Chapter # 4 Review
1. Use the word bank to provide the proper labels to the areas indicated on the diagram below.
Word Bank
Continental Lithosphere
Rising Magma
Subducted Oceanic Plate
Deep-Ocean Trench
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Lower Mantle
Folded Mountains and Volcanoes
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Mid-Ocean
Ridge
Deep-Ocean
Trench
Folded
Mountains &
Volcanoes
Continental
Lithosphere
Lower Mantle
Rising Magma
Location
Hawaiian Islands
Aleutian Islands
Italy
2. Data table Analysis
Volcanic Eruptions 2007-2009
2007
2008
6
8
2
1
2
3
Subducted
Oceanic Plate
2009
3
1
1
o Which location will most likely experience the most volcanic eruptions in 2010? Explain your
answer. {The Hawaiian Islands} The Hawaiian Islands averaged 5.7 volcanic eruptions per
year from 2007-2009. Italy averaged 2 volcanic eruptions per year while the Aleutian Islands
averaged only 1.3.
3. Mid-Ocean Ridge Formation and the Age of Oceanic Lithosphere
o How does new oceanic lithosphere form?
Basaltic magma rises from the lower mantle and erupts along the center of the mid-ocean ridge
forming new oceanic crust. This creates what is referred to as oceanic lithosphere.
o What is the relationship between the age of oceanic crust, and its distance from an Oceanic Ridge
Spreading Center (Mid-Ocean Ridge)?
Since new oceanic crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge, as you move away from the ridge the
oceanic crust get progressively older.
4. The formation of the Himalaya Mountains.
Himalaya Mountains
Indian
Plate
Eurasian
Plate
o Explain how the Himalaya Mountains formed.
The Himalaya Mountains formed when the plate carrying India (The Indian Plate) collided
with the plate which carried Asia (The Eurasian Plate). Because continental crust is too
buoyant to be subducted, the rocks were folded and uplifted forming the Himalaya Mountains.
o Why can you find marine fossils at the top of the Himalaya Mountains?
As the ocean closed between India and Asia, marine sediments were scraped off of the
subducted oceanic plate. These sediments became part of the mountain rocks that were pushed
to the top of the Himalayas.
o What two processes act to wear down the Himalaya Mountains as they grow taller?
Weathering and erosion wear down the rocks and carry the sediments to other places.
5. The Earth’s Structure
o Use the word bank to label the different layers of the Earth.
Word Bank
o Outer Core
o Crust
o Inner Core
o Mantle
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
o Fill in the blanks as you read through the paragraph below.
The Crust is the rigid, outer layer of the Earth. It is composed mainly of granitic rocks, rich in
aluminum (Al) and silica (Si). The mantle lies directly below the crust. It is described as partially molten and is
composed mainly of iron (Fe), magnesium, and silicon. Below the mantle is the outer core.
This layer is a liquid, unlike the solid inner core. The inner core is an extremely hot, dense
ball of solid iron. As the depth beneath the Earth’s surface increases, the temperature and pressure
both increase.
6. Continental Drift
o
Fill in the blanks as you read through the paragraph below.
Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist who proposed the theory of Continental Drift. He
hypothesized that all of the Earth’s continents were once joined as a super-continent that he called Pangaea.
Wegener’s evidence was not disputed. He cited fossil evidence which included a fern-like plant called
Glossopteris and freshwater reptiles called Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus. Wegener also cited evidence of
climate change such as glacial striations on Africa, and fossils of tropical plants in Spitsbergen.
There was also evidence cited in the form of landforms such as similar mountain ranges in South Africa and
Argentina. There were also similar coal fields in Europe and North America. The
reason Wegener’s theory was tossed out, was because he was unable to explain how the continents moved.
7. The 3 Types of Heat Energy Transfer
o Label the heat transfer diagram (radiation, conduction, or convection) based on the
information provided below the diagram.
Heat energy can be transferred from one place to another in different ways. The 3 ways heat energy can
move are conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat energy is transferred within an
object or between objects that are touching. In convection, flowing fluids (flowing matter) transport heat
energy from one place to another. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require matter.
In radiation, waves transfer the heat energy. Radiation can transfer heat energy through matter or
through empty space.
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
8. Landslides
Landslides are caused when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an unstable condition. When
this occurs, rock falls or loose soils can tumble down slope. A change in the stability of a slope can be
caused by; an absence of vegetation, erosion of the toe of a slope by running water, or weakening of the
slope by water saturation from snowmelt or heavy rains. The shaking of the ground by earthquakes or
volcanic activity can often trigger landslides.
What could be done to this area to prevent future landslides?
o Grass and trees could be planted which would help keep the soil in place.
o A retaining wall could be built. Retaining walls hold back rock and soil.
o Rain water or snow melt can be directed away from slopes by building drainage channels or swales
that channel the water where it doesn’t effect the stability of the slope. It is important to make
sure the toe of the slope if protected from erosion.
Type of Plate
Boundary
Divergent
Convergent
9. Types of Plate Boundaries
Figure Showing the Nature of the
Description of Plate
Plate Movements
Interaction
At areas of sea floor
spreading, mid-ocean
ridges form where
magma rising up
creating new ocean crust
that moves apart in
opposite directions.
An Oceanic Plate Collides with a
Oceanic plates are
Continental Plate Resulting in a
denser than plates that
Subduction Zone
contain continents.
When these plates
collide, the denser
oceanic plate is
subducted into the
mantle. As the plate
descends, it melts and
the magma rises to form
a volcano on the land.
______________________________
__________________
Two Oceanic Plates Collide Resulting in a
Subduction Zone
When two oceanic plates
collide, the older, denser
plate is subducted. As
the denser oceanic plate
subducts into the
mantle, it melts and the
magma rises to form
volcanic islands.
_______________________________
Two Continental Plates Collide
Transform
Boundary
___________________
When plates carrying
continents collide, the
crust is folded and
uplifted to form very tall
mountains such as the
Himalayas. Continental
crust is too light to be
subducted, so it
continues to compress
and move upward.
The plates grind along
side one another at a
fault line. As stress
builds along the fault
line, energy is released
creating earthquakes.
Landforms
Created
Mid-Ocean
Ridges
*Deep Ocean
Trenches
*Folded
Mountains
*Land
Volcanoes
____________
*Deep Ocean
Trenches
*Volcanic
Islands
____________
*Extremely
Tall Folded
Mountains
*Low-Grade
Folded
Mountains
and Fault
Lines.