Year 10 General Science – Chemistry
Name: __________________________________
No.
Term
What is it?
Example
1
atoms
Smallest particles
Lithium atom
2
protons
Positive charged particles in the
Element with atomic no 7 means
nucleus of an atom
having 7 protons (7 positive
charges) balanced by 7 negative
charges from electrons
3
neutrons
Neutral charged particles in the
No charge – having mass – may
nucleus of an atom
be different from the proton
number.
Neutrons = Mass no minus
Protons
4
electrons
Lightest sub-atomic particles with
Lithium with 3 electrons
negative charges
5
valence
The outermost electrons of an atom
Aluminium is in group 3 with 3
electrons
valence electrons
6
radicals
Another term = polyatomic ions; ions
Carbonate ions
formed by 2 or more non-metallic
atoms bonded together with an overall
net charge
7
Cations
Positive ions formed by metallic atoms Sodium ions
after losing electrons
8
Anions
Negative ions formed by non-metallic
Chloride ions
atoms after gaining electrons
9
Acids
Chemicals which gives hydrogen ions
Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid
in water
and nitric acid
10
Molecule
The smallest existing form of a
Sodium chloride, carbon dioxide,
chemical which is made of two or more nitrogen gas
atoms combined together
11
Alkali metals
Group 1 metals with one valence
Lithium, Sodium and Potassium
electron – very reactive metals
12
Alkaline Earth
Group 2 metals with 2 valence
Magnesium and Calcium
metals
electrons – fairly reactive metals
13
Atomic number Element with a unique proton number Sodium with an atomic number
of 11, having 11 protons
14
Mass number
The sum of neutrons and protons in
Mass number of Aluminium is 27
the nucleus of an atom
– with 13 protons and 14
neutrons
15
Octet
Atom or ion with a full shell of valence Neon (2,8)
electron of 8 – remains stable
Potassium atom K+ (2,8,8
16
Ionic bonding
Chemical formed by transfer of
Sodium chloride
electrons between metal and nonmetal
17
Covalent
Chemical bond formed by sharing
Nitrogen N2,
bonding
electron – molecule of an element of a
Water H2O
compound
18
Covalent
Chemical formed by sharing electron
CO2, NH3, CH4
compound
between 2 or more different nonmetals
19
Ionic lattice
Ionic compound in solid state with
NaCl lattice has a melting point
very strong bonds between ions
of over 800oC
20
Noble gases
Unreactive gas exist as a single atom – Helium, Argon and neon
in Group 8 with an octet electrons
21
Electronic
The arrangement of electrons in an
Boron (2,3)
configuration
atom, following the 2+8+8 rule
Calcium (2,8,8,2)
22
Mercury
23
Bromine
24
25
Reactivity
series
Precipitate
26
Decomposition
27
28
Combination
reaction
Combustion
29
Neutralisation
30
Single
Displacement
Double
Displacement
31
The only liquid metal at room
temperature
The only liquid non-metal at room
temperature
The list of metals from most reactive to
least reactive
A solid formed from mixing 2 aqueous
salt solutions
Most metals are solid
The breaking down of a complex
chemical into simpler ones
A reaction in which a complex
chemical is formed from simpler ones
Burning of organic compound with
oxygen to give carbon dioxide and
water and heat
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
An acid and a base react to give a salt
and water
A more reactive metal displace the
metal part of a salt to a free metal.
A chemical reaction in which the metal
parts of the compounds displacement
each other to form 2 different products
A salt is a general term (not just
NaCl)
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
Most non-metals are gas and few
are solids
Group 1, 2 are reactive and Cu,
Ag and Au are least reactive
Potassium iodide – yellow ppt
and Potassium chloride – white
ppt
Mg + O2  MgO
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Pb(NO3)2 + KI  PbI + KNO3
32
Catalyst
A chemical used to speed up a
chemical reaction
Manganese dioxide MnO2 is
required to decompose
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 
H2O + O2
33
Alloy
Solder = Pb + Sn
34
35
Metallic
bonding
Galvanisation
36
Flame test
37
38
Pop Sound
Lime water
39
40
Oxygen test
Metal
41
Carbon
A metal that is made of 2 or more
metals to give special properties
A sea of electrons surrounding the
cations of atoms
When zinc is coated on the surface of
iron.
A test used to identify the metal in an
ionic compound
If hydrogen is reacting with oxygen
A chemical used to test for CO2 –
turning milky
A gas that relights a glowing splint
The type of elements which are good
conductor of heat and electricity
The element in different form from
graphite in pencil lead, charcoal to
diamond.
42
43
44
Sodium metal – sodium cations
surrounded by electrons
Iron nails coated by zinc to
prevent rusting