AP Biology: Organism Form and Function
Unit 5: Circulation and Gas Exchange Outline
Mr. J. Miller
Learning Objectives:
4.8 The student is able to evaluate scientific questions concerning organisms that exhibit
complex properties due to the interaction of their constituent parts.
4.9 The student is able to predict the effects of a change in a component(s) of a biological
system on the functionality of an organism(s).
4.10 The student is able to refine representations and models to illustrate biocomplexity
due to interactions of the constituent parts.
4.18 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze how cooperative
interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
Lecture Outline:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Overview
A. Material Exchange
B. Internal Transport
C. General Properties
Comparative Anatomy of the Circulatory System
A. Open System
B. Closed System
C. Evolution of the vertebrate heart
1. invertebrates
2. vertebrates
3. Fish: (single)
4. Amphibians
5. Reptiles
6. Birds and Mammals
Coordinated Cycles of Heart Contraction – meets continuous demand for oxygen
A. Mammalian circulation
B. Cardiac cycle
C. Valves
D. Rhythmic beat
Blood Vessels
A. Layers
B. Arteries
C. Veins
D. Capillaries
Lymphatic system
A. Function
B. Components
C. No pumping mechanism
D. Lymphatic Vessels
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Clotting – Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
A. bone marrow
B. function
C. hemophilia
D. Mechanism of clotting (cascade of events)
Blood Groups
A. Agglutination
B. A, B, AB, O blood types
C. frequency of blood types
D. Rh factor
Blood Component
A. Functions
B. Plasma
C. Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
D. Hemoglobin
E. Leukocytes
Gas Exchange
I.
II.
III.
IV.
General Information
A. Exchange of gases
B. Partial Pressure Gradients
C. Characteristics of respiratory organs
D. External respiration
E. Internal respiration
F. Anaerobic respiration
G. Obtaining oxygen – 5 ways animals obtain oxygen
H. Surface moisture
I. Factors affecting oxygen demand
Anatomy of Human Respiratory System
A. Nasal cavity
B. Pharynx
C. Larynx
D. Trachea
E. Lungs
Respiratory Movements
A. Two Aspects:
1. inspiration
2.expiration
B. Rate
C. Changes in thoracic cavity volume
Factors Controlling Respiratory Movements
A. Effects on respiratory rate and breathing depth
B. Dual respiratory control (involuntary)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Chemical regulation
V.
E. Direct factors influencing respiratory center
F. Indirect factors influencing respiratory center
Gas Exchanges
A. External respiration
B. Measuring gas exchange
C. Transport of respiratory gases