian vacuolar myelinopathy. Sci. Total Environ. 311:
81-89.

Fischer, J.R., L.A. Lewis-Weis, and C.M. Tate. 2003. Experimental vacuolar
myelinopathy in red-tailed hawks. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 400-406.

Larsen, R.S., F.B. Nutter, T. Augspurger, T.E. Rocke, N.J. Thomas, and M.K.
Stoskopf. 2003. Failure to transmit avian vacuolar myelinopathy to mallard
ducks. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 707-711.

Larsen, R.S., F.B. Nutter, T. Auspurger, T.E. Rocke, L. Tomlinson, N.J. Thomas,
and M.K. Stoskopf. 2002. Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in
American coots. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221: 80-85.

Lewis-Weis, L.A., R.W. Gerhold, and J.R. Fischer. 2004. Attempt to reproduce
vacuolar myelinopathy in chickens and swine. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet./Am.
Assoc. Wildl. Vet./Wildl. Dis. Assoc., San Diego, California: 434.
Mycoplasmosis

Farmer, K.L., G.E. Hill, and S.R. Roberts. 2002. Susceptibility of a naïve
population of house finches to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Wildl. Dis. 38:
282-286.

Faustino, C.R., C.S. Jennelle, V. Connolly, A.K. Davis, E.C. Swarthout, A.A.
Dhondt, and E.G. Cooch. 2004. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection dynamics
in a house finch population: seasonal variation in survival, encounter and
transmission rate. J. An. Ecol. 73: 651-669.

Ferguson, N.M., D. Hermes, V.A. Leiting, and S.H. Kleven. 2003.
Characterization of a naturally occurring infection of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum
house finch-like strain in turkey breeders. Av. Dis. 47: 523-530.

Hartup, B.K. A.A. Dhondt, K.V. Sydenstricker, W.M. Hochachka, and G.V.
Kollias. 2001. Host range and dynamics of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis among
birds in North America. J. Wildl. Dis. 37: 72-81.

Kollias, G.V., K.V. Sydenstricker, H.W. Kollias, D.H. Ley, P.R. Hosseini, V.
Connolly, and A.A. Dhondt. 2004. Experimental infection of house finches with
Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Wildl. Dis. 40: 79-86.

Luttrell, M.P., D.E. Stallknecht, S.H. Kleven, D.M. Kavanaugh, J.L. Corn, and
J.R. Fischer. 2001. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carprodacus
mexicanus) and other wild birds associated with poultry production facilities. Av.
Dis. 45: 312-329.

Roberts, S.R., P.M. Nolen, and G.E. Hill. 2001. Characterization of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum infection in captive house finches (Carprodacus mexicanus) in
1998. Av. Dis. 45: 70-75.

Roberts, S.R., P.M. Nolan, L.H. Lauerman, L.Q. Li, and G.E. Hill. 2001.
Characterization of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis epizootic in a house finch
population in the southeastern USA. J. Wildl. Dis. 37: 82-88.
SOUTH AMERICA
Salmonellosis

Haag-Wackernagel, D., and H. Moch.
pigeons. J. Infect. 48: 307-313.

Padilla, L.R., D. Santiago-Alarcon, J. Merkel, R.E. Miller, and P.G. Parker. 2004.
Survey for Haemoproteus spp., Trichomonas gallinae, Chlamydophila psittaci,
and Salmonella spp. in Galapagos Islands columbiformes. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 35:
60-64.

Reche, M.P., J.E. Garcia de los Rios, P.A. Jiménez, A.M. Rojas, and R. Rotger.
2002. gyrA Mutations associated with nalidixic acid-resistant salmonellae from
wild birds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46: 3108-3109.

Tavechio, A.T., A.C. Ghilardi, J.T. Peresi, T.O. Fuzihara, E.K. Yonamine, M.
Jakabi, and S.A. Fernandes. 2002. Salmonella serotypes isolated from nonhuman
sources in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 through 2000. J. Food Prot. 65: 10411044.

Uhart, M.M., F. Quintana, W.B. Karesh, and W.E. Braselton. 2003. Hematology,
plasma biochemistry, and serosurvey for selected infectious agents in southern
giant petrels from Patagonia, Argentina. J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 359-365.

Ward, M.P., J.C. Ramer, J. Proudfoot, M.M. Garner MM, C. Juan-Salles, and
C.C. Wu. 2003. Outbreak of salmonellosis in a zoologic collection of lorikeets
and lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.). Avian Dis. 47: 493-498.
2004. Health hazards posed by feral
Sarcocystis

Dubey, J.P., R.J. Cawthorn, C.A. Speer, and G.A. Wobeser. 2003. Redescription
of the sarcocysts of Sarcocystis rileyi (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae). J. Eukaryot.
Microbiol. 50: 476-482.

Dubey, J.P., B.M. Rosenthal, and C.A. Speer. 2001. Sarcocystis lindsayi n. sp.
(Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) from the South American opossum, Didelphis
albiventris from Brazil. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48: 595-603.

Dubey, J.R., G.C. Johnson, A. Bermudez, K.W. Suedmeyer, and D.L. Fritz. 2001.
Neural sarcocystosis in a straw-necked ibis (Carphibis spinicollis) associated with
a Sarcocystis neurona-like organism and description of muscular sarcocysts
of an unidentified Sarcocystis species. J. Parasitol. 87: 1317-1322.

Dubey, J.P., C.E. Kerber, D.S. Lindsay, N. Kasai, and H.F. Pena. 2000. The
South American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from Brazil as another
definitive host for Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999. Parasitol. 121:
589-594.

Elsheikha, H.M., S.D. Fitzgerald, B.M. Rosenthal, and L.S. Mansfield. 2004.
Concurrent presence of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts, Besnoitia darlingi tissue
cysts, and Sarcocystis inghami sarcocysts in naturally infected opossums
(Didelphis virginiana). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 16: 352-356.

Kutkiene, L., and A. Sruoga. Sarcocystis spp. in birds of the order Anseriformes.
Parasitol Res. 92: 171-172.

Rosenthal, B.M., D.S. Lindsay, and J.P. Dubey. 2001. Relationships among
Sarcocystis species transmitted by New World opossums (Didelphis spp.). Vet.
Parasitol. 26: 133-142.

Spalding, M.G., C.A. Yowell, D.S. Lindsay, E.C. Greiner, and J.B. Dame. 2002.
Sarcocystis meningoencephalitis in a northern gannet (Morus bassanus). J. Wildl.
Dis. 38: 432-437.

Speer, C.A., and J.P. Dubey. 2001. Ultrastructure of schizonts and merozoites of
Sarcocystis neurona. Vet. Parasitol. 26: 263-271.

Suedmeyer, W.K., A.J. Bermudez, B.C. Barr, and A.E. Marsh. 2001. Acute
pulmonary Sarcocystis falcatula-like infection in three Victoria crowned pigeons
(Goura victoria) housed indoors. J. Zoo Wild.l Med. 32: 252-256.
HERPTILE
AFRICA
Cryptosporidosis

Brower, A.I., and M.R. Cranfield. 2001. Cryptosporidium sp.-associated
enteritis without gastritis in rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) and
a common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtali). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 32: 101105.

D'Agostino, C., A. Lanza, C. Nannetti, G.M. Damiani, C. Tarantino, and
S. Perrucci. 2003. Cryptosporidiosis in reptiles. Obiettivi e Documenti
Veterinari 24: 43-46.

Graczyk, T.K., M.R. Cranfield, and E.F. Bostwick. 2000. Successful
hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of savannah monitors (Varanus
exanthematicus) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. J. Parasitol. 86: 631632.

Graczyk, T.K., and M.R. Cranfield. 2000. Cryptosporidium serpentis
oocysts and microsporidian spores in feces of captive snakes. Journal of
Parasitology 86: 413-414.

Harr, K.E., K.L. Henson, R.E. Raskin, D.J. Heard, L.A. Phillips, and E.C.
Greiner. 2000. Gastric lavage from a Madagascar tree boa (Sanzinia
madagascarensis) [cryptosporidiosis]. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 29: 93-96.

Hassl, A., and G. Benyr. 2003. Hygienic evaluation of terraria inhabited
by amphibians and reptiles: cryptosporidia, free-living amebas,
Salmonella. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115: 68-71.

Kuroki, T., Y. Une, and T. Endo. 2003. Cryptosporidium infections in
reptiles. Jap. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 8: 27-34.

Paperna, I. 2001. Cryptosporidium sp. in a free ranging house gecko
(Hemidactylus turcicus) in Israel. Parassitologia (Roma) 43: 91-93.

Xiao, L.H., U.M. Ryan, T.K. Graczyk, J. Limor, L.X. Li, M. Kombert, R.
Junge, I.M. Sulaiman, L. Zhou, M.J. Arrowood, B. Koudela, D. Modr, and
A.A. Lal. 2004. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive
reptiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 891-899.
NORTH AMERICA
Mycoplasmosis

Brown, D.R., M.F. Nogueira, T.R. Schoeb, R.A. Bennett, G.W. Pye, and
E.R. Jacobsen. 2001. Pathology of experimental myoplasmosis in
American alligators. J. Wildl. Dis. 37: 671-679.

Brown, M.B., D.R. Brown, P.A. Klein, G.S. McLaughlin, J.M.
Schumacher, E.R. Jacobsen, H.P. Adams, and J.G. Tully. 2001.
Mycoplasma agassizii sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of
desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and the gopher tortoise (Gopherus
polyphemus). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 Pt. 2: 413-418.

Christopher, M.M., K.H. Berry, B.T. Henen, and K.A. Nagy. 2003.
Clinical disease and laboratory abnormalities in free-ranging desert
tortoises in California (1990-1995). J. Wildl. Dis. 39: 35-56.

Pye, G.W., D.R. Brown, M.F. Nogueira, K.A. Vliet, T.R. Schoeb, E.R.
Jacobsen, and R.A. Bennett. 2001. Experimental inoculation of broadnosed caimans (Caiman latirostris) and Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus
siamensis) with Mycoplasma alligatoris. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 32: 196-201.

Wellehan, J.F.X., and C.I. Gunkel. 2004. Emergent diseases in reptiles.
Sem. Av. Exotic Pet Med. 13: 160-174.
SOUTH AMERICA
Inclusion body disease of boid snakes

Huder, J.B., J. Boni, J.M. Hatt, G. Soldati, H. Lutz, and J. Schupbach. 2002.
Identification and characterization of two closely related unclassifiable
endogenous retroviruses in pythons (Python molurus and Python curtus). J Virol.
76: 7607-7615.

Jacobson, E.R., J. Oros, S.J. Tucker, D.P. Pollock, K.L. Kelley, R.J. Munn, B.A.
Lock, A. Mergia, and J.K. Yamamoto. 2001. Partial characterization of
retroviruses from boid snakes with inclusion body disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:
217-224.

Raymond, J.T., M.M. Garner, R.W. Nordhausen, and E.R. Jacobson. 2001. A
disease resembling inclusion body disease of boid snakes in captive palm vipers
(Bothriechis marchi). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 13: 82-86.

West, G., M. Garner, J. Raymond, K.S. Latimer, and R. Nordhausen. 2001.
Meningoencephalitis in a Boelen's python (Morelia boeleni) associated with
paramyxovirus infection. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 32: 360-365.

Wozniak, E., J. McBride, D. DeNardo, R. Tarara, V. Wong, and B. Osburn. 2000.
Isolation and characterization of an antigenically distinct 68-kd protein from
nonviral intracytoplasmic inclusions in boa constrictors chronically infected with
the inclusion body disease virus (IBDV: Retroviridae). Vet. Pathol. 37: 449-459.
Salmonellosis

Briones, V., S. Tellez, J. Goyache, C. Ballesteros, M. del Pilar Lanzarot, L.
Domínguez, and J.F. Fernandez-Garayzabal. 2004. Salmonella diversity
associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain. Environ. Microbiol. 6:
868-871.

Corrente, M., A. Madio, K.G. Friedrich, G. Greco, C. Desario, S. Tagliabue, M.
D'Incau, M. Campolo, and C. Buonavoglia. 2004. Isolation of Salmonella strains
from reptile faeces and comparison of different culture media. J. Appl. Microbiol.
96: 709-715.

Mermin, J., L. Hutwagner, D. Vugia, S. Shallow, P. Daily, J. Bender, J. Koehler,
R. Marcus, and F.J. Angulo. 2004. Emerging Infections Program FoodNet
Working Group. Reptiles, amphibians, and human Salmonella infection: a
population-based, case-control study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15: S253-261.

Pasmans, F., F. Van Immerseel, W. Van den Broeck, E. Bottreau, P. Velge, R.
Ducatelle, and F. Haesebrouck. 2003. Interactions of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica serovar Muenchen with intestinal explants of the turtle Trachemys
scripta scripta J. Comp. Pathol. 128: 119-126.

Pfleger, S., G. Benyr, R. Sommer, and A. Hassl. 2003. Pattern of Salmonella
excretion in amphibians and reptiles in a vivarium. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health
206: 53-59.

Redrobe, S. 2002. Reptiles and disease--keeping the risks to a minimum. J.
Small Anim. Pract. 43: 471-472.

Schroter, M., P. Roggentin, J. Hofmann, A. Speicher, R. Laufs, and D. Mack.
2004. Pet snakes as a reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae
(Serogroup IIIb): a prospective study. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 613-615.