UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Brain facts: --The average brain is about the size of a grapefruit --About 3 lbs in weight --100 billion nerve cells – each cells connects to up to 10,000 other nerve cells --At age 70, a person retains about 98% of their nerve cells --The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem (medulla). --Although the brain is only 2% of the body's weight, it uses 20% of the oxygen supply and gets 20% of the blood flow. If brain cells do not get oxygen for 3 to 5 minutes, they begin to die --Males tend to have a larger brain (based upon relative physical size….women tend to use more of theirs at any given time) Biological Psychology: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Key Question: Core Concept: Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM pg 51-63 These two systems are the biological bedrock for all our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Neuron: pg 53 Bundles of many neurons are called nerves Three Major Classes of Neurons 1. Sensory Neuron: pg 62 Also called an afferent neuron Example: test the water in a shower, afferent neuron carry message to the brain 2. Motor Neuron: pg 62 Also called an efferent neuron Example: messages from the brain tell your hands just how much to move the shower tap 3. Interneuron: pg 62 1 How Neurons Work Dendrite: pg 53 Types of Messages: a. excitatory- fire b. inhibitory – don’t fire Axon: pg 53 Myelin sheath: pg 53 In a nerve cell, the extended fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electrical charge called the action potential Resting Potential: pg 53 Action Potential: The nerve impulse caused by a change in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron ‘fires’, this charge travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons. All-or-None Principal: pg 54 Synapse: pg 55 To pass the message across the synaptic gap (aka synaptic cleft), a neuron must initiate a process in the terminal found at the end of the axon. Synapse also occur between the neurons and the muscles or glands they serve. Terminal: pg 56 Neurotransmitters: pg 55-58 If they are the right shape, they fit into receptors, simulating the receiving neuron and the message is carried forward. After the transmitting molecules have done their work, they are broken down by chemicals and recycled back to the terminal buttons, where they are reassembled and reused Reuptake: pg 55 Some drugs, such as Prozac, interfere with the reuptake process Examples of Neurotransmitters (chart pg 57) Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate Endorphins Norepinephrine 2 Plasticity: The nervous system’s ability to adapt or change as the result of experience. Glial Cells: pg 74 --Also for the myelin sheath, a fatty insulation around many axons in the brain and spinal chord Some disease, such as multiple sclerosis, attack the myelin sheath Nervous System: pg 59 TWO MAIN BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Neurons with their amazing plasticity 2. Glial cells, which protect neurons and help spread neural messages Central Nervous System: pg 59 Reflex: pg 61 Peripheral Nervous System: pg 59 Consists of the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems A. Somatic Nervous System: pg 59 B. Autonomic Nervous System: pg 59 1. Sympathetic Division of the ANS: pg 59 Examples: Speaking in front of the class 2. Parasympathetic Division of the ANS: pg 60 3 The Endocrine System p.62 The Endocrine System: pg 62 --Under normal conditions, the ES works with the parasympathetic nervous system --In a crisis, the ES shifts into a new mode, working with the sympathetic nervous system Hormone: pg 62 Pituitary Gland: pg 63 Agonist: pg 57-58 Antagonist: pg 57-58 3B: THE BRAIN p. 66-91 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Key Question: Core Concept: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THREE LAYERS OF THE BRAIN 1. Brain Stem: pg 69-71 Medulla: pg 69 Pons: pg 69 Reticular Formation: pg 69-70 Thalamus: pg 70 Directs nearly all the brain’s incoming and outgoing sensory and motor traffic Cerebellum: pg 70-71 Responsible for coordinated movements 4 2. Limbic System: pg 71 Hippocampus: pg 71 Amygdala: pg 71 Hypothalamus: pg 72 3. Cerebrum: pg 74-79 Cerebral Cortex: pg 74 The outer layer of the cerebrum --Involved in complex mental processes The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 1. Frontal Lobes: pg 74 Movement, speech, abstract thought Motor Cortex: pg 75 ***************************************************************** 2.Parietal Lobes: pg 74 Sensations of touch, body posture, hearing Somatosensory Cortex: pg 77 1. Serves as primary processing area for the sensations of touch, temperature, pain and pressure from all over the body 2. Relates this information to a mental map of the body to help you locate the sources of the sensations. Right Hemisphere’s Parietal Lobes: Allows us to locate the positions of objects in a three-dimensional space Left Hemisphere’s Parietal Lobes: Specializes in locating the source of speech sounds, such as when someone says your name Also works with the temporal lobe to extract meaning from speech and writing ***************************************************************** 3. Occipital Lobes: pg 74 Vision Visual Cortex: The visual processing areas of the cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes ***************************************************************** 4. Temporal Lobes: pg 74 Hearing, smell, vision 5 Association Areas: pg 78-79 --The largest proportion of the human cortex is devoted to integrating and interpreting information gathered from the sensory parts of the brain. Collectively, these regions re known as the association cortex Corpus Callosum: pg 84 Cerebral Dominance: The tendency for each hemispheres to take charge of different tasks, but BOTH hemispheres always work together to produce thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Regulation of positive emotions Controls muscles used in speech Controls sequence of movements Spontaneous speaking and writing Memory for words and numbers Understanding speech and writing uses logic detail oriented facts rule words and language present and past math and science can comprehend order/pattern perception knows object name reality based forms strategies practical safe Regulation of negative emotions Response to simple commands Memory for shapes and music Interpreting spatial relationships and visual images uses feeling "big picture" oriented imagination rules symbols and images present and future philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning) believes appreciates spatial perception knows object function fantasy based presents possibilities impetuous risk taking 6 3C: GENETICS, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR pg 94-110 Genome: Phenotype: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Gene: \ Chromosome: 46 chromosomes - 23 pairs – half from mother-half from father Sex Chromosome: One X from mother….X (for females) or Y (for males) from father Father’s chromosomes determines sex XX = female XY = male Does heredity determine our psychological destiny? Heredity never acts alone…both heredity and environment always work together to influence behavior and mental processes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Key Question: Core Concept: Evolution: Natural Selection: 7