UNIT 1 Science of Biology Sec 1: Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 1 What is Biology? Biotic vs. Abiotic Characteristics of Living Things 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 6. 7. As a group… Levels of Organization within an Organism Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism 2 UNIT 1 Biological Chemistry Sec 1: atoms, molecules, bonding, pH, water Chapter 2 Matter Atoms - protons - neutrons - electrons atomic number 6 C Carbon 12.011 atomic mass isotopes element atoms form compounds and molecules - ionic bond 3 - covalent bond (example - CH4) - polar covalent bond (example - H2O) Characteristics of water - polar -non-polar - cohesive and adhesive - universal solvent - ice floats - high specific heat pH scale 4 UNIT 1 Biological Chemistry Sec 2: carbon, carbohydrates, lipids, protein Chapter 2 Organic molecules - organic vs. inorganic - why carbon? Macromolecule Polymerization Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Carbohydrates Functions: - monosaccharide ex: glucose ex: fructose 5 - disaccharide ex: sucrose ex: lactose - polysaccharide energy: ex: glycogen ex: starch structure: ex: chitin ex: cellulose Lipids Functions: Triglyceride Saturated unsaturated 6 Protein Functions: - amino acids - peptide bonds - enzymes graph of how enzymes work: 7 Lock and key fit: Enzyme: Active Site: Substrate: Product: Nucleic acids Functions: - nucleotide - DNA vs. RNA 8 Unit 2 Cells outline Sec 1: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Stucture and function Chapter 7 Cell theory 1. 2. 3. Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells – (ex: bacteria) - cell wall - plasma or cell membrane - cytoplasm - chromosome/chromatin - ribosome 9 Eukaryotic cells – Organelles and structures: - cell wall - plasma or cell membrane nucleus chromatin chromosomes nucleolus nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane - ribosome - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) rough ER smooth ER - Golgi apparatus 10 - lysosome - vacuole - chloroplast - mitochondrion 11 Unit 2 Cells outline Sec 2: Movement through the membrane Chapter 7 Plasma membrane (the fluid-mosaic model) label and describe the following on a membrane: - lipid bilayer - hydrophilic - polar - hydrophobic - nonpolar - protein channel - carbohydrate chain 12 Concentration hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution turgor pressure Passive Transport - Diffusion 13 Osmosis Facilitated transport Active transport: - endocytosis phagocytosis - exocytosis 14 Unit 2 Cells Sec 3: Cell reproduction Chapter 10 Limit to cell growth- 1. DNA overload 2. exchanging materials Eukaryotic chromosomes - chromatin - diploid (2n) cell - haploid (n) cell - sister chromatids - centromere Eukaryotic cell cycle: - interphase 15 Mitosis: - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase cytokinesis plant cells vs. animal cells (cell plate) Uncontrolled cell growth 16 Unit 3 Energy transformation Sec 1: Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Autotrophs Heterotrophs Energy: ATP Photosynthesis chemical formula light absorption 17 Photosynthesis occurs In the chloroplast - thylakoids - grana - stroma - chlorophyll Step 1: light-dependent reaction - photosystem II - photosystem I 18 Step 2: Light independent reaction Summary of Photosynthesis - 19 Unit 3 Energy transformation outline Sec 2: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Cellular respiration - formula for cellular respiration Glycolysis reactants: products: Anaerobic Fermentation- -Alcoholic fermentation -Lactic acid fermentation reactants: products: 20 Aerobic Krebs Cycle reactants: products: electron transport chain reactants: products: 21 Unit 4 Heredity Sec 1: Meiosis Chapter 11 Chromosome number homologous pairs diploid (2N) sexual reproduction gamete haploid (N) Meiosis Phases of meiosis 22 prophase I crossing over metaphase I anaphase I telophase I 23 prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II Gamete formation male female polar bodies Mitosis vs. meiosis 24 Unit 4 Heredity Sec 2: Mendel Chapter 11 Genetics Gregor Mendel - garden pea (why this was a good choice) true-breeding trait - Traits that he observed Hybrid Genes Alleles 25 Dominant Recessive How does this occur? Gamete Zygote Probability Punnett square Monohybrid cross 26 Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype Beyond Mendel Incomplete dominance Co-dominance 27 Multiple alleles Sex-linked traits 28 Unit 4 Heredity Sec 3: Human genetics Chapter 14 Human chromosomes karyotype sex chromosomes autosomes pedigree chart Genetic disorders: Autosomal recessive disorders albinism cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria (PKU) 29 Tay-Sachs disease Autosomal dominant disorders Huntington’s disease Autosomal codominant disorders sickle cell disease Sex-linked disorders colorblindness hemophilia Duchenne muscular dystrophy Nondisjunction disorders Down syndrome Turner’s syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome 30 Unit 5 Molecular genetics Sec 1: DNA Structure and Replication Chapter 12 Chargaff’s rule Franklin Watson and Crick double helix nucleotide DNA and chromosomes 31 Chromosome structure DNA replication Helicase DNA Polymerase Ligase 32 Unit 5 Molecular genetics Sec 2: Protein synthesis Chapter 12 Protein synthesis transcription Messenger RNA RNA polymerase 33 Translation Codon 34 Mutations Chromosomal mutation Frame shift mutation Point mutation 35 Unit 5 Molecular genetics Sec 3: Genetic engineering Chapter 13 Selective breeding hybridization inbreeding Increasing variation polyploid genetic engineering 1. DNA extraction 2. Cutting DNA restriction enzymes 36 3. separating DNA gel electrophoresis 4. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Recombinant DNA transforming bacteria 37 Transgenic organisms transgenic animals transgenic plants Cloning Gene Therapy 38 Unit 6 Evolution Sec 1: Darwin’s theory of evolution Chapter 15 Theory Evolution Gradualism Pre-Darwin: An ancient, changing earth - Hutton and Lyell Lamark’s theory of evolution Thomas Malthus (population growth) 39 Darwin’s observations - patterns of diversity - living organisms and fossils - the Galapagos Islands Darwin presents his case: On the Origin of Species Natural variation Artificial selection Natural selection - struggle for existence 40 - fitness - adaptation - survival of the fittest Evidence of Evolution fossil record geographic distribution of species homologous body structures similarities in early development common genes 41 Unit 6 Evolution Sec 2: Evolution of populations Chapter 16 Gene pool - allele frequency Sources of genetic variation - mutations - gene shuffling single gene trait polygenic trait 42 In genetic terms, evolution is … natural selection on single-gene traits natural selection on polygenic traits - directional selection - stabilizing selection - disruptive selection 43 Genetic drift - founder effect Hardy-Weinberg principle Genetic equilibrium - random mating - large population - no movement in or out of the population - no mutations - no natural selection speciation - reproductive isolation - endemic species 44 Unit 7 Ecology Section 1: The Biosphere Chapter 3 Ecology Levels of Organization - organism - species - population - community - ecosystem - biome - biosphere Energy Flow: Sunlight Autotroph 45 Importance of Producers Chemoautotrophs Heterotrophs - herbivores - carnivores - omnivores - detritivores Feeding relationships Food chain Food web trophic levels Energy pyramid 46 Unit 7 Ecology Section 2 Shaping an Ecosystem Chapter 4 Ecosystems Biotic factors Abiotic factors survival and growth Habitat Niche 47 Community Interactions Competition Predation Symbiosis - mutualism - commensalism - parasitism 48 Unit 7 Ecology Sec 3: Population Dynamics Chapter 5 Characteristics of Populations -geographic distribution (range) -population density -growth rate Population size Immigration Emigration Exponential Growth -characteristics 49 Logistical Growth -limit to resources carrying capacity Limiting Factor Density-dependent factors Ex: Density-independent factors Ex: 50 Unit 7 Ecology Sec 4: Biodiversity Chapter 6 What is biodiversity? ecosystem diversity species diversity genetic diversity Benefits of biodiversity Threats to Biodiversity habitat fragmentation demand for wildlife products 51 pollution biological magnification introduced species invasive species Conservation strategies challenges 52 Unit 8 Taxonomy and classification Sec 1: taxonomy and classification Chapter 18 Why classify? - taxonomy Scientific name - binomial nomenclature Classification King Philip came over from great Spain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species 53 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animal 54 Unit 8 Taxonomy and classification Sec 2: Bacteria and viruses Chapter 19 Viruses - nonliving - covering - inner core . - bacteriophage reproduction - lytic cycle: - lysogenic cycle 55 - retrovirus Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Identifying Bacteria - shape bacilli cocci spirilla - cell wall Gram-positive Gram-negative - movement flagella 56 Obtaining energy - photoautotrophs - chemoautotrophs - heterotrophs decomposers Oxygen? - obligate aerobes - obligate anaerobes - facultative anaerobes Reproduction - binary fission - conjugation - endospore 57