The Axial Skeleton

Consists of _______ bones

_______ major regions
o Skull
o Vertebral column
o Thoracic cage
The Skull

Two sets of bones
______________ bones

Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity

Gives attachment sites for head and neck muscles
_______________ bones

Framework of face

Contains cavities for the special sense organs of sight, taste, and smell

Provides openings for the passage of air and food

Secures the teeth

Anchors the facial muscles of expression, which we use to show emotion
Cranial Bones

Occipital bone

_______________ bones (2)

Frontal bone

Temporal bones (2)

_______________ bone

_______________ bone
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Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures

________________ and ________________ aspects of cranial vault

_________ sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal,
occipital, and temporal bones:
o Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone
o _______________ suture—between right and left parietal bones
o _______________ suture—between parietal bones and occipital
bone
o Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones
on each side of skull
Occipital Bone

Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa

Contains the foramen magnum “large hole” through which the brain connects
with the __________________________

Articulates at the occipital condyles with 1st vertebra

Sites of attachment for the many neck and back muscles
Temporal Bones

Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor

Contains the zygomatic process, external acoustic meatus, the styloid
process, and the mastoid process

Articulates with the mandible at the _________________
Sphenoid Bone

Complex, ______________________-shaped bone

_____________________ bone

Articulates with all other cranial bones

Three pairs of processes

Contains the __________________________ and the hypophyseal fossa
that surround the ________________________ gland
Ethmoid Bone

Deepest skull bone

Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities

Contributes to medial wall of orbits

Contains the superior and middle nasal conchae

Contains the crista galli (rooster’s comb)

The attachment site for the outermost covering of the brain
Sutural Bones

Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures
Facial Bones (14 Total)
Unpaired Bones:

_____________________

_____________________
Paired Bones:

Maxillary bones (2)

__________________ bones (2)

Nasal bones (2)

__________________ bones (2)

Palatine bones (2)

Inferior nasal Conchae (2)
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Mandible

Lower jaw

Largest, strongest bone of face

Articulates at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ): only freely movable joint
in skull
Maxillary Bones

Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton

__________________ bone of the facial bones: all facial bones except the
mandible articulate with it
Zygomatic Bones

___________________

Inferolateral margins of orbits

Articulates with _______ separate zygomatic processes
o Frontal zygomatic process
o Maxillary zygomatic process
o Temporal zygomatic process
Nasal bones

Form bridge of nose

Attach to the cartilage that forms most of the skeleton of the nose
Lacrimal bones

In medial walls of orbits

Forms part of the canal that drains tears into the nasal cavity
Lacrimation = crying/tear production
Palatine bones

Posterior ____________ of hard palate

Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity

Small part of the orbits
Vomer

Plow shaped

Lower part of nasal septum
Orbits

Encase eyes and lacrimal glands

Sites of attachment for eye muscles

Formed by parts of seven bones:
o Frontal bones
o Zygomatic
o _________________ bones
o Palatine
o _________________
o Lacrimal
o Maxilla
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Nasal Cavity

Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones
o Ethmoid
o Palatine bones
o Maxillary bones
o Inferior nasal conchae
Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage

Ethmoid

Vomer

Anterior septal cartilage
Paranasal Sinuses

Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces

___________________ the skull

Enhance _____________________ of voice

Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Hyoid Bone

Not a bone of the skull

Does not _______________________ directly with another bone

Site of attachment for muscles of ____________________ and speech
Developmental Aspects of the Skull

At birth, the newborn’s skull not fully developed and sutures have not yet
fused
o Allows for head compression during birth
o Allows for brain growth in the infant

Unossified regions are covered with fibrous membranes called
____________________________ “little fountains”

Anterior fontanelle is present until _____________ years of age
Homeostatic Imbalances: Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

Caused by right and left halves of the palate failing to fuse medially
o Leads to difficulties _____________________
o Risk for _______________________ (inhalation) pneumonia
Review Slides