Study Guide for Latin III 2008-09
suggest you use different colored highlighters to articulate the different material here
The best way to study for this exam is to review vocab and grammar sections for each stage of the
textbook. Also, reread stories to practice USING the grammar introduced in each stage. YOUR
EXAM WILL INCLUDE TWO READING PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION, COMPREHENSION, AND
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS.
This exam includes the Stage 34 test. Therefore, study Stage 34 thoroughly. Make sure you
understand the plots of the stories and can identify each character in every story in the stage. The
culture elements in this stage are thoroughly tested. I suggest that you take detailed notes about the
condition of a “lībertus”, and the details of his rights and responsibilities. Note that the dative and
ablative plural for the male “lībertus” is “lībertīs” but “lībertābus” for the female “līberta”. (same is true
of “fīliīs” and “fīliābus” for “fīlius” and “fīlia”.
Be forewarned. This test is nitpicky about the culture details.
ADDITIONALLY
(and as general guideline for the remaining 70 questions (170 total):
Study vocabulary in your text book Stages 21-34 (carefully review pp. 340-41)
USE TO ADVANTAGE the “About the Language” section of your book, pp. 296-339
especially useful: the summary sections, e.g. the “longer sentences” pp. 338-9
Cases endings for all 5 declensions (level 2 work, review as needed).
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs (pay especial attention to the differences between
the types of adjectives (1st & 2nd decl. type; 3rd decl. type) and types of adverbs (note the
way adverbs. formed from 1st & 2nd decl. adjectives differ from adverbs formed from 3rd decl. adjectives)
Personal pronouns (ego, tū, is/ea/id, nōs, vōs, eī/eae/ea)
Reflexive pronoun (no nominative form, suī, sibi, sē, sē)
Demonstrative pronouns: hic, ille, iste
Intensive pronoun: ipse,ipsa,ipsum
īdem, eadem, idem: the same
relative pronoun: quī, quae, quod
Nēmō, nēminis
= “no one” (obviously there is no plural!)
Uses irregular genitive singular “-īus” and dative sing. “-ī” like the so-called “UNUS NAUTA” adjectives
nēmō
nūllīus
nūllī
nēminem
nūllō
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vīs
vīs
vī
vim
vī
vīrēs
vīrium
vīribus
vīrēs
vīribus
= “force” (in the singular)
“strength”
(in the plural b/c the
sum of forces = strength)
LOCATIVE CASE ……used for “humī” (on the ground), “rūrī” (in the country),
“domī” (at home). Locative case also used for names of cities, towns, small islands.
Locative case endings are a blend between endings for genitive and ablative
depending on the declension of the word in question.
See p. 327 G
Dative of possession (also can be construed as dative of reference):
“mihi nōmen est Josh Ford.” = “My name is Josh Ford.”
Literally: “to me the name is…..
Verb endings in the indicative mood, active and passive all tenses (level 2 work, review as needed).
You will be expected to distinguish indicative and subjunctive forms from each other - KNOW YOUR STUFF!!!!
difference between POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE imperative commands (p. 316)
Subjunctive forms for imperfect and pluperfect tenses, active and passive voice.
subjunctive occurs in only 4 tenses! ........ NOT in future or future perfect................
KNOW WHAT “mood” means when applied to verbs!!!!!
the word, “mood” is an unhappy translation of the word “modus” which means “manner”
Thus..... the “mood” of a verb is its MANNER. Latin has 4 moods:
indicative: for statement of facts
imperative: for commands
infinitive: verbal idea not dependent on person number
subjunctive: often for statement of unreality; “subjunctive” is best understand as
“subjoined” or subordinate. The Latin word for subjunctive is “coniunctīvus”
Subjunctive uses as presented in the textbook
Purpose
Introduced by “ut” if they’re positive, “nē” if they’re negative
(“quō” replaces “ut” to introduce purpose clauses containing a comparative idea)
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Result
Remember the “clue” words like “tam” or “tot” etc.
Suhaib Khan is so cool that ….. he studies Latin!
Actual clause is introduced by “ut” if positive, and “ut…..nōn” if negative
“CUM” clauses
4 types 1)
2)
3)
4)
context will help you figure these out
temporal “when” + verb in present or future tense
circumstantial “when” + verb in past tense
causal – “since”, “because”
concessive - “although” frequently with “tamen” as a clue to this kind
Indirect commands
(note that “iubeō” works with an “objective” infinitive AND NOT subjunctive in an
indirect command….)
Indirect questions
Relative clauses of purpose
Deponent Verbs
Remember: these are passive in form but active in meaning
(thus they have a PERFECT active participle)
There are also some verbs that are “semi-deponent”. These are “passive in form”
.......but only in the perfect tense: audeō, audēre, ausus sum = to dare
other semi-deponents: soleō, solēre, solītus sum
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum
gaudeō, gaudēre, gavīsus sum
Review participles:
1) present participle
(add –ns to verb stem in nom. sing.) = 3rd. decl. adjective
( –ntis to verb stem in gen. sing.)
amāre → amāns, amantis
translate “loving” or “verb”-ing
2) perfect passive participle = 4th principle part.... faciō, facere, fēcī, factus
(for deponents the 3rd principal part is a perfect active participle)
translate “having been “verb”-ed
3
Review participles (cont.):
3) future active participle
add -ūrus to the base of the 4th principle part
factus → factūrus
translate “about to do”
“on the verge of doing”
“intending to do”
4) future passive participle
add -ndus to the present verb stem
amāre → amāndus
translate “about to be loved”
more generally: ‘about to be “verb”-ed’ Here you can see why the
gerundive + sum implies necessity or obligation
The future passive participle (also called the gerundive) can be used with
the verb “to be” and implies a command, something that must be done
and is used with a “dative of agent”, i.e. the person that does the action
“We must complete our work.”
Nōbīs labor faciendus est. = The work must be done by us.
= We must do our work.
NOTE: gerunds (verbal nouns) share the SINGULAR FORMS of the gerundive.
nominative singular GERUND is the present active infinitive.
The
(there are no plural “gerund” forms)
Review all 5 infinitives:
1) present active = 2nd principle part translate to “verb”
amāre = “to love”
2) present passive infinitive = add “ī” to infinitive ending translate to be “verb”-ed
amāre
→ amārī
monēre
→ monērī
rd
3 conj. is different
dūcere → dūcī
audīre
→ audīrī
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3) perfect active infinitive
translate to have “verb”-ed
add -isse to the perfect stem (from 3rd principle part)
4) perfect passive infinitive
translate to have been “verb”-ed
perfect passive participle + esse
THUS ductus esse
(for deponents, of course, this “passive form” serves as the perfect active infinitive)
5) future infinitive
the future participle + esse
translate to be about to “verb”
THUS ductūrus esse
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE CASE USES:
NOMINATIVE: subject
predicate nominative
ACCUSATIVE: direct object
object of certain prepositions
acc. of exclamation
acc. of duration of time
GENITIVE: possession
gen. of whole (AKA partitive genitive)
gen. of description
gen. of indefinite price or value
DATIVE: indirect object
object of certain verbs (faveō, crēdō etc.)
dat. of agent (with gerundive)
double dative (see page 325 D # 4)
ABLATIVE: object of “SID SPACE” prepositions
ablative of place where
abl. of time when
abl. of manner
abl. of description
abl. of source (see page 326 F # 6)
abl. of time when or within which
abl. of means or instrument
abl. of agent with ab (ā) + passive verb
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE (mostly noun + participle) (see page 327 F # 11)
If you have a question, call me on my cell (703) 675-7992 or send me an email.
I enjoyed teaching you this year. Best wishes for the summer!
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