Psychology 202 Review Sheet
Exam #2
Chapter 9 (Intelligence and Psychological Testing)
1. Be familiar with the two principle types of tests.
a. Mental Ability Tests
b. Personality Tests
2. Understand how the concept of standardization allows for the comparison of test scores.
3. Be familiar with the reasoning behind using test norms and percentile scores to determine
your relative standing on a psychological test.
a. Measures of Central Tendency
1) Mean
2) Median
3) Mode
b. Measures of Variability
1) Range
2) Standard deviation
c. Distribution curves
1) Positively skewed curve
2) Negatively skewed curve
3) Normal curve
a) Be familiar with the nice statistical properties of the normal curve.
2. Be familiar with the concept of correlation.
a. Know the two properties of correlation coefficients
b. Know that correlation DOES NOT MEAN causation.
4. Be familiar with the different kinds of measurement errors that may influence test scores.
a. Item sampling error
b. Internal consistency error
c. Time sampling error
d. Random error
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Psychology 202 Review Sheet
Exam #2
5. Be familiar with the different kinds of reliability and validity used to assess test/scale
quality.
a. Reliability
1) Test-retest reliability
2) Alternate/Parallel form reliability
3) Internal consistency reliability
b. Validity
1) Content validity
2) Criterion-related validity
3) Construct validity
6. Be familiar with the concept of correlation and how it is used to determine a test’s reliability
and validity (with the exception of content validity).
7. Understand how intelligence testing has evolved over the years.
a. Intelligence testing evolution
1) Galton’s study of hereditary genius
a) Eugenics
2) Alfred Binet’s contributions
a) Mental Age
3) Louis Terman and the Stanford-Binet
a) IQ
i. What is it?
ii. How do you calculate it?
4) Weschler Innovations
8. Understand how the concept of intelligence has changed over the years.
a. Spearman’s “g”
b. Cattell’s 2 components of “g”
1) Fluid intelligence
2) Crystallized intelligence
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Psychology 202 Review Sheet
Exam #2
c. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
1) Contextual subtheory
2) Experiential subtheory
3) Componential subtheory
a) Metacomponents
b) Performance components
c) Knowledge acquisition components
4) Gardner’s 7 intelligences
a) Logical-mathematical
b) Linguistic
c) Musical
d) Spatial
e) Bodily-kinesthetic
f) Interpersonal
g) Intrapersonal
9. Be familiar with the basic issues surrounding intelligence tests.
a. Why do we give intelligence tests?
b. Are IQ tests used in other cultures?
c. What do IQ scores mean?
d. What are IQ tests really measuring?
e. Do IQ tests have adequate reliability and validity?
f. Are IQ scores stable over time?
10. Understand the different explanations for cultural differences in IQ scores.
a. Heritability (genetics)
b. Environment (Socioeconomics)
c. Cultural bias
11. Be familiar with the evidence that demonstrates the influence of both heredity and
environment on IQ.
12. Understand how heredity and environment are thought to interact to determine IQ.
a. Reaction range
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Psychology 202 Review Sheet
Exam #2
Chapter 12
1. Be familiar with the trait approach to understanding personality
a. Know the definition of personality and personality traits.
1) Be familiar with the concepts of distinctiveness and consistency as they relate to
personality.
2) Be very familiar with McCrae & Costa’s Five-Factor Model of personality
a) Agreeableness
b) Conscientiousness
c) Openness to Experience
d) Neuroticism
e) Extraversion
2. Be familiar with the different psychodynamic approaches to understanding personality
a. Freud
1) Be very familiar with Freud’s personality structure
2) Be familiar with the three different levels of awareness
3) Be able to identify examples of different defense mechansims
4) Be very familiar with Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development
b. Jung (Analytical Psychology)
1) Be familiar with the two levels of unconsciousness
a) Personal unconscious
b) Collective unconscious
2) Be familiar with the concept of archetypes
c. Adler (Individual Psychology)
1) Be familiar with the concepts of:
a) Striving for superiority
b) Compensation
c) Inferiority complexes
3. Be familiar with the different behavioral approaches to understanding personality
a. B.F. Skinner
1) Be familiar with the concepts of:
a) Operant conditioning
b) Response tendencies
c) Determinism
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Psychology 202 Review Sheet
Exam #2
b. Albert Bandura
1) Be familiar with the concepts of:
a) Observational learning
b) Reciprocal determinism
c) Self-efficacy
c. Mischel
1) Be familiar with the concept of:
a) Situational specificity
4. Be familiar with the different humanistic approaches to understanding personality
a. Carl Rogers
1) Be familiar with the concepts of:
a) Self-concept
b) Incongruence
b. Maslow
1) Be familiar with the concept of self-actualization
5. Be familiar with the different biological approaches to understanding personality
a. Eysenck
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