Syllabus of Pharmacology
Introduction
1. The characteristics, goal and mission
Pharmacology is an essential course that contributes basic theory, elementary
knowledge and scientific principals to diseases prevention and rational use of drug. It
is also a double bridge that links medicine and pharmacy, basic medicine and clinical
medicine. The scope of pharmacology involves function sciences (physiology,
pathology, biochemistry and molecular biology), morphology (human anatomy,
embryology, parasitology) and clinic (internal medicine, surgery, gynecology,
pediatrics) and many other disciplines. Pharmacology is characterized by wide range
of contents and profound theories, making it an indispensable course for medical and
pharmaceutical research as well as clinical and production practice. The goal of
pharmacology includes: 1) to clarify the action of drug and underlying mechanism,
support rational use of drug, maximization of drug effect and avoidance from adverse
effect; 2)to develop new drug and novel purpose of existing drug; 3) to provide
supports and methods for other life science researches.
2. Basic requirements for teaching
1) Pharmacology theory
The theory of pharmacology has its vertical extent and connections with other parallel
disciplines. Learning of pharmacology theory should be on the basis of knowledge on
physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, physiopathology, etc. Its close
relationship with clinical practice extends the width and depth of pharmacology.
The goal of teaching includes:

Deliver basic theory and principals;

Discover new drug and explore cell physiological, biochemical and pathological
process;

Introduce the latest progress and basic research ideas and means;

Initiate scientific way of thinking, in terms of drug usage and basic pharmacology
research.
2) Pharmacology experiment
Pharmacology is an experimental science, of which the theory is obtained from the
experimental studies, including nonclinical and clinical study. It is the experimental
studies that accumulate the rich content of pharmacology, and promote the
development of modern pharmacology. This is why experiments represent a critical
role in pharmacology teaching. To improve the teaching effect, we modified and
rearranged traditional pharmacology experiments to a new set of experiments ranging
from micro to macro, from qualitative to quantitative, from system organ to cellular
and molecular level that reflects modern developments. New research means and
results and new concepts and theories are incorporated in these experiments. The
students are trained to apply knowledge to practice during the designing, independent
conducting, analyzing and discussing of the experiments. In the experiments, we
encourage students to think independently, design the experiments themselves and put
thinking into practice. That enables students to integrate what they learned in the
classroom with practice, and achieved desirable results.
3. Schedule and content
The teaching schedule is set to accommodate the actual situation of our college. There
are 2 portions:
1) Basic pharmacology is scheduled on fourth grade or fifth grade. A total of 90
classes are taught by faculty of pharmacology department. The content includes
general pharmacology, efferent system pharmacology, central nervous system
pharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, internal organs and hormone systems
pharmacology and pharmacology of chemotherapeutic drugs, etc. General
introduction
covers
the
general
principles
of
pharmacology,
including
pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and drug interaction. For each organ systems,
the pharmacodynamic (such as the pharmacological effects of drugs, drug action
mechanisms, drug clinical use and adverse reactions) and pharmacokinetic (in vivo
drug processes) characteristics of drugs are detailed.
2) Clinical pharmacology is scheduled on seventh grade. The textbook and the
lectures are presented by PUMCH department of clinical pharmacology. 90 classes
are divided into 70 classes of theory (6 lectures) and 20 classes of experiments, except
for 2 classes of examination.
4. Teaching method and characteristics
Theories:
1) Lecture. Various teaching methods are furnished in pharmacology lectures.
Multimedia courseware in aid of blackboard is the common way of teaching.
Animations are also used to illustrate the mechanism of drugs, making the abstracts
lively and easy to understand.
2) “Problem based learning” (PBL) mode. The core of PBL is group discussion, with
a typical group of 25 students. The teacher will give a case briefing and then a
question is forwarded. The students will speak in turn to address the question. At the
present stage, all PBL class are hosted by professors and the topic of PBL class circles
antibiotics and endocrine system drugs. The key of PBL teaching is steering the
discussion, thus a successful PBL class calls for more preparation work.
3) English-Chinese teaching. For Eight-year medical students, the lectures are given
in English, with Chinese annotations on key points. PPTs are present in English (or
mainly in English with Chinese annotations on medical vocabulary). Experiments are
taught in English. The experience of English-Chinese teaching indicate a positive
effect that can be enhanced by perseverance.
Experiments:
1) Comprehensive experiments, which include:

Experimental skills training, including commonly used functional and versatile
experimental technique and skills, and traditional physiology, pathophysiology and
pharmacological experiments (e.g., receptor dynamics and pharmacokinetics
experiments).

Integrated function experiments, in which a combination of normal function
measurements, physiological stimulates assessments, pathological model preparation
and drug effect evaluations, are performed.

Enlightenment experiment, specifically, receptor binding assay and Adenylate
cyclase activity assay. These 2 experiments are designated to train medical students
scientific literacy and molecular pharmacology research methods, especially on
receptor theory. Enlightenment experiments need 6 to 8 classes to complete.
2) Exploratory experiment. The students will choose a subject and design the
protocol by themselves under directions of teacher. A summary report should be
prepared after study execution and data analysis. The subject should be intermediate
in difficulty and duration.
3) Scientific research practice. For higher grade students, the faculty can admit 1-2
students for scientific research practice. We believe that scientific research practice is
helpful in making a doctor to be a medical researcher. Through participation in
research activities, not only a student’s thinking skills and practice experience is
added, but also knowledge, sense of innovation and motivation of a student is
activated.
The experiment and practice program list above in all will advantage the teaching of
pharmacology. The students will benefit from these programs in aspects of self
learning capacity and problem-resolving ability. A comprehensive training of
designing, executing and analyzing cultivate the student’s awareness of integrating
theory with practice and a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts.
5. Textbook and reference
1) Yang baofeng. Pharmacology, 6th Edition. People’s medical publishing house,
2003.
2) Xu shuyun. Clinical Pharmacology, 3rd Edition. People’s medical publishing
house, 2004.
3) Yang shijie. Pharmacology, 1st Edition. People’s medical publishing house, 2001.
4) Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Goodman &Gilman’s .The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, Tenth edition, USA: McGraw-Hill Company,New York, 2001.
5) In-house teaching materials of pharmacology experiments.
Chapter1
1. Purpose
introduction of pharmacology
Understand the pharmacology disciplines, the development history of
pharmacology. Understand the pharmacology study object, study method and
mission in medicine and medical research status, grasp the basic rules of the
pharmacological effects.
2. hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching content：
(1) overview of pharmacology：outline of pharmacology development
(2) The significance of pharmacology：The content of basic pharmacology
(3) receptor：outline of receptor development，essential conception of receptor
(4) drug label（chemical name，common name，trade mark）
(5) research methods in pharmacology
(6) drug discovery and clinical drug evaluation
(7) The new drug definition and classification
(8) The main approaches and find new drug evaluation of basic requirements
(principle and content )
(9) preclinical evaluation： Including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
and toxicology research
(10) clinical drug evaluation：including phase1，2，3 trials
(11) factors affecting drug effects and principles of rational using drugs
Chapter2
pharmacodynamics
1.Purpose
Understand the basic function, drug dependent, structureactivity relationship,
drug treatment principle and scope, safety and index poison effect.
2. hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching content：
(1) The basic function of drugs,：changes in the level of organ function and the
reform of the humoral ingredients.
(2) The basic rules of the drug：selectivity，dose-effect relationship of drug，
dose，LDso，ED50，therapeutic index,adverse reaction
(3) The principle of drugs, the second messenger ，receptors, information
across the membrane
Chapter3 pharmacokinetics
1 purpose：
Grasp the relation between Transmembrane transpor and process of drug in the
body.grasp the conception of Bioavailability,compartment，apparent volum of
distribution，pharmacodynamics ,plasma drug concentration and Half-life
2.Hhours: 2 hours
3. Teaching content：
(1) Transmembrane transport
(2) Process of drug in the body
(3) Absorption： Bioavailability，first-pass effect
(4)
Distribution ， drug-plasma
protein
binding ， organ
blood
flow
Barriers,apparent volume of distribution
(5) Excretion：renal excretion,biliary excretion
(6) Biotransformation,enzymes involved in drug biotransformation
(7) Plasma drug concentration and Half-life
(8) First-order rate process,Zero-order rate process
Chapter 4 General of autonomic drugs
1. Purpose:
Grasp the classification of the autonomic drugs pharmacology; the main transmitters
and receptors’ classification, type, distribution; autonomic transmitters’ synthesis,
transport, reserve, release and metabolism.
2. Credits：2 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) Classify autonomic nerve by transmitter and describe their physiological function;
the biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of adnephrin and acetylcholine.
(2) Classify autonomic nerve system by transmitter receptor; the distribution and
function of α- and β-adrenoreceptor, M and N cholinergic receptor and other
receptors.
(3) The General action principle of autonomic nerve system drugs: influence on the
receptor directly or influence on the biosynthesis, transport and storage of the
transmitter.
Chapter 5 Cholinomimetic drugs
1. Purpose:
Grasp the conception and classification of the choline receptor agonists; understand
the N-like and M-like function of acetylcholine. Grasp the pharmacological action,
clinical application and adverse reaction of carpiline and neostigmine.
2. Credits：0.7 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) Conception and classification of the choline receptor agonists.
(2) N-like and M-like function of acetylcholine
(3) The M-like function (ocular function) induced by pilocarpine
(4) Anti-cholinesterase
drugs’
pharmacological
action,
in
vivo
process,
characteristics and clinical application of physostigmine and neostigmine
Chapter 6 Organophosphate poisoning and cholinesterase drugs
1. Purpose:
Understand the principle, symptom, prevention and cure of organophosphate
poisoning; Grasp the mechanism of action and clinical application of alexipharmic
2. Credits：0.7 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) The mechanism of the inhibition of cholinesterase induced by organophosphate;
the appearance of acute poisoning, N-like and M-like function, the symptom of
central nerve, the treatment of acute poisoning, the function and application of
atropine.
(2) Cholinesterase drugs: the mechanism of the resurrection of Cholinesterase
induced by pralidoxime iodide, and synergy and adverse rection of atropine.
Chapter 7 Anticholinergic agents aimed on M-Cholinergic receptor
1. Purpose:
Grasp the characteristics, action and adverse reaction of atropine, anisodamine,
hyoscine.
2. Credits：2 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) Atropine’s competitive blocking function on M-Cholinergic receptor, and its
function characteristics, clinical application, adverse reaction, toxic symptom and
rescue principle.
(2) Anisodamine, hyoscine’s function characteristics on central and periph, clinical
application and the comparison of them and atropine.
Chapter 8 Anticholinergic agents aimed on N-Cholinergic receptor
1. Purpose:
Understand the ganglion (N1 and N2 receptor) blockers’ pharmacological function
and clinical application. Grasp the two major kinds of anticholinergic agents aimed on
N2-Cholinergic receptor (skeletal muscle relaxant).
2. Credits：0.6 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) Ganglion blockers selective block the N-receptor. The characteristics, use, major
adverse reaction and contraindication of mecamylamine.
(2) Skeletal muscle relaxant’s effect on N2-receptor, the different mode of action
between of the non-depolarizing muscular relaxants and depolarizing muscular
relaxants and their characteristics, drug interaction and application.
(3) Celocaine’s action characteristics, in vivo process, clinical application and
adverse rections
Chapter 9 Adrenomimetic
1. Purpose:
Grasp the conception and classification of the adrenergic receptor agonists.
Understand the mechanism and pharmacological function of drug active αreceptor, β1
receptor and β2 receptor. Grasp adrenalin, noradrenalin and isoprenalin’s function,
application, adverse reactions and contraindication. Understand the action
characteristics
and
application
of
dopamine,
ephedrine,
hydroxylamine and dobutamine.
2. Credits：0.7 credit hours
3. Content：
(1) The chemical structure and SAP of Adrenomimetic.
Alamin,
between
(2) Noradrenalin: the absorption of different DDS, the main elimination ways, the
effect of MAO and COMT in the metabolism of CA. the major targets of noradrenalin
are αand β1 receptors. Its effect on cardiovascular system and clinical application,
adverse reaction and prevention and cure.
(3) Adrenalin: Active α and β receptors. Its pharmacological function, clinical
application, side effects and contraindication. Grasp drenalin, noradrenalin and
isoprenalin’s
pharmacological
function,
reaction,
adverse
reaction
and
contraindication.
(4) Isoprenalin: Active β1 and β2 receptors
(5) Familiar with Inter-hydroxylamine, dopamine, ephedrine, phenol D-dopa’s
function characteristics and application.
Chapter 10 Adrenoreceptor antagonist
1. Purpose:
Understand the blocking function on αand βreceptor, and the classification,
characteristics and Pharmacological action ofαand βreceptor antagonist.
2. Credits：0.7 credit hours
3. Content：
Grasp the function mechanism, clinical meaning, action and use of adrenoreceptor
antagonist phentolamine, phenol cumming and tolazoline.
Chapter 11 Local Anesthetics
1. The purpose of requirements:：
Grasp the pharmacological action, mechanism of action and clinical application of
local anesthetics
2. Hours: 0.5 hours
3. Teaching content：
(1) Essential conception of Local Anesthetics，Fashion of Local Anesthetics
action，Mechanism of Local Anesthetics action。
(2) Understant the fashion of Local Anesthetics action:surface anesthesia、
infiltration anesthesia ， conduction anesthesia ， subarachnoidal ， epidural
anesthesia.
(3) Grasp the pharmacokinetic characteristics of
Local Anesthetics
such as
procaine、tetracaine、lidocaine
Chapter12 Introduction of Central nervous system（CNS）Pharmacology
1. Objective and Requirements
Master the classification of CNS drugs and their mechanism of action.
2. Hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) From the point view of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of CNS to
comprehend its transmitter , β receptor as well as its characteristics of
pharmacological effects.
(2) Main function of CNS.
(3) Transmitter and receptor of CNS.
(4) Pharmacological Characteristics of CNS.
(5) The Classification of CNS by mechanism of action.
Chapter 13 General Anesthetics
1. Objective and Requirements
To master clinical indicators of narcotic phases and their physiological basis, the
commonly used pharmacology of general anesthetics, the principle and effect of
combined anesthesia medication and herbal anaesthesia.
2. Hours: 1.5 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) Concept of general anesthetics. The clinical indicators and pharmacological basis
of phases of general anesthesia.
(2) Pharmacological characteristics of commonly used inhalation anaesthetics such
as ether, halothane and nitrous oxide: the role of strength, induction period, recovery
period, advantages, disadvantages and safety.Concept of minimum effective alveolar
gas concentration.The pharmacological action and clinical application of commonly
used intravenous anesthetics such as thiopental, ketamine, Sodium Oxybate etc.
(3) Concept of combined anesthesia: preanesthetic medication, induction of
anaesthesia,
basal
anesthesia,
dissociation
anesthesia,
neuroleptanalgesia,
hypothermic anesthesia, muscle relaxant and the principle of herbal anaesthesia.
Chapter 14 Antianxietics & Sedative Hypnotics
1. Objective and Requirements
Comprehend the drug metabolism feature of benzodiazepine (BZDP), Master the
BZDP and barbiturates drugs from their mechanism of action, clinical application and
adverse reaction. Comprehend the effective feature of other sedative hypnotics.
2. Hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) Concept of sedative hypnotics. Compare the similarities and differences which
between pharmacological sleep and physiological sleep.
(2) Drug metabolism feature of BZDP: drugs action of site and mechanism, and
tolerance, addiction and other adverse reaction of drugs such as apauvin,
chlordiazepoxide, estazolam etc.
(3) Barbiturates: pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as agrypnal,
amobarbital, secobarbital and penthiobarbital sodium and their mechanism of drug
action and clinical application.
(4) Other sedative hypnotics feature of action
Chapter 15 Antiepileptic & Anticonvulsant Drug
1. Objective and Requirements
Comprehend the classification of epilepsia and its etiopathogenesis,
Master the pharmacological action of diphenylhydantoin sodium and drug’s
anti-epileptic mechanism, the pharmacological action of ethosuximide, magnesium
sulfate, carbamazepine and BZDP , and their use and adverse reaction.
2. Hours: 1.5 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) Classification of epilepsia.
(2) Mechanism of action and clinical application of antiepileptic, and adverse
reaction and therapeutic principle.
(3) Barbiturates & BZDP: the relationship of antiepileptic effect with Brain Stem
ascending reticular activation system and brain GABA. The feature of barbital
barbitone, apauvin, desoxyphenobarbital(PPM).
(4) Hydantoins:
thepharmacological
action
and
adverse
reaction
of
diphenylhydantoin sodium.
(5) Succinimide: the pharmacological action and adverse reaction of ethosuximide
(ES).
(6) Others: mechanism of action and clinical application of valproate sodium，
apauvin and arbamazepine.
(7) Anticonvulsant: anticonvulsant effect and clinical application of magnesium
sulfate.
Chapter 16 Anti-Parkinson Drug
1. Objective and Requirements
Master
pharmacological
action,
clinical
application,
adverse
reaction
of
anti-parkinsonism drugs.
Comprehend the application of anticholine drugs treating Parkinson's disease.
Comprehend the pharmacology basis of anti-Parkinson's disease combined
medication.
2. Hours:1.5 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) Pathological change and clinical situation of Parkinson's disease.
(2) Larodopa(L-dopa,LD): mechanism of action, pharmacological action and clinical
application.
(3) Anticholine drugs: the therapy effect and principle of Parkinson's disease and its
adverse reaction.
(4) Other: the feature of drug action of Bromocriptine (Brc.) and adamantanamine
(AM).
(5) Master the pharmacology basis of anti-Parkinson's disease combined medication.
Chapter 17 Psychotolytic
1. Objective and Requirements
Master chlorpromazine which pharmacological action, drug use and major adverse
reaction. Comprehend drug action feature of other Psychotolytic.
2. Hours: 2.5 hours
3. Teaching Content:
(1) Concept of mental subnormality,
classification of Psychotolytic.
(2) Antipsychotic drug.
(3) Master chlorpromazine which drug mechanism of action, clinical application and
adverse reaction.
(4) Comprehend drug action feature of other psychotolytic such as chlorpiprazine
(PPZ), eskazine (TFZ), anatensil (FPZ), serenelfi (HPD).
(5) Anti-manic & anti-depressant drugs.
(6) Anti-manic drugs: physiological disposition, mechanism of action and application
of lithium carbonate (Li2O3).
(7) Anti-depressant drugs: antidepressant effects of drugs such as tricyclic
antidepressant (TCAD), dynaprin etc. Drug effects of monoaminoxidase (MAO)
suppressant, and clinical application, adverse reaction of the drug.
(8) Anti-anxiety drug (see sedative hypnotics).
Chapter18 Analgesics
1． The purpose of requirements:：
Grasp the pharmacological action, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse
reaction of phenylbutazong,aspirin,paracetamol
Grasp the action characteristics,clinical application and adverse reaction of
morphine,pethidine,pentazocine
Understand the harmfulness of analgesic drugs abuse
2. Hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching content：
(1) Opium’s history, clinical application , pharmacological action and adverse
reactions, the classification of the analgesics
(2) Pharmacological action of morphine，opiate receptor classification and their
physiological function
(3) Pharmacokinetic characteristics and clinical application of pethidine, codeine, and
methadone
(4) The pharmacokinetic characteristics of
opium receptor antagonist
such as
naloxone
Chapter19 central stimulates
1．The purpose of requirements:：
Grasp the characteristics, action and adverse reaction of caffeine, nikethamide,
dimefline.
2. hours: 0.5 hours
3. Teaching content：
Central stimulates’ conception, clinical application and the importance of etiological
treatment
(1) Drugs mainly act on cerebral cortex
(2) Grasp the pharmacological action, clinical application and adverse reaction of
caffeine
(3) Drugs used for stimulating respiratory center
(4) Pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as nikethamide lobeline and their
clinical application
Celocaine’s action characteristics, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse
rections
Chapter20
antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs
1．The purpose of requirements:：
Grasp the mechanism of action of antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory
drugs
Grasp the pharmacological action, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse
reaction of phenylbutazong, aspirin,paracetamol
2. Hours: 2 hours
3. Teaching content：
Grasp the role of antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs principle
(1) Salicylates：aspirin ’s pharmacological action, clinical application and adverse
reactions
(2) Aniline：phenacetin’s characteristics in vivo process,
pharmacological action
and adverse reactions
(3) Pyrazoketone：pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as phenylbutazone,
oxyphenbutazone, aminophenazone metamizole sodium
and their clinical
application
(4) Other anti-inflammatory organic acids： pharmacokinetic characteristics and
adverse reactions of indometacin, mefenamic acid and brufen
Drugs affecting Cardiovascular function
Learning guide：Drugs affecting on cardiovascular system are involved in Chapter
24-30. The aim of the study is to be familiar with the function of cardiovascular
system, myoelectricity physiology and drug classification. Master pharmacological
effects shared in common;
pharmacological effects, clinical application and major
adverse reactions of key drugs.
Chapter 21 drugs used in ion channels of cardiovascular system
【Class hours】1 hour
【Teaching requirements】
To understand the classification of calcium-channel inhibitors and pharmacological
actions, clinical application and major adverse reaction about major drugs.
【Contents】
Classification, pharmacological actions, clinical uses of calcium-channel inhibitor
drugs and pharmacological actions, clinical application and major adverse reaction
about major drugs.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points: pharmacological actions, clinical uses of calcium-channel inhibitor
drugs
2. Difficult points: classification of calcium-channels and acting mechanism of
calcium-channel inhibitors.
Chapter 22
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
【Class hours】3 hours
【Teaching requirements】
1. To master the developing mechanism of arrhythmia and antiarrhythmic mechanism;
choice drugs to control the arrhythmias;
2. To master the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs and pharmacological actions,
clinical application and major adverse reaction about major drugs(Quinidine,
procainamide, Lidocaine, Sodium Phenytoin, Propranolol, Amiodarone, Verapamil).
3. To understand the electrical physiology of myocardium.
【Contents】
1. Normal electrical physiology of myocardium and electrical physiological
mechanism of arrhythmia.
2. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, pharmacological actions, antiarrhythmic
mechanism and major side effects.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：mechanism of arrhythmia; classifications of antiarrhythmic drugs,
antiarrhythmic mechanism and how to choose the antiarrhythmic drugs for different
types of arrhythmia.
2. Difficult points：electrical physiology of myocardium; developing mechanism of
arrhythmia; acting mechanism of antiarrhythmics.
Chapter 23 diuretics
【Class hours】2h
【Teaching requirements】
1. To understand the physiological basis of diuretics.
2. To master actions, uses and adverse reactions about furosemide and
hydrochlorothiazide.
3. To understand the diuretic properties and acting mechanism of spironolactone and
triamterene .
4. To understand the actions and uses about mannitol.
5. To understand main traits, clinical uses, major adverse reactions of bumetanide and
indapamide; reasonable combination of diuretics, e.g., Spironolactone and
Hydrochlorothiazide.
【Contents】
1. Concept of diuretics and physiological basis and classifications of diuretics.
2. Acting properties, acting mechanism, side effects and clinical uses about
high-ceiling diuretics, thiazides and potassium-sparing diuretics.
3. High-ceiling diuretics: pharmacokinetics, actions, uses and side effects of
furosemide.
4. Thiazides：pharmacokinetics, actions, uses and side effects.
5. Potassium-sparing diuretics：spironolactone and triamterene.
6. Concept of osmotic action; actions, uses, side effects and cautions about mannitol.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：Renal urinary physiology and urinary formation.
2. Difficult points：Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide.
Chapter 24 Drugs used in congestive heart failure
【Class hours】4h
【Teaching requirements】
1. To master pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse
reactions and preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.
2、To master pharmacological basis and significance of ACEI on the treatment of
CHF, and to understand the β receptor blockers acting mechanism on CHF.
3. To understand pharmacological basis and significance of vasodilators and PDE
inhibitors on CHF.
【Contents】
1. Pathophysicological basis of CHF.
2. Pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse reactions and
preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.
3. Other drugs (diuretics, ACEI, β receptor blockers, vasodilators.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：Pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse
reactions and preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.
2. Difficult points：The changes of myocardium structure and functions, and
nervous-humour system regulations; acting mechanism of digoxin, ACEI andβ
receptor blockers.
Chapter 25 Antianginal drugs
【Class hours】2h
【Teaching requirements】
1. To master antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin, calcium
channel blocking drugs and propranolol.
2. To understand the pharmacological basis of nitroglycerin combine with propranolol
to treat the angina pectoris.
3. To understand the developing basis of angina pectoris and classifications of angina
pectoris; and the antianginal mechanism.
【Contents】
1. Pathological causes and types of angina pectoris.
2. Antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin, calcium channel
blocking drugs and propranolol.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：Antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin, calcium
channel blocking drugs and propranolol.
2. Difficult points：Pathological causes and types of angina pectoris；Dilating the
blood vessels and antianginal mechanism of nitroglycerin.
Chapter 26 Agents used for hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia
【Class hours】1h
【Teaching requirements】
1. To master the pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions about
HMG-CoA recuctase inhibitors.
2. To understand the pharmacological actions and clinical uses about cholestyramine
and colestipol.
3. To understand the clinical uses of nicotinic acid, fibric acids derivatives and
probucol.
【Contents】
1. Pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions about HMG-CoA
recuctase inhibitors, bile acid-binding resins, nicotinic acid, fibric acids derivatives
and probucol.
2. Acting properties of polyenoic fatty acids and antioxygen agents.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：concepts of high lipoproteins and hyperlipidemias.
2. Difficult points：actions of these drugs and actions and uses of HMG-CoA
recuctase inhibitors.
Chapter 27 Antihypertensive drugs
【Class hours】3h
【Teaching requirements】
1. To master pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions of diuretics,
β receptor blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers and ACEI on the hypertension.
2. To understand the classification of antihypertensive drugs; the hypotensive actions,
uses and side effects of clonidine, prazosin and sodium nitroprusside, and how to use
in combine with other drugs.
【Contents】
1. Concept of hypertension, types of hypertension, detriment to health and progression
of treatment. Classifications of antihypertensive drugs and therapeutic significant.
Hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, adverse reactions and indications about
sympathetic inhibitors and vasodilators.
2. Central sympathetic inhibitors: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, adverse
reactions and indications about clonidine and moxonidine.
3. Drugs act on sympathetic nerve ending: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism,
adverse reactions and indications about reserpine, trimetaphan and mecamylamine.
4. Adrenaline receptor blockers:
1) α-blockers: prazosin
2) β-blockers: propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol.
3) α andβ-blockers: labetalol
5. Vasodilators: sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine.
6. Diuretics: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, and clinic uses of thiazides.
7. ACEI: Retin-angiotonin system roles in cardiovascular system regulation; actions
and uses of captopril and enalaprol, and AT1 receptor blocker.
8. Uses of calcium channel blocker in treating hypertension.
9. Using principles of antihypertensive drugs.
【Main points and Difficult points】
1. Main points：hypotensive properties, acting mechanism and clinical uses about
diuretics, ACEI, AT1 receptor blockers, β-blockers and calcium channel blockers.
2. Difficult points：hypotensive mechanism of antihypertensive drugs.
Chapter 28:
Chapter 29：on the digestive system and the role of histamine and antihistamines
1. The purpose of requirements:
Understanding of the drug classification of digestive system, peptic ulcer drugs have
focused on the role of theory and application; understanding the relationship between
histamine and allergy, have H1, H2 receptor distribution and effects, as well as the
role and application of antihistamines H1, H2 receptor antagonist.
2. Hours: 1 hour
3. Teaching content:
(a) the classification of peptic ulcer drugs
(b) Antacids: Antacids clinical application. The advantages and disadvantages of
various drugs and the significance of the combined medication.
(c) mucosal protection of the principle of the role of medicine, clinical applications
(d) the characteristics of the clinical role of H2 receptor antagonist drug
(e) the role of the characteristics of anti-Helicobacter pylori drugs
Chapter 30：role in the respiratory system drugs
1. The purpose of requirements:
Understanding of sputum, cough, wheezing among the dialectical relationship
between the master ammonium chloride, bromide benzyl ammonium cyclohexyl,
codeine, cough Biqing, compound liquorice tablets, such as the role and application.
2. Hours: 1.5 hours
3. Teaching content: outline sputum, cough, asthma symptoms among the three
relations.
(a) Expectorant drugs: definition of the role of the treatment of bronchitis.

Nausea and expectorant drugs: ammonium chloride, Campanulaceae, away from
the role and clinical application.

Phlegm dissolved drug: Bromo benzyl ammonium cyclohexyl, acetyl-L-cysteine
the role and clinical application.
(b) Cough: Codeine, cough Biqing back cough cough medicines, such as the role of
the key features and applications.
Cough expectorant compound: Compound of glycyrrhiza
(c) Antiasthmatic drugs: to be adrenergic drugs (isoproterenol, epinephrine
hydroxymethyl tert-butyl), M cholinergic receptor blocker drugs (Normosecretol),
theophylline Class (aminophylline) , Disodium cromoglycate, adrenal cortex
hormones in anti-asthmatic effect principle, clinical application and medication
attention.
Chapter 31：adrenocortical hormone drugs
1. The purpose of requirements:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone grasp the main physiological and pharmacological
effects, clinical uses, adverse reactions and application of the attention.
2. Hours: 3 hours
3. teaching content, drug classification, structure-activity relationship.
(a) Mineralocorticoid categories: the role of aldosterone category, uses.
(b) Glucocorticoids role.

Physiological role of: sugar, protein, fat, water and salt metabolism in the role.

Pharmacological effects: anti-inflammatory, anti-immune, anti-bacterial
endotoxin, anti-shock, blood, central nervous system. Respectively, described the
performance of these roles and performance of these possible reasons for the
occurrence, from the favorable and unfavorable note two aspects of anti-inflammatory
effects and anti-immune role.
(c) The fundamental role of glucocorticoid way.
(d) Glucocorticoid Clinical Applications: severe acute infection, relieve symptoms
and to gain time, all kinds of inflammation, allergic reactions and autoimmune
diseases, shock, certain blood diseases, replacement therapy, local treatment of skin
diseases.
(e) Adverse reaction: similar adrenocortical hyperthyroidism, long-term drug use
lead to dysfunction, induced or exacerbated by infection-induced gastric ulcer, the
extension of wound healing. Occasions used with caution and contraindications.
(f) Of the pros and cons of the dual nature of this type of drug. Abuse can cause
serious consequences. Discontinuation of long-term drug problems.
(g) Corticotropin: role, purpose.
Chapter 32：sex and contraceptives
1. The purpose of requirements:
Understanding and application of the role of contraceptives. Grasp of the clinical
application of sex hormones.
2. hours: 2 hours.
3. Teaching content:
(a) Review the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal regulation between.
(b) Estrogen.：
Estradiol, estrostilben, ethinylestradiol in vivo role in the process, uses and adverse
reactions.
(c) progesterone: Category. Of the uterus, ovulation, the role of the breast, uses, side
effects. Progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate and
norethisterone process and the role of in vivo characteristics of the side effects.
(d) Of androgen: the promotion of male sexual organs and sexuality, to pay
development, the role of anti-estrogen, inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin secretion,
promoting the assimilation of protein metabolism. Hematopoietic excited. Application
of adverse reactions.
Testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylacetate.
(e) The concept of assimilation hormone: (Nandrolone, Liuzhou Kangli
characteristics).
(f) Of contraceptives:

Contraceptives inhibit ovulation, short-acting and long-acting formulation and
usage of contraceptives (norethindrone tablets compound, compound A to
Progesterone tablets, contraceptive needle on the 1st), pharmacological effects,
adverse reactions, contraindication.

Anti-implantation contraceptives: the role of common adverse reactions, usage.

Trichosanthin and prostaglandins: the role of termination of pregnancy.
Prostaglandins on the uterine smooth muscle and the role of corpus luteum.

Male birth control drugs: the role of gossypol contraception.
Chapter 33：thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs
1. The purpose of requirements:
Understanding of thyroid hormone preparations and their clinical application. Grasp
the role of antithyroid drugs principle, clinical uses, adverse reactions and application
of the attention.
2. Hours: 2 hours.
3. Teaching content:

Briefly review the physiological and biochemical thyroid hormones: thyroxine T3,
T4 of the biosynthesis, storage and release. With the hypothalamus, pituitary
relationship of mutual constraints. Hormone to promote cellular growth and
differentiation and the role of energy metabolism, clinical applications and adverse
reactions.

Antithyroid drugs: anti-thyroid drugs commonly used mechanism of action,
pharmacological effects and adverse reactions. Iodine and iodide: endemic goiter and
hyperthyroidism on the therapeutic effect.

Radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism value.
Chapter 34：insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents
1. The purpose of requirements:
Master of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents the role of principle. IP applications
and the application of clinical attention.
2. Hours: 2 hours.
3. Teaching content:
(a) The history of the development of insulin
(b) The hypoglycemic effect of insulin Principle
(c) The dose of insulin to treat diabetes computing principles. Commonly used
short-acting formulations points (such as ordinary insulin). Medium effect (such as
low protamine zinc insulin). Long-lasting (such as protamine zinc insulin) principle
and the principle of selection. Attention to adverse reactions and applications.
Oral hypoglycemic agents Category: iodine acid-methyl urea has small urea, urea and
C sulfochlorophenol glybenclamide. Islet B cells can stimulate the release of insulin,
only the loss of pancreatic function in patients has not been completely effective.
Biguanides complete loss of pancreatic function in patients still valid. Caused by
lactic acidosis
Teaching Syllabus of Pharmacology
Chapter 35 the pandect of antibiotics
1. Objective
Understand the definition, research directions,now-exsiting problems and brief history
of antibiotics. Grasp main classes and mechanism of action of antibiotics,grasp
drug-resistant strains and mechanism of bacterial drug resistance.
2. Teaching hour: 3 hours
3. Teaching content
(1) Definition of chemotherapy:the relationship between host and infectious agents.
(2) Commonly used terms of : antimicrobial spectrum, chemotherapy index .
(3) Brief
history
of
the
development
of
antibiotics:
the
now-exsiting
problems,research directions and research methods of antibiotics.
(4) Classification of antibiotics and all kinds of mechanism,
(5) The origin of drug-resistant strains, mechanism of bacterial drug resistance and
the designing of novel antibiotics.
Chapter 36 Introduction of antibiotics
1. Objective
Grasp the antimicrobial spectrums, indications and resistance of commonly used
antibiotics,pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and their prevention and treatment.
2. Teaching hour:3 hours
3. Teaching content
(1) Beta-lactam antibiotics,tetracyclines,aminoglycosides and macrolides.
(2) Others:rifampicin
(3) Methods:on the basis of self-study,discuss on clinical cases in class.
Chapter 37 Sulfonamide and other synthetic antimicrobial drugs
1. Objective：
(1) Application and evaluation of Sulfonamide.
(2) Grasp antimicrobial spectrum, indications, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses of
sulfonamides.
(3) Grasp mechanism and significance of integration of sulfonamides and
trimethoprim.
(4) Comprehend antibacterial usage in urinary tract infection.
2. Teaching hour: 1.5 hours
3. Teaching content
(1) The
history
of
sulfonamide.
Relationship
among
chemical
structure,
pharmacological action and pharmacokinetics. antimicrobial spectrum and indications.
Relationship among pharmacokinetics, drug selection and toxicity.Adverse effects and
their prevention.
(2) Grasp the characteristics and Selective usage of commonly used sulfanilamide:
SD、SIZ、SMZ. Disadvantage of long-acting Sulfanilamides.
(3) Principle of potentiation of Sulfanilamide by trimethoprim (TMP), Combination
with SMZ. Evaluation on use of SMZ+TMP combinedwith antibacterial.
Pharmacological action,mechanism of action, adverse effects of
urinary tract
infection treatment.
Chapter 38 Anti-tuberculosis drugs and antileprotics
1. Objective
(1) Grasp pharmacological action,resistance, adverse effects and clinical uses of anti
tuberculosis
drugs(streptomycin
isoniazid,
aminosalicylic
Acid,
rifampin,
ethambutol),therapeutic principles of antituberculosis.
(2) Understand surveys of antileprotics.
2. Teaching hour: 1.5 hour
3. Teaching content
(1) Antituberculosis action, resistance, clinical significance and clinical uses of
streptomycin.
(2) Pharmacological action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and their
prevention and treatment, indications and clinical uses of isoniazid. anti tuberculosis
activity, resistance, adverse effects and clinical uses of aminosalicylic acid
(3) Rifampin is semi-synthetic product of rifamycin B, mechanism of antibacterial
activity, resistance, adverse effects, clinical uses of it.
(4) Mechanism of antituberculosis, adverse effects, and their prophylaxis and
treatment
of ethambutol.
(5) Therapeutic
principle
of
antituberculosis:
early treatment,
combination
medication, long-term treatment, intermittent treatment, and its evaluaton.
Chapter 39 Cancer chemotherapy(drugs affecting immunity)
1. Objective
(1) Comprehend therapeutical principle of immunosuppression agents, main
indication, adverse effects, characteristics of commonly used immunosuppression
agents.
(2) Grasp mechanism of anti-malignant tumor agents, indication and adverse effect
of them.Comprehend the relationship between cell proliferation cycle and cancer
chemotherapy.
2. Teaching hour: 4 hours
3. Teaching content
(1) Overview: status of anti-malignant tumor agents on cancer chemotherapy. cell
proliferation kinetics and chemotherapy of malignant tumor.
(2) Classification of drugs ﹑ mechanisms ﹑ indications and adverse effects of
various drugs
(a) Alkylating
agent:
chlormethine,
cyclophosphamide,
chlorambucil,
formylmerphalan, carmustine, thiophosphoramide and busulfan cross-link with DNA
and inhibits its replication.
(b) Antimetabolites: Folic acid antagonist: methotrexate; purine antagonist:
mercaptopurine. Pyrimidine antagonist: Fluorouracil, DNA synthesis antagonist:
cytarabine (ara-c), cyclo-C. Antibiotics: actinomycin D, bleomycin ,mitomycin C,
plicamycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin.
(c) Plant alkaloids: vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, affecting spindle formation.
Camptothecine, hydroxycamptothecin, harringtonine.
(d) Hormones: adrenal cortical hormone; androgen, estrogen.
(e) Other agents: razoxane, L-asparaginase, Interferon. Pharmacology of drug
combination
(f) Drugs affecting immunity

Basic Knowledge of cellular and humoral immunity and types of allergic
reaction.therapeutical principle of immunosuppression agents, main indication,
adverse effects

Drugs: Corticosteroids cyclophosphamide mercaptopurine methotrexate
azathioprine.

Evaluations of immunostimulants (immunomodulating drugs), levamisole,
polysaccharides.
Teaching contents (lectures)
(1) Lecture about receptors (3 class hours)
(2) Lecture about pharmacology progression (2 class hours)
Experiments (20 class hours)
Experiment 1
The ED50 and LD50 determination of pentobarbital sodium
(1) Objectives and requisitions
Master the method of ED50 and LD50 determination.
Understand the theories about pharmacodynamics and dose-effect relationship further.
(2) Class hours
3 class hours.
(3) Experiment contents
Learn the principles of experimental animals' randomization, the arrest and
administration methods, as well as the calculation and the purpose of LD50 and ED50
determination.
Experiment 2
The effect on blood pressure of drugs from autonomic nerve system
(1) Objectives and requisitions
Observe the effect on rabbit blood pressure of adrenergic transmitters, cholinergic
transmitters as well as the agonistic and antagonistic drugs.
(2) Class hours
4 class hours.
(3) Experiment contents
Learn and master the methods of animal(rabbit) anaesthesia and carotid arterial
cannula.
Learn the acute blood pressure assay method.
Observe the changes of the blood pressure after drug administration to analyse the
drugs' funtional sites and mechanisms.
Experiment 3
The inhibition of morphine on guinea ileum longitudinal muscle contraction caused by
electric stimulation and the antagonistic action of Naloxone (the PA2 value
determination)
(1) Objectives and requisitions
Comprehend the assay and express methods of the agonists and antagonists' effects on
the ex vivo tissues, as well as the basic research methods and the basic theories of
receptors.
(2) Class hours
4 class hours.
(3) Experiment contents
Preparation of guinea ileum longitudinal muscle.
The inhibition determination of morphine on guinea ileum longitudinal muscle
contraction and calculation of the IC50.
The antagonistic action determination of Naloxone and calculation of PA2.
Experiment 4
Radiate ligand-receptor binding assay
(1) Objectives and requisitions
Master the determination and the calculation methods of the radiate ligand-receptor
binding assay.
(2) class hours
4 class hours.
(3) Experiment contents
Extraction of the opioid receptor protein.
Determination and calculation of the radiate ligand-receptor binding assay data,
plotting and analysis.
Experiment 5
Determination of the adenyl cyclase activity in rat caudate nucleus
(1) Objectives and requisitions
Comprehend the relationship between the dopamine receptor and the adenyl cyclase,
as well as the mechanism of the drugs' action.
Comprehend the radioimmunoassay principals and its application in pharmacology
research.
(2) Class hours
5 class hours.
(3) Experiment contents
Determination of the adenyl cyclase activity and the effect on dopamine receptors.
Determination of cAMP contents.
Teaching Schedule of Pharmacology
No.
Theories
Experiments
class hours
class hours
Course
1
Introduction
2
2
Pharmacodynamics
2
3
Pharmacokinetics
2
The ED50 and LD50 determination
4
2
of pentobarbital sodium
General view of autonomic nerve
5
2
system
6
Cholinergics
1
Organophosphate poisoning and
7
1
acetylcholine esterase
Anticholine drugs (target M,N
8
1
choline receptors)
9
Adrenomimetics
1/2
10
Adrenoceptor antagonistic drugs
1/2
The effect on blood pressure of
11
4
drugs from autonomic nerve system
12
Local anesthetics
1/2
13
Lecture about receptors
2
General view of central nervous
14
2
system drugs
15
General anesthetic
1.5
Sedative hypnotics and
16
2
antianxietics
17
Antiepileptic and Antispasmodics
1.5
18
Anti-Parkinson's disease and other
1.5
basal ganglia diseases drugs
Psychotolytics,antidepressant and
19
2
antimanic drugs
20
Analgesics
2
IC50 of morphine and PA2 of
21
4
Naloxone determination
22
Central stimulants
1/2
Antipyretic,analgesic and
23
2.5
antiinflammatory drugs
24
Alimentary system drugs
1.5
Respiratory apparatus drugs
1.5
25
26
Radiate ligand-receptor binding
27
4
assay
28
Antihypertensive drugs
4
Cardiotonic glycoside and
29
3
anti-cardia insufficiency drugs
30
Calcium channel blockers
3
31
Antiatherogenic agents
2
anticoagulation,antiplatelet and
32
1
thrombolytic drugs
33
Diuretics
3
34
Antibiotics (1)
3
35
Antibiotics (2)
3
36
Antibiotics (3)
3
Adenyl cyclase activity
37
5
determination
General view of endocrine secretion
38
1
and hormone drugs
39
Corticoids
2
40
parathormone and antithyroid drugs
2
41
Insulin and oral antidiabetics
2
42
Sexual hormones
2
Antineoplastic agents and immune
43
4
depressants
44
Pharmacology progression
2
45
Evaluation
2
Relationship with other courses
Pharmacology is based on physiology, biochemistry, pathematology, pathogenic
microbiology and immunology. It is a very important basic medical science which
offers the theories for the rational clinical administration.
Course evaluation
The evaluation is mainly with the theories. The experiment contents are 5 to 10%.
Textbooks and references
1..Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology
6th edition Rang HP, Dall MM,
Ritter JM, Flower RJ , Churchill Livingstong, Elsevier, 2007
2.Golan DE， et al. Principle of Pharmacology, The pathophysiologic
basis of drug therepy 2nd ed. 2008
3.Farrell SE, Priciples of Pharmacology, Workbook
2nd ed, 2008
Lippincott.
4.Finlel R.,et al. eds, Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 4 th
ed. Lippincott 2009
5. 杨世杰主编《药理学》（8 年制规划教材），人民卫生出版社，2005 年
6. 张德昌主编《医学药理学》中国协和医科大学出版社
1998 年
Department of Pharmacology
Written by Caiying Ye,
Dechang Zhang
Checked by Dechang Zhang