Master of Public Health
Public Health Research
Module Guide
School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health, Health Promoting Schools, Public Health Nutrition: Policy and
Programming- Module Guide
i
Public Health Research
UWC Module Registration Number: SPH 842
First published: 2013
Module Conceptualisation: Prof Brian van Wyk
Materials developers: Ms Jenny Birkett; Ms Ziyanda Mwanda
Writing Team: Prof Brian van Wyk; Ms Jenny Birkett
Reviewers/editors: Ms Jenny Birkett, independent consultant
Copyright © 2013, SOPH School of Public Health, UWC.
License:
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/]
Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of the above license and the
conditions of use of materials on this site. Use of these materials is permitted only
in accordance with license rights granted. Material is provided “AS IS”; no
representations or warranties are provided. Users assume all responsibility for use,
and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for
accuracy. The module may contain materials owned by others, all of which are
acknowledged. The user is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third
parties as needed
Readings: Reading material is listed at the end of the Module Introduction. They
were compiled for registered students in one or two Readers. Copyright permission
was sought and paid for per reading per student annually. Readings are not included
but their sources are indicated in the Module Guide.
Credit value of module: 15 (150 notional learning hours).
Study Materials for this module: Module Guide & Module Reader
Target group: Health and allied health and welfare professionals with a four or
more year degree (MPH)
Course delivery: This module was offered as a distance learning module with
optional contact sessions.
Design & layout: Cheryl Ontong, MultiTask
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health, Health Promoting Schools, Public Health Nutrition: Policy and
Programming- Module Guide
ii
CONTENTS
Page
UNIT
TITLE
I
MODULE INTRODUCTION
iii
1
LETTER OF WELCOME
iii
2
INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE
v
2.1
Module Aims and Rationale
2.2
Module Outline
2.3
Learning Outcomes
2.4
Readings
2.5
Module evaluation
3
ASSESSMENT
3.1
Information About Assessment
3.2
Submitting Assignments
3.3
Draft Assignments
3.4
Assignment extensions
3.5
Assignments for Public Health Research
3.6
Assignment Cover Sheet
4
DEVELOPING A WORKPLAN
xvi
READINGS
xviii
v
v
vii
vii
vii
vii
vii
viii
ix
ix
x
xv
II
STUDY SESSIONS
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH
1
Study Session 1
What is Public Health?
3
Study Session 2
Approaches in Public Health Research
29
Study Session 3
Analysing Problems in Public Health
39
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
i
UNIT 2
CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
49
Study Session 1
Planning a Literature Review
51
Study Session 2
Reading and Appraising the Literature
59
Study Session 3
Writing a Literature Review
69
UNIT 3
STUDY DESIGNS AND RESEARCH METHODS
79
Study Session 1
Formulating Research Aims and Objectives
81
Study Session 2
Introduction to Study Designs
91
Study Session 3
Research Methods in Public Health Research
101
UNIT 4
ETHICS IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH
109
Study Session 1
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
ii
I
MODULE INTRODUCTION
1
LETTER OF WELCOME
Dear colleague
Welcome to the Public Health Research Module. This module was designed
to meet the growing need for an applied course in the design of focused
research, which could address the questions which arise within the broad field
of Public Health. This module sets out to increase your capacity in the
following ways: identifying research problems, reviewing the literature and
designing a research study to address a problem you have identified.
It is hoped that by the end of the module, you will have embarked on the first
steps in developing a research proposal to address a public health problem. In
the next research methods module (you will either choose Qualitative or
Quantitative Research Methods), you develop this proposal further, by paying
attention to the specific research techniques in data collection, sampling and
analysis.
The module consists of four units which take you through the process of
developing a research proposal. You will be referred to parts of Descriptive
Epidemiology for more on quantitative data collection and analysis.
The introductory pages which follow provide you with an overview of the
Module, its outcomes, the assignments as well as the sources from which you
can expect support and assistance. Take the time to look through this section
before you begin studying – taking particular note of the assignments and
their requirements.
The module, which is accompanied by one Module Reader, is designed for
self-study. This enables you to work through the material at your own pace.
For each study session we have given an approximate number of hours you
should spend on each session. This is only a guide, and does not take into
account the many hours you will need to spend on your assignments. Flexible
learning allows you to explore the material in whatever depth you prefer, and
to skip over parts with which you are already familiar. The module involves a
variety of different kinds of learning activities, including reading, reflection,
observation, research, application and practice.
All the contact information that you may need is contained in the SOPH
Programme Handbook. It also contains all the information you need for your
assignment tasks and how they will be assessed, how to contact your lecturer,
develop a work plan and other general information you may need to complete
the module. Remember also that the same Programme Handbook provides
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
iii
additional information and administrative guidelines for submitting
assignments.
We hope that you will give us some feedback on your experience of this
module, so that we can improve the module for future students. You will be
asked to do so on an evaluation form which will be sent to you on completion
of your assignments.
We hope that you enjoy the module and find it useful in your own efforts to
improve community health.
Sincerely
Module Convenor
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
iv
2
INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE
2.1
Module Aims and Rationale
The module is designed to advance your skills, knowledge and capacity:
To understand the nature and scope of Public Health and identify problems in
Public Health practice that can be resolved with research.
To prepare a Research proposal by completing all the following steps:
 Understand the scope of Public Health;
 Problem identification;
 Undertake a critical review of the literature;
 Formulate research aim and objectives;
 Demonstrate a critical understanding of research approaches in
Public Health Research;
 Choose an appropriate study design based on your considerations
of the type of data that you want to collect and the target study
population;
 Develop competence in addressing research ethics; and
 Prepare an application for ethical clearance for your study.
2.2
Module Outline
The Module is based on the requirements of a research proposal which are
shown below. Use this diagram to guide your assignment.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
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Stages in Developing a Research Proposal
The development of a research protocol is often a cyclical rather than a linear
process. The arrows in the diagram below indicate this ongoing interaction
between all stages in this process.
QUESTIONS TO ASK
What is the problem?
Why should we study it?
What is the context of the
problem?
STAGE
1. Statement of the
Research Problem
ELEMENT





What information is already
available?
Why do we want to carry out the
research?
What do we hope to achieve?
What additional data do we need
to reach our research objectives?
How are we going to collect this
information?
2. Literature Review
3. Formulation of Study
Aims and Objectives
4. Research Methodology
Identify the problem
Explain rationale for
studying the problem
Analyse the problem
Describe the research
setting
Use this to write an
introduction to the
study

Review the literature
and other available
information

Develop Reference List

Set aims and objectives




Variables and indicators
Study design and types
Data collection methods
Data collection tools
- Record reviews
- Questionnaires and
sampling
- Observations
- Interviews
- Focus group
discussions
Plan for data collection
Plan for data processing
and analysis


Who will do what and when?
5. Work Plan


Personnel
Timetable
What steps will we take to address
ethical considerations?
6. Ethical Statement

Ethics Clearance
Application
Participant Information
Sheet and/or Informed
Consent Letter

How will we present our proposal
to relevant authorities and
funders?
7. Proposal Summary
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
vi
2.3
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, you should be better able to :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Discuss a range of key research approaches in Public Health
Identify a Public Health research problem
Develop an appropriate research question
Undertake a critical literature review on the study topic
Explore the application of the Qualitative and Quantitative
approaches to the problem
6. Apply different research designs
7. Elaborate and discuss appropriate research methodologies
8. Critically assess Health Research Ethics issues and strategies
These outcomes are addressed through the study sessions and assessed in
the two assignments.
At the same time, the module provides opportunities to improve a number of
your academic learning skills which are integrated into the sessions.
2.4
Reading
In addition to the readings in the Module Reader, you will also be expected to
pursue relevant current literature and additional resource material for your
assignment tasks. The UWC Faculty Librarian can help you locate relevant
materials. Contact the SOPH Student Administrator to arrange a letter of
permission to access other University libraries. Also see your SOPH
Programme Handbook 2007 for further guidance.
2.5
Module Evaluation
You will be asked by your lecturer to evaluate this module once you have
completed it. Please let us know how you find it as this will help us to improve
the module for future students.
3
ASSESSMENT
There is further information about assessment in the SOPH Programme
Handbook 2013. Please refer to it before submitting your assignment.
3.1
Information about Assessment
Self assessment is built into the module in the form of Tasks, allowing you to
check your progress and to study actively. You should try to do the tasks, as
this is the best way to learn.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
vii
Bear in mind that research is a process, and you need time to consider your
ideas, to turn them over in your mind and to discuss them with others. It would
be useful at this stage to buy a hard covered notebook to use as a research
journal. This has the advantage of keeping all your work for your mini-thesis in
one place, to gather the tasks you do as you work through the study sessions,
and to keep track of problems or questions as you encounter them. In this
way, you can start the research process straight away, and you’ll be better
prepared when it comes to developing your research protocol.
Two compulsory assignments are required to complete the module. It is
important for you to take note that:
 The first assignment contributes 40% towards your final mark; and
 The second assignment contributes 60% towards your final mark for
the module.
Please note:
 You are required to pass both assignments with a minimum of 50%.
 You must have a minimum aggregate of 50% to pass the module.
 If you get below 50% in Assignment 1, you may repeat it once only, but
you may only achieve a 50% pass mark, no higher.
 If you do not pass it second time around, you cannot proceed to
Assignment 2 and must repeat the module the following year.
 If you do not achieve 50% in Assignment 2, you must repeat the entire
module the following year.
3.2
Submitting Assignments
Please read the guidelines for Submission of Assignments in section 8 of the
Programme Handbook. When sending in your assignments, follow these
important guidelines:
 Assignments must be typed in 1,5 line-spacing.
 Use A4 paper.
 Always number the pages.
 When submitting your assignment by e-mail, include the fully
completed Assignment Cover Sheet as the first page of your
assignment file, and not as a separate file. If you separate them, your
assignment will not be identifiable.
When submitting your assignment by e-mail, you must title the file as follows:
o Your name (Surname, initial), e.g. Mambwe R
o Module abbreviation (see below for Core modules), e.g. PHR
o Assignment number, e.g. 1 or 2 and Draft or Final
o The year, i.e. 2013
Please
o e.g. Mambwe R_PHR Asn 1 Final 2013;
take
Mambwe R_PHR Asn 1 Draft 2013.
note!!!

Post, fax or e-mail the assignment to the Student Administrator at the
address below by the due date. Do not send assignments directly to
the lecturer. E-mail is preferred because it is quicker.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
viii


Type your assignment; no handwritten assignments will be accepted.
Keep a copy of your assignment.
Assignment deadlines will be sent to you by the Student Administrator. All
assignments must be submitted, i.e. postmarked, by the due date.
3.3
Draft Assignments: Please read this section carefully
As you are studying at a distance, lecturers will provide feedback on Draft
Assignments. However, Drafts will ONLY be reviewed if they are received
TWO OR MORE weeks before the final submission date. If they are received
less than two weeks before the submission date/deadline, they will not be
accepted as drafts. Allow a week for your lecturer to return your work. If you
experience long delays in getting feedback, please inform the Student
Administrator.
Take note that Drafts are also expected to be drafts, i.e. work in progress. Use
opportunities like these to check your understanding of the assignment
requirements, to try out difficult parts of the assignment, and to ask questions.
3.4
Assignment Extensions
Assignments must be submitted by the dates indicated in the Assignment
Deadlines schedule circulated by the Student Administrator. Extensions may
be granted under special circumstances but will not normally be longer than
two weeks. To request an extension, contact the Student Administrator (not
the lecturer or Module Convenor) as soon as a problem arises. No extensions
will be given for Draft Assignments, and no late assignments will be accepted
in Semester 2.
Late submission of assignments may result in reducing your time for the next
assignment, disrupting your lecturers’ marking schedule, late submission of
marks and therefore having to repeat the module. Please try to manage your
time effectively. You’ll find some guidance on doing so in the SOPH Academic
Handbook, 2008.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
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3.5
Assignments for Public Health Research
There are two assignments for this module. The module has been structured
so that you complete part of an assignment at the end of each unit. The
assignments are outlined in the units of the module as well as here; you need
to refer to both to guide you.
You are strongly urged to make sure you understand what is required for each
component of your assignment by checking it by telephone or e-mail with your
lecturer if you are unclear. This is important because if there is a problem at
the beginning of the protocol, this can affect the whole protocol.
ASSIGNMENT 1 – Prepare to investigate a Public Health problem
(40% of module result)
Assignment Instructions
Based on your initial discussions with your colleagues, manager and
community members, choose one Health Systems problem to investigate.
This will become the topic of your mini-thesis, so think it through carefully.
For your first assignment, you are required to:
a) Write a problem statement (statement of the research problem) and
incorporate it into the introduction to your study. Include a rationale for the
study and a description of the study setting and context of the study. (40
marks)
b) Write a literature review. (60 marks)
Guidelines for Assignment 1
Refer to the diagram of the stages in developing a research protocol to clarify
its structure. You should begin your assignment with a clear and succinct
introduction to the research topic and field of interest. The introduction
should include:
 an articulation of the broad problem;
 a presentation of the problem analysis;
 which should lead into the specific problem that you will address.
In the problem statement, you should make an argument about why you
have chosen the topic and why this particular research question needs to be
answered. (Hint: you should make a strong argument that the research
question has NOT been answered.) The problem statement is the articulation
of the research problem, i.e. a statement about what information is needed to
address the identified public health problem rather than a simple description of
the health problem.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
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You should also describe the context of the research, i.e. the research
setting, to enlighten the reader (or potential reviewer/funder!).
You should then indicate what is already known about the topic you wish to
research. This can be done in two ways. Firstly you should review existing
literature concerning your topic. From your literature review you should be
able to find out what is already known about the topic you want to study, and if
the research has been done before your country or elsewhere. In addition,
you should use the literature to define any key concepts that you will use in
the proposed research.
IMPORTANT
We do not give any extra marks for long proposals! Make sure that your
literature review does not contain irrelevant information – only that which is
necessary to understand the study and to appraise the strengths/weaknesses
of the reviewed study, should be described. Thus, the literature review should
go further than summarising the reviewed studies, to interpreting them for use
in your proposed study!
Assignment 1: Assessment Criteria
Marks
A. Introduction
 Study context is described - 10
 Problem analysis is presented clearly and logically – 5
 Clear description of the research setting - 10
25
B. Problem Statement
 Problem statement is convincing - 10
 Purpose/rationale for study is convincing – 5
15
C. Literature review
 Scope – sufficient coverage of relevant literature - 15
 Clear structure/outline of review with sub-headings - 10
 Referencing: providing evidence - 5
 Referencing (format) – 5
 Good discussion and integration of literature - 10
 Critical appraisal of literature – 10
55
Draft assignment handed in
5
Total
100
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xi
ASSIGNMENT 2 – Develop a research proposal
(60% of module result)
Use the same Public Health Research problem that you identified in
Assignment 1 and begin the process of developing a research proposal, by
considering an appropriate research approach and study design. You will start
by reviewing the outcomes of the literature review, and developing study aims
and objectives based on the research question that emerges. You will then be
required to apply your mind to which study approach (qualitative or
quantitative) would be most suitable based on considerations about the type
of data that you need to answer your research question(s) and the accessible
(or target) population from whom this information can be collected.
Guidelines for Assignment 2
Assignment 1 constitutes the first three steps of your protocol, and a draft for
the fourth step. Use your lecturer’s feedback on Assignment 1 to improve
these sections and include them as part of Assignment 2. They will be remarked in terms of the improvements you have made.
The first section should contain the aims and objectives of your study.
 Your aim should be a short single statement explaining what your
research is trying to achieve.
 Your objectives should be a short list of statements which say how you
will be able to achieve your overall aim.
Check quality of aim(s) and objectives against the criteria provided in the
Module Guide.
Choosing an appropriate study approach is an area with which many
students struggle. You must consider using either a qualitative (flexible
design) or a quantitative (fixed design) approach. This decision should be
made (or justified) from the nature of the information that already exists about
the research topic. You will need to draw on the literature review to guide you
in making this decision. You need to demonstrate your understanding of both
approaches by applying this to your research question and making intelligent
arguments why it would/not work in answering your research question(s).
In the next section, you need to show that you have considered the level of
complexity of the research question, and that you recognise what sort of
study design is implied by this question. Further, you must explain your
choice of study design by considering the type of data that you want to
collect, and the target population from whom this information will be collected.
You need to consider two alternative study designs and discuss why these
study designs are not appropriate by commenting on their strengths and
weaknesses in meeting your aims and objectives as well as other practical
considerations that you may have.
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xii
NOTE: To help you in answering this section, you may need to draw on
various literature sources. Make sure you acknowledge these sources by
referencing them properly in the text and in the reference list.
In the final section, you are required to consider the ethical implications of your
proposed research. First you need to demonstrate your understanding of the
four main philosophical principles of ethics that guide research. The emphasis
should be on demonstrating that you understand the principles by applying them
to your study – not by giving the definitions. Credit will be given to short, brief
answers that demonstrate insight. For the question about informed consent,
you need to review the study context (described in the Introduction) and the
target population (described earlier), and again think about the ethical
challenges of ensuring that participants are adequately informed about the
proposed research so that they are able to make sound decisions regarding
their participation, and also understand their voluntary participation. You will also
be required to compile a participant information sheet with the relevant
information for the participants.
Assessment Criteria
Your proposal should:
 Be practical and realistic and address a research problem in public
health practice;
 Provide a convincing research proposal that could be funded;
 Demonstrate engagement and a measure of mastery (understanding)
of some of the literature related to the research problem;
 Show evidence of having worked through ideas contained in the
Module Guide and in the readings;
 Express ideas clearly and succinctly, using accurate vocabulary,
grammar, punctuation and spelling.
 Adhere to standards of academic integrity through appropriate citation
and referencing of all sources that you use. NOTE that failure to
correctly cite and reference sources used in the assignment, will result
in the pass mark for Assignment 2 being withheld until this is rectified.
Here are the marking criteria that will be used:
Sections
Assessment Criteria
Introduction
Improvement on Assignment 1
Literature
Review
Aims and
Objectives
Improvement on Assignment 1
5
Clarity of aim/s and objectives and their relevance to the
problem.
 aim/s -3
 objectives - 7
10
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
Marks
5
xiii
Research
approach
Study designs
Ethical
statement
Layout and
Referencing
Draft
 Appropriate choice of qualitative or quantitative
approach - 5
 Insightful discussion of two research approaches,
including strengths and weaknesses of each
approach in relation to the study aims and objectives
- 10
 Appropriate choice of study design – 5
 Chosen study design is justified with consideration
of
o Data collection (type of data)
o Target population (sample) - 10
 Two alternative study designs considered and
discussed (applied) – 10
 Ethical principles are discussed in relation to the
study – 10
 Procedure for ensuring informed consent is
adequate - 10
 Participant information sheet - 5
Layout is clear – 5
Referencing is accurate – 5
Convincing draft handed in on time
Total
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
15
25
25
10
5
100
xiv
3.6
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
School of Public Health – University of the Western Cape
An Assignment Cover Sheet should be attached to every assignment. Please fill in
all details clearly and staple this form to the front of your assignment.
Alternatively, please fax it as the first page of your assignment, or develop a
cover sheet like this one to e-mail with your assignment.
Full name: ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………
Address:
……………………………………………………………………………….……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Email address: .………………………………………………………………………………….…………
Student number:
Module name: Public Health Research
Module code: SPH 842
Convenor:
If faxed, state the total number of pages sent including this page: …………
Student’s comments to lecturer
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Declaration by student
I understand what plagiarism is. This assignment is my own work, and all
sources of information have been acknowledged. I have taken care to
cite/reference all sources as set out in the SOPH Academic Handbook.
Signed by the student: ……………………………………………………………………
The tutor’s comments are on the reverse of this form
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Office Use
Date
Assessment/Grade
Tutor
Recorded &
received
dispatched
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xv
4
DEVELOPING A WORK PLAN
The table below presents a week-by-week work plan timetable. Identify the
period you have to complete this module. You probably also have a second
module running concurrently. One way to manage two modules at the same
time is to study one module from Monday to Wednesday, and the other from
Thursday to Saturday. Educationally this is positive because the two modules
should complement each other.
This module is made up of four units, each of which consists of four study
sessions. A session may take several study periods to complete e.g. up to 6
hours. You are expected to work consistently and regularly through the
sessions, but you must prepare the assignments as you work through them.
Leave the week before hand-in for finalising an assignment. You are
encouraged to develop your own work plan in terms of your commitments.
Guidelines are provided in the SOPH Academic Handbook. There are two
columns for you to work in: one is for this module. The other is for your
second module if this applies to you. Your work plan should take both
modules and their assignment deadlines into account. Once you have worked
out a plan, put a copy of it in an obvious place, e.g. above your work table,
and refer to it daily, adjusting it if you slip behind or race ahead!
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xvi
WORK PLAN FOR PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AND A SECOND MODULE
WEEK
STARTING
YOUR OWN WORK
PLAN
Public Health Research
YOUR OWN WORK
PLAN FOR….
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xvii
Public health research - Readings
For referencing, use the original publication details noted under Publication Details
below. Copyright is obtained for the use of all these readings on an annual basis.
Publication Details
Baum, F. (1995). Researching Public Health: Behind the Qualitative-Quantitative
Methodological Debate. Social Science and Medicine, 40: 459 - 468.
Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R. & Kjellstrom, T. (1997). Ch 3 - Types of Study. In Basic
Epidemiology. Geneva: WHO Publications: 1 - 26.
Cash, R., Wikler, D.,Saxena, A. & Capron, A. (2009). Ch 4 – Voluntary Informed
Consent. In Casebook on Ethical Issues in International Health Research: 83 - 92.
Geneva: World Health Organization.
Cassidy, C. M. (1994). Walk a Mile in My Shoes: Culturally Sensitive Food-Habit
Research. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, Supplement: 190S - 197S.
Clifford, M. (2000). Using and Referencing Sources. Bellvile: SOPH, UWC: 1 -7.
Dane, F. C. (1990). Ch 4 – Reviewing the Literature. In Research Methods.
California, Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole: 65 – 78.
Deploy, E. & Gitlin, L. (1994). Ch 5 – Developing A Knowledge Base Through
Review of the Literature. In Introduction to Research. St Louis: Mosby: 61 – 76.
Detels, R., Breslow, L., Walter, W., McEwen, J. & Omenn, G. S. (Eds). (1997).
Current scope and concerns in Public Health. In The Oxford Textbook of Public
Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp3-17
SOPH, UWC, Master of Public Health - Public Health Research- Module Introduction
xviii
Grbich, C. (1999). Ch 8 - Action Based Methods in Qualitative Research for Health.
Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction. Sydney: Unwin & Allen: 203 206.
Green, J. & Britten, N. (1998). Qualitative Research and Evidence Based
Medicine. British Medical Journal, 316: 1230 - 1232. [Online], Available:
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7139/1230 [9/19/2000 11:42 AM]
Haider, R., Kabir, J., Hamdani, J. & Habte, D. (1997). Reasons for Failure of
Breast-Feeding Counselling: Mothers’ Perspective in Bangladesh. Bulletin of the
World Health Organisation, 75: 191 - 196.
Joubert, G. & Erhlich, R. (2007). Ch 6 - Setting Objectives for Research. In
Epidemiology: A Research Manual for South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University
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