List of PKD articles in our Fischnetz-documentation, May 2001
Network Declining Fish Yields ‘Fischnetz’, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland,
www.fischnetz.ch
Alderman D. J. and Rodgers C. J. (1984): The effects of precision mesh filtration on proliferative kidney
disease infectivity. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 4: 38-39.
Anderson C. L., Canning E. U. and Okamura B. (1999): 18rDNA sequences indicate that PKX
organism parasitizes Bryozoa. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fisch Pathol. 19 (3): 94 - 97.
Anderson C. L., Canning E. U. and Okamura B. (1999): Molecular data implicate bryozoans as hosts
for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa) and identify a clade of bryozoan parasites within the Myxozoa. Parasitology
119: 555-561.
Antonio D. B., El-Matbouli M. and Hedrick R. P. (1999): Detection of early developmental stages of
Myxobolus cerebralis in fish and tubificid oligochaete hosts by in situ hybridization. Parasitol Res 85: 942944.
Arkush K. D. and Hedrick R. P. (1990): Experimental transmission of PKX, the causative agent of
proliferative kidney disease, to three species of Pacific salmon. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 6: 237-243.
Bernet D., Schmidt H., Wahli T. and Burkhardt-Holm P. (2001): Auswirkung von geklärtem Abwasser
auf infektiöse Krankheiten bei der Bachforelle (Salmo trutta L.). Fischökologie 12: 1-16.
Canning E. U., Curry A., Feist S. W., Longshaw M. and Okamura B. (1999): Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae n.sp. for PKX organism, the cause of PKD in salmonid fish. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 19:
203-206.
Canning E. U., Curry A., Feist S. W., Longshaw M. and Okamura B. (2000): A new class and order of
myxozoans to accommodate parasites of bryozoans with ultrastructural observation on Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae (PKX organism). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47: 456-468.
Chilmonczyk P. T. and De Kinkelin P. (1989): Occurence of proliferative kidney disease in an indoor
recirculating unit and indirect experimental contamination of the rainbow trout. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fisch
Pathol. 9: 38-41.
Chilmonczyk S. and Monge D. (1999): Flow cytometry as a tool for assessment of the fish cellular
immune response to pathogens. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 9: 319-333.
Chilmonczyk S., Monge D., Ramacciotti R. and de Kinkelin P. (1999): Proliferative kidney disease:
cellular aspects of the rainbow trout immune response. Rhodes, Greece, Ninth International Conference
"Diseases of Fish and Shellfish" 1: 89.
Clifton-Hadley R. S., Bucke D. and Richards R. H. (1984): Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish:
a review. Journal of Fish Diseases 7: 363-377.
Clifton-Hadley R. S., Richards R. H. and Bucke D. (1986): Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in
rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri: Further observations on the effects of water temperature. Aquaculture 55:
165-171.
Clifton-Hadley R. S., Bucke D. and Richards R. H. (1987): A study of the sequential clinical and
pathological changes during proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.
Journal of Fish Diseases 10: 335-352.
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Clifton-Hadley R. S. and Feist S. W. (1989): Proliferative kidney disease in brown trout Salmo trutta:
further evidence of a myxosporean aetiology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 6: 99-103.
de Kinkelin P. and Gay M. (2000): La tétracapsulose à Tetracapsula bryosalmonae: une bonne cible
pour des études épidémiologiques en ichtyopathologie. Epidemiologie et Sante animale 38: 7-18.
De Mateo M. M., McGeorge J., Morris D. and Kent M. L. (1996): Comparative studies of PKX and
Sphaerospora spp from salmonids using lectin and monoclonal antibody staining techniques. Journal of
Fish Diseases 19: 55-63.
El-Matbouli M., Fischer-Scherl T. and Hoffmann R. W. (1992): Present knowledge on the life cycle,
taxonomy, pathology, and the therapy of some Myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish. Annual
Review of Fish Diseases 367-402.
El-Matbouli M., Holstein T. W. and Hoffmann R. W. (1998): Determination of nuclear DNA
concentration in cells of Myxobolus cerebralis and triactinomyxon spores, the causative agent of whirling
disease. Parasitol Res 84: 694-699.
El-Matbouli M. and Hoffmann R. W. (1998): Light and electron microscopic studies on the chronological
development of Myxobolus cerebralis to the actinosporean stage in Tubifex tubifex. International Journal
for Parasitology 28: 195-217.
El-Matbouli M., Hoffmann R. W., Schoel H., McDowell T. S. and Hedrick R. P. (1999): Whirling
disease: host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and
rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 35: 1-12.
El-Matbouli M., McDowell T. S., Antonio D. B., Andree K. B. and Hedrick R. P. (1999): Effect of water
temperature on the development, release and survival of the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus
cerebralis in its oligochaete host. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 627-641.
Ellis A. E., McVicar A. H. and Munro A. L. S. (1982): A preliminary report on the epidemiology of
proliferative kidney disease in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and atlantic salmon parr (S. salar) in Scotland.
Bull. Eur. Ass. Fisch Pathol. 2: 13-15.
Escher M. (1999): Einfluss von Abwassereinleitungen von Kläranlagen auf Fischbestände und
Bachforelleneier. Bern, Mitteilungen zur Fischerei 61:
Feist S. W. and Bucke D. (1993): Proliferative kidney disease in wild salmonids. Fisheries Research 17:
51-58.
Feist S. W. and Longshaw M. (2000): Myxosporidiosis of fish and the bryozoan link with proliferative
kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids. Fish Veterinary Journal 5: 37-46.
Ferguson H. W. and Needham E. A. (1978): Proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout Salmo
gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 1: 91-108.
Ferguson H. W. and Ball H. J. (1979): Epidemiological aspects of proliferative kidney disease amongst
rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson in Northern Ireland. Journal of Fish Diseases 2: 219-225.
Ferguson H. W. (1981): The effects of water temperature on the development of proliferative kidney
disease in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 4: 175-177.
Foott J. S. and Hedrick R. P. (1987): Seasonal occurrence of the infectious stage of proliferative kidney
disease (PKD) and resistance of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to reinfection. J. Fish. Biol.
30: 477-483.
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Foott J. S. and Hedrick R. P. (1990): Blood Parameters and Immune Status of Rainbow Trout with
Proliferative Kidney Disease. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2: 141-148.
Gay M., Okamura B. and de Kinkelin P. (2001): Evidence that infectious stages of Tetracapsula
bryosalmonae for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are present throughout the year. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms in press.
Hedrick R. P., Kent M. L., Rosemark R. and Manzer D. (1984): Occurrence of proliferative kidney
disease (PKD) among Pacific salmon and steelhead trout. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 4: 34-37.
Hedrick R. P. and Aronstien D. (1987): Effects of saltwater on the progress of proliferative kidney
disease (PKD) in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 7: 93-96.
Hedrick R. P., Groff J. M., P. F. and McDowell T. (1988): Oral administration of Fumagillin DCH protects
chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from experimentally-induced proliferative kidney disease.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4: 165-168.
Hedrick R. P., Marin M., Castagnaro M., Monge D. and de Kinkelin P. (1992): Rapid lectin-based
staining procedure for the detection of the myxosporean causing proliferative kidney disease in salmonid
fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 13: 129-132.
Hedrick R. P., Mongue D. and de Kinkelin P. (1992): Transmission of PKX, the causative agent of
proliferative kidney disease (PKD), to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss following filtration of water and
sediments. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 14: 237-240.
Hedrick R. P., MacConell E. and de Kinkelin P. (1993): Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish.
Annual Review of Fish Diseases 3: 277 - 290.
Hedrick R. P. (1998): Relationships of the host, pathogen, and environment: Implications for diseases of
cultured and wild fish populations. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10: 107-111.
Hedrick R. P., El-Matbouli M., Adkison M. A. and MacConnell E. (1998): Whirling disease: reemergence among wild trout. Immunological Reviews 166: 365-376.
Hoffmann R. and Dangschat H. (1981): A note on the occurrence of proliferative kidney disease in
Germany. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 1: 33.
Hoffmann R. W. and El-Matbouli M. (1984): Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) as an important
myxosporean infection in salmonid fish. Parasitic Diseases of Fish 3-15.
Kent M. L. and Hedrick R. P. (1985): PKX, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in
Pacific salmonid fishes and its affinities with the myxozoa. J. Protozool. 32: 254-260.
Kent M. L. and Hedrick R. P. (1985): Transmission of the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease
(PKD) with the blood and spleen of infected fish; further evidence that the PKX parasite belongs to the
phylum myxozoa. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 5: 39-42.
Kent M. L. and Hedrick R. P. (1986): Development of the PKX myxosporean in rainbow trout Salmo
gairdneri. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 1: 169-182.
Kent M. L. and Hedrick R. P. (1987): Effects of cortisol implants on the PKX myxosporean causing
proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Parasit. 73: 455-461.
Kent M. L., Higgins M., Whitaker D. J. and Yokoyama H. (1995): Proliferative kidney disease and
Sphaerospora oncorhynchi in wild-caught salmonids from the Puntledge River system, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 52: 13-17.
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Kent M. L., Khattra J., Hervio D. M. L. and Devlin R. H. (1998): Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of
isolates of the PKX myxosporean and their relationship to members of the genus Sphaerospora. Journal
of Aquatic Animal Health 10: 12-21.
Kent M. L., Khattra J., Hedrick R. P. and Devlin R. H. (2000): Tetracapsula renincola N. Sp.
(myxozoa:saccosporidae); the PKX myxozoan - the cause of proliferative kidney disease of salmonid
fishes. J. Parasitol. 86: 103-111.
Le Gouvello R., Pobel T., Richards R. H. and Gould C. (1999): Field efficacy of a 10-day treatment of
fumagillin against proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 171:
27-40.
Longshaw M., Feist S. W., Canning E. U. and Okamura B. (1999): First identification of PKX in
byrozoans from the United Kingdom. Molecular evidence. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 19 (4): 146 - 148.
Longshaw M. and Feist S. W. (2000): The agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) requires a
bryozoan in its lifecycle - studies at CEFAS Weymouth on PKD and other myxozoans. Trout News 29: 2427.
MacConnell E., Smith C. E., Hedrick R. P. and Speer C. A. (1989): Cellular inflammatory response of
rainbow trout to the protozoan parasite that causes proliferative kidney disease. Journal of Aquatic Animal
Health 1: 108-118.
Marin de Mateo M., Adams A., Richards R. H., Castagnaro M. and Hedrick R. P. (1993): Monoclonal
antibody and lectin probes recognize developmental and sporogonic stages of PKX, the causative agent
of proliferative kidney disease in European and North American salmonid fish. Diseases of Aquatic.
Organisms. 15: 23-29.
Marin de Mateo M., McGeorge J., Morris D. and Kent M. L. (1996): Comparative studies of PKX and
Sphaerospora spp. from salmonids using lectin and monoclonal antibody staining techniques. Journal of
Fish Diseases 19: 55-63.
Moran J. D. W. and Kent M. L. (1999): Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections in pen-reared
Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean with a survey of potential nonsalmonid reservoir hosts.
Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 11 (2): 101-109.
Morris D. J. and Adams A. PCR and in situ hybridisation of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX), the
causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. Molecular diagnosis of salmonid diseases in press.
Morris D. J., Adams A. and Richards R. H. (1997): Studies of the PKX parasite in rainbow trout via
immunohistochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 9: 265273.
Morris D. J., Adams A. and Richards R. H. (1999): In situ hybridization of DNA probes to PKX, the
causative organism of proliferative kidney disease (PKD). Journal of Fish Diseases 22: 161-163.
Morris D. J., Adams A., Feist S. W. and Richards R. H. (1999): Examination of the specificity of the
PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry for the myxosporean parasite PKX. Rhodes,
Greece, Ninth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish" 1: 30.
Morris D. J., Adams A., Feist S. W., McGeorge J. and Richards R. H. (2000): Immunohistochemical
and PCR studies of wild fish for Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX), the causative organism of
proliferative kideny disease. Journal of Fish Diseases 23: 129-135.
Morris D. J., Adams A. and Richards R. H. (2000): In situ hybridisation identifies the gill as a portal of
entry for PKX (Phylum myxozoa), the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids.
Parasitol Res 86: 950-956.
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Morris D. J., Adams A. and Richards R. H. (2000): Observations on the electron-dense bodies of the
PKX parasite, agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 39: 201209.
O'Flynn J., N. P., A. A. and Richards R. (1999): In vitro maintenance of PKX, the causative agent of
PKD. Rhodes, Greece, Ninth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish" 1: 182.
Okamura B. and Hatton-Ellis T. (1995): Population biology of bryozoans: correlates of sessile, colonial
life histories in freshwater habitats. Experientia 51: 510-525.
Petchsupa N., O'Flynn J., Morris D. and Adams A. (1999): Electrophoretic detection of protease
associated with PKX, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. Rhodes, Greece, Ninth
International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish" 205.
Saulnier D., Brémont M. and de Kinkelin P. (1996): Cloning, sequencing and expression of a cDNA
encoding an antigen from the Myxosporean parasite causing the proliferative kidney disease of salmonid
fish. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 83: 153-161.
Saulnier D., Philippe H. and de Kinkelin P. (1999): Molecular evidence that the proliferative kidney
disease organism unknown (PKX) is a myxosporean. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 36: 209-212.
Schmidt H., Bernet D., Wahli T., Meier W. and Burkhardt-Holm P. (1999): Active biomonitoring with
brown trout and rainbow trout in diluted sewage plant effluents. Journal of Fish Biology 54: 585-596.
Schmidt-Posthaus H., Bernet D., Wahli T., Meier W. and Burkhardt-Holm P. (2001): Morphological
organ alterations and infectious diseases in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) exposed to polluted water. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms im Druck.
Scholz T. (1999): Parasites in cultured and feral fish. Veterinary Parasitology 84: 317-335.
Vernon J. G., Okamura B., Jones C. S. and Noble L. R. (1996): Temporal patterns of clonality and
parasitism in a population of freshwater bryozoans. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 263: 1313-1318.
Wahli T. and Escher M. (1999): Status der proliferativen Nierenkrankheit (PKD) in der Schweiz. Bern,
pp. 1-9.
Wahli T. and Escher M. (2000): Verbreitung der proliferativen Nierenkrankheit (PKD) in der Schweiz.
Petri Heil, Beilage Schweiz. Fischereiwissenschaft 1: 2 - 3.
Wiklund T. and Bylund G. (1994): Reproductive disorder in roach (Rutilus rutilus) in the northern Baltic
Sea. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 14 (5): 159-162.
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