HAP 2011-2012
Final Exam Study Guide
Anatomy Basics
 The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by:

Structure of an atom?

Chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

Statement: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being consumed during the
reaction. All enzymes are proteins and act as catalysts.

Provide examples of inorganic/organic compounds.

What are the biological functions of proteins?

What are the 4 main categories of tissues?

Important biological characteristics of water?

Further review of Chapter 1-3 quizzes/tests!
Skeletal System Review
 Know the categories of bones and examples of each.
o Long
o Short

Know the 4 varieties of bone cells and their functions.
o Osteoprogenitor cells
o Osteoblasts
o
o
Flat
Irregular
o
o
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

The foramen magnum is a bone marking found in what bone?

The external auditory meatus is a bone marking found in what bone?

Fontanels allow for what to occur to the skull?

Know
o
o
o
o
o

The bones that form the wrist are properly termed:

The bones that form the palms of the hands are properly termed:

What can a study of the human skeleton reveal about a person?
the regions of the spinal column and the number of bones in each region.
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

Where are the differences between the male and female skeleton are best noted?

How many bones form the os coxae/pelvis?
Muscle System Review
 Know the connective tissues that are part of muscle organization.
o Endomysium
o Perimysium
o Epimysium
o Tendon

What makes muscle fibers (cells) different from other somatic cells?

What ingredients are necessary for normal muscle contraction to occur?

What are the 3 main varieties of muscle tissue?

As muscles use energy reserves and begin to produce lactic acid, the muscle has entered
a state of :

The nervous system communicates with the muscle fiber at this location:

The functional unit of the skeletal muscle is known as the :

What are the origin and insertion of each muscle referring to?

Names of muscles can indicate several things about the muscle, practice a few examples.
o Location of muscle
o Number of attachments
o Size/shape of muscle
o Direction of muscle fibers
o Origin/insertion
o Action of muscle

Further review of muscle quizzes/tests!
Nervous System Review
 Know the nueroglia/nerve glue that is a component of nervous tissue.
o Astrocytes
o Microglial cells
o Ependymal cells
o Schwann cells
o Oligodendrocytes

Know the different classification of neurons based on organization.
o Multipolar
o Unipolar
o Bipolar
o Anaxonic

Organization/Function of brain regions:
o Cerebrum
o Cerebellum
o
o

Know the Eye!

Further review of nervous system and vision quizzes/tests!
Thalamus
Medulla
Endocrine System Review
 What are the 2 main categories of hormones, based on chemical structure?

Understand the concept of hyper-/hypo- secretion.

What are hormones and what do they do for the body?

What is the difference between exocrine, endocrine, and paracrine function?

Further review of endocrine quizzes and tests!
Reproduction Review
 How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells?

What structure transports the ovum to the uterus?

In what order of structures do the sperm travel to exit the male reproductive tract?

What is/are the functions of the reproductive system?

Where should fertilization of an egg normally occur?

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Be able to properly label both male and female systems.

Further review of reproductive quizzes and tests!

Know the pathogens and symptoms of STD’s.
Circulatory System review
 Know the composition of whole blood.

Know
o
o
o

What products can be found dissolved in plasma?

What hormone regulates blood cell production?

Describe how blood transfusions result in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation).

Describe the appearance of A, B, and Rh antigens on the red cell surface.
the functions of each formed element in blood.
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes