IB: HOA  Paper 3 Review
Latin America Review  MAK
Exploration,
Exploitation,
Colonization Review
Treaty of Tordesillas
Columbian Exchange
Mercantilism
Jesuits
Ferdinand & Isabella
American Rev.
French Rev.
Napoleonic Wars
Social Structures
Casta System
Haiti
Peninsulares
Creoles /
Criolles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Indios
African Slaves
-Gran Blanc
-Petite Blanc
-Genes de
Colour
-Afranchis
Revolutionaries
Vocab
Tupac Amaru II  Peru
Toussaint L’Overature  Haiti
Simon Bolivar  Gran Columbia
Jose de San Martin  Argentina
Bernardo O’Higgins  Chile
Jose Artigas  Uruguay
Fathers Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos  Mexico
Augustine de Iturbide  Mexico
Pedro I  Brazil
Coup
Junta
Caudillos
Latifundio
Latifundistas
Liberalism
Conservativism
Latin American Independence Movements
European Circumstances at the Time
Spain:
-1746 – Decreased colonial trade
-1807-1808 – Napoleon invades
-Misrule and wars  bankruptcy
-Spanish King abdicated
-Napoleon puts Joseph in charge
Portugal:
-Napoleonic Wars
-French Revolution
-Political ideology – liberty
and liberation
Patterns:
• History of Colonization/Exploitation
• 1808-1811: Period of greatest instability
• Rebelling against Napoleon, for Ferdinand
• Creole/Criollo leadership
• Establishment of Juntas
• Strong leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Artigas
• Rise of Caudillos
• No unity for Latin American countries (death of Bolivar’s dream for a United States of South America)
• Civil Wars, Coups, Political instability
• Disruption in government and economy (trade)  poverty
• Maintain social hierarchy (minus European and Peninsulare influences)
• Conservativism vs. Liberalism
• Caribbean becomes an “American Lake” (Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary “Big Stick Policy”)
Caudillos:

There were several conditions that allowed caudillos to emerge. They include economic depression, the
breakdown of law and order in a country, and the militarization of a country. Basically, the country needed to be
going through a state of disarray, economically, politically, militarily, and socially.

A caudillo was a charismatic leader who advanced their own interests through military and political skills. They
would adopt any form of government that would best suit their strategy for getting control over public funds to
increase their power network.

Caudillos did not become a permanent fixture in Latin America because they existed during times of disarray.
Therefore, they were able to exist and thrive when the countries of Latin America were going through periods of
uncertainty, but when the countries got their feet again, caudillos began to decline.

The caudillos were most popular with the “folk” because if the folk obeyed the leaders, then it was up to the
caudillos to protect them. There was a sort of give and take relationship, where one would obey the other and in
turn would receive protection from them.

South Americans supported caudillos originally because they were a form of government over areas of disarray.
They provided protection to some people, and were able to unite the people under one common thread.
Latin American Movements for Independence
Country
Movement for
Independence Details
Leaders/Revolutionaries
Significance/Impact
Mexico
-Excommunicated RC
priests led Mestizo groups
-Hidalgo led bloody
battles (Captured & killed
– ditto for Morelos)
-Success = Creole led
forces under Iturbide
-Fathers Miguel Hidalgo
& Jose Morelos
-Augustine de Iturbide
Gran Colombia:
Colombia,
Ecuador,
Venezuela
-Bolivar used nativism to
get support and victory
-Goal of a “Gran
Colombia” (to replace
New Granada)
-Nativism
-Armies of San Martin and
O’Higgins meet and fight
together, winning control
of Chile
-Simon Bolivar (The
“George Washington of
South America”)
-Failure of Mestizo/Mulatto
uprisings
-Creole success in revolt
-Iturbide becomes a dictator, he is
then gotten rid of (exile &
execution)
-Political unrest
-Only the beginning for
Mexico…
-Countries were liberated by
Bolivar
-But no United States of South
America
-Bernardo O’Higgins
-Jose de San Martin
-San Martin offered chance to
rule, says no
-O’Higgins becomes the ruler
after he is beaten
-San Martin in Rio de la
Plata
-Conflicts with Brazil
-Bolivar led to freedom
after San Martin went
back to Europe
-Prince Pedro rallied the
natives together, refused
to listen to Portugal, and
demanded independence
-Jose de San Martin
-Leader of Southern South
America
-Falling out with Bolivar = no
unity
-Prince Pedro
-Declared an independent
monarchy
-Makes itself a republic
-Failed native revolt led
by Tupac Amaru II
(predates Creole
uprisings)
-Slave revolt against
leaders
-Napoleon served as a
distraction
-GB tried to take
advantage
-Tupac Amaru II
-Simon Bolivar
-Jose de San Martin
-Success in the form of Creole
led revolts (not by natives)
-Toussaint L’Overture
-Jean Jaques Dessalines
-Napoleon
-Ended Napoleon’s dream of
world domination
-Only successful slave revolt ever
-Creoles ended up on top, and
mixed race were still below
-Corruption
-Reparations to France
Chile
Argentina
Brazil
Peru
Haiti
Sample Paper 3 Prompts: Latin America

To what extent were the wars of independence in Latin America due to the grievances of the Creoles
against the peninsular Spaniards? Support your answer with reference to one independence movement.

With reference to two countries of the Americas, analyse the contributions of political factors to the
outbreak of the wars of independence.

Wars of Independence in the Americas were primarily caused by political grievances. To what extent do
you agree with this view?

With reference to two countries of the Americas, analyse the contribution of political factors to the
outbreak of the wars of independence.

Compare and contrast the role of leadership in the independence movements of two Latin American
countries.

Compare and contrast the role of leadership of two of the following: Washington, Jefferson, Bolívar,
San Martín

Analyse the similarities and differences between two independence movements in Latin America.

With reference to one independence movement you have studied, analyse the significance of foreign aid
in helping to achieve independence.

Analyze the role, and assess the impact, of outside powers on two wars of independence in the Americas

Why did both the military and civilians oppose or join Latin American wars of independence? Answer
with reference to two wars of independence from the region.

Compare and contrast the participation and importance of Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho”
Villa in the course of the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1919.

Compare and contrast the aims of Francisco Madero and Venustiano Carranza during the Mexican
Revolution.

Compare the conditions that led to the rise of the caudillo rule in two countries of the region.

In what ways, and for what reasons, did caudillos consolidate themselves in the nineteenth century in
two countries of the region?

Analyse the response to the Great Depression of one Latin American country.

Analyse the long-term and short-term causes of the Cuban Revolution (1959).
Political
Causes of Wars for Independence in the Americas
Economic
Social
Impact of Movements for Independence
1 Country or Region
1 Country or Region
George Washington
Leaders of Independence Movements
Thomas Jefferson
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Leaders of Independence Movements
Jose de San Martin
Bernardo O’Higgins
Fathers Miguel Hidalgo
and Jose Morelos
Leaders of Independence Movements
Augustine de Iturbide
Benito Juarez
19th Century Caudillo Consolidation of Power
1 Country in Latin America
1 Country in Latin America
“Poor Mexico - So far from God, and so close to United States”
– P. Diaz
Conditions for Revolution
Porfirio Diaz
•
•
•
Francisco
Madero
Mexican Revolution: 1910-1920
Goals of Revolutionaries
USA Intervention
Mexican Revolution: 1910-1920
Victoriano
Venustiano
“Pancho” Villa
Huerta
Carranza
Tampico Bay Incident (1914):
o Occupation of Veracruz:
Zimmerman Telegram (1917):
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI):
Emiliano
Zapata
The Writing of IB History Exam essays - some thoughts from an assistant examiner:
1. Know the chronology. You should know the ten most important events for every topic you choose and the years in
which they took place. When you can correctly refer to these events in your answer it makes it almost impossible to fail
that essay.
2. Organize your writing. Spend a minute or two to jot down an outline BEFORE you start writing. As you write
remember what examiners love to see:
- A SHORT introduction which answers the question briefly and sets the direction of the paper
- Well developed body paragraphs with historical fact and references to authors
- a LONG conclusion in which you show that there are other possible interpretations
3. Write as legibly as you can. If penmanship isn't your strong suit, that's okay. But do the best you can to make your
writing presentable. Writing bigger often helps, printing is a good idea and skipping lines can be useful.
4. Manage your time. You have to write three essays in two and one half hours - that's about 50 minutes per essay.
Your testing coordinator will give you time checks but you can also bring a watch. Each essay is worth 20 marks, so you
want a decent response for every one.
If you can follow the four points above you'll maximize your success writing any essay for a history test.
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