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Papyrus /pəˈpaɪrəs/ is a thin paper-like material made from the pith of
the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the
Sudd of Southern Sudan along with the Nile Delta of Egypt.
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Death Mask of Tutankhamun. The death mask of Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun is made of gold
inlaid with colored glass and semiprecious stone. The mask comes from the innermost mummy
case in the pharaoh’s tomb, and stands 54 cm (21 in) high. The emblems on the forehead (vulture
and cobra) and on the shoulders (falcon heads) were symbols of the Two Lands of Upper and
Lower Egypt and of divine authority. The vulture Nekhbet and the cobra Wadjet protected the
pharaoh.
The Egyptian vulture. The Egyptian vulture is a tool-using bird. Egyptian vultures are specialists in
egg-eating. They are among the only known birds in the world to use stones as tools. They will
repeatedly strike at an abandoned ostrich egg with stones, then use their beak to enlarge the hole
and penetrate membrane. Then it feasts on the oozing interior of the egg. In ancient Egypt the
vulture is considered to be nearer to God who is believed to reside above the sky.
The Egyptian cobra. The ancient Egyptians worshipped the cobra and used it as a symbol on the
crown of the pharaohs. It is used as a protective symbol, the Egyptians believed that the cobra
would spit fire at any approaching enemies.
It is also called asp.
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Mummification. The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the
desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike
and natural 'mummies'. Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins
to protect them from wild animals in the desert.
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Eg yp t ia n M u mmies
It was very important to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs that the
human body was preserved. A method of artificial preservation,
called mummification was developed by the ancient Egyptians.
Mummification was a complicated and lengthy process which lasted
up to 70 days.
What are mummies?
A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been
preserved after death.
Who were the mummies?
They were any Egyptian who could afford to pay for the expensive
process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife.
Why did the Egyptians make
mummies?
The Egyptians believed in life after death. They believed that they
had to preserve their bodies so they could use them in the afterlife.
What is the afterlife?
The Egyptians believed that when they died, they would make a
journey to another world where they would lead a new life. They
would need all the things they had used when they were alive, so
their families would put those things in their graves. Egyptians paid
vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved.
Egyptians who were poor were buried in the sand whilst the rich
ones were buried in a tomb.
What was the name of the process
the Egyptians used to preserve their
bodies?
It was called mummification.
How were mummies made?
It took a very long time, from start to finish, it took about 70 days
to embalm a body. The priest in charge would wear the mask of a
jackal representing the god Anubis.
1. The body was washed and purified.
2. Organs were removed. Only the heart remained.
3. The body was filled with stuffing.
4. The body was dried by covering it with a substance called
natron*. This substance absorbed all the moisture from the body.
5. After 40 - 50 days the stuffing was removed and replaced with
linen or sawdust.
6. The body was wrapped in strands of linen and covered in a sheet
called a shroud.
7. The body was placed in a stone coffin called a sarcophagus.
The mummy was now ready for its journey to the afterlife.
*W h a t
is natron?
Natron is a natural salt, composed of sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate with traces of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. It
was used by the ancient egyptians to dry out the bodies.
Why did they leave the heart in the
body?
The Egyptians thought the heart was the centre of intelligence and
emotion.
Who was the god of
mummification?
Anubis was the god of mummification. He had a
human body and the head of a jackal. His job was
to prepare the bodies of the dead to be received by
Osiris.
What objects did they put in
Egyptian Tombs?
Ancient Egyptians were buried with their belongings and the tomb
walls were painted with scenes from the dead persons life. The
objects included furniture, games and even food was placed in the
tombs for the long After Life journey!
What are canopic jars?
Canopic Jars were used by ancient Egyptians to hold mummified
remains.
Where were Egyptians who were poor
buried?
The poor Egyptians were buried in the sand. Only the rich ones were
buried in a tomb
Where were the pharaohs buried?
In the Old and Middle Kingdoms (2628-1638 BC), Egyptian kings
were buried in pyramids. About 50 royal pyramids have survived.
They were built on the desert edge, west of the ancient capital of
Memphis.
What are pyramids?
The pyramids are the stone tombs of Egypt's kings - the Pharaohs.
Find out more about pyramids
Why did the Ancient Egyptians build
pyramids?
The Egyptians believed that if the pharaoh's body could be
mummified after death the pharaoh would live forever. The tombs
were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his
belongings.
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Phoenicia (foh-NEE-shee-ah)
Phoenicia is the Greek name for the country and people living on the coast of Syria,
in ancient times at the east end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is believed that economic
opportunity and population pressures forced them out into the seas. The Phoenicians
colonized many areas along the Mediterranean Sea. Areas where their colonies have
been found: Sardinia, Cyprus, and Carthage - the most important and lasting colony.
By far they were superior to all 9peoples of that time in seamanship. Legend has it that
an Egyptian pharoah hired a band of Phoenicians to map and circumnavigate the
coast of Africa. They are best remembered for their contributions in the
establishment to trade with the many peoples living along the Mediterranean Sea. The
Greeks received their alphabet from them as late as the 10th century B.C. or as early
as the 15th. Other antiquities famed to the Phoenicians include carved ivories to be "
used in furniture, metalwork, and especially glassware.
History tells us that the Canaanites, a tribe of Semitic origin, were first to inhabit the
Lebanese shores. Indeed their culture is said to form the basis of the Aramaean
culture of both Syria and of Israelite Palestine. The Canaanites who traded with the
Greeks became known by them as Phoenicians.
The term Phoenicia, from the Greek Phoenix, means purple-red, and refers to the
purple industry (the dye extracted from the mollusc shell-fish and used to colour
cloth) of the early Lebanese.
The word Lebanon itself, is an ancient Semitic term meaning “White”, and the country
was so called as the Lebanese mountain summits remain snow-decked for most of
the year. Seeking trading partners, the Phoenicians sailed further away from the
shores of Lebanon, confident in their legendary vessels crafted in solid cedar wood.
They rounded Africa, landed in England and Ireland and built many cities in Western
Europe and on the Atlantic coast of Africa. But while the Phoenicians became
legendary traders - their wares included works of art, textiles, delicate glassware,
precious stones and perfume - their intellectual contribution to society guaranteed
their place in history.
They gave the world the twenty-two "magic signs" called the alphabet, the first
developed system of modern writing and numerical figures. They also taught
mankind the art of stone building and glass manufacturing.
THE PHOENICIANS ROUTES
The Fertile Crescent is roughly an arc-shaped area which stretches from the mouth of
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at the Persian Gulf, west to the Red Sea. About 5,000
years ago it was inhabited by a race know as Semites. The Semites who lived in the
eastern portion of the Fertile Crescent were Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians.
In the western portion lived the Amorites. Those Amorites who settled in what are
today Lebanon, Syria, and Israel were know as Canaanites. Later, the Greek called
them Phoenicians.
PHOENICIANS IN HISTORY
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