ARMIDALE
DUMARESQ COUNCIL
URBAN STREETSCAPE
(STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY (POL 120)
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
Applies to:
Officer Responsible
Associated Documents
Legislation
Associated Documents:
Legislation:
History:
G&R Meeting Date:
Council Meeting Date:
Council Meeting No.:
TRIM File Number:
Review Date:
Reasons for Changes:
Civic and Recreation Services staff
Manager Civic and Recreation Services
Nil
Nil
Version I – January 2008
Version II – January 2012
6 February 2012
27 February 2012
A06/3056 INT/2012/00415
October 2012
Review of Approved species list
Updated to reflect issues of climate change
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 4
VALUE STATEMENT ............................................................................................... 4
SECTION 1 STATEMENT OF INTENT................................................................ 6
SECTION 2 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 6
SECTION 3 STATEMENT OF LIMITING FACTORS ....................................... 6
3.1 Funding ............................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Traffic Safety .................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Utility Services ................................................................................................. 7
3.4 Climate ............................................................................................................. 7
3.5 Proximity of Dwellings .................................................................................... 7
3.6 Council Activities ............................................................................................. 8
3.7 Risk Management ............................................................................................. 8
3.8 Vandalism ......................................................................................................... 8
3.9 Legislative and Planning Controls.................................................................... 8
SECTION 4 SCOPE OF THIS POLICY............................................................... 10
SECTION 5 GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES .............. 11
5.1 Tree growth in the Urban Environment.......................................................... 11
5.2 Location of new trees ..................................................................................... 12
5.3 Spacing and Setback from Intersections ......................................................... 12
5.4 Replacement trees ........................................................................................... 13
5.5 Species selection ............................................................................................. 13
5.5.1 Species diversity ............................................................................................. 13
5.5.2 Planning for Climate Change ....................................................................... 135
5.6 Planting and Establishment ............................................................................ 16
5.7 Maintenance Program ..................................................................................... 17
5.8 Past Practice.................................................................................................... 17
5.9 Future Practices .............................................................................................. 18
5.10 Street Tree Maintenance by Residents ........................................................... 19
5.11 Street Trees, Solar Collectors and Security Cameras ..................................... 20
5.12 Views .............................................................................................................. 21
5.13 Dangerous trees .............................................................................................. 22
5.14 Risk Management ........................................................................................... 22
5.15 Trees and Roots ............................................................................................ 23
5.16 Community Consultation................................................................................ 25
5.17 Valuation of Street Trees ................................................................................ 27
5.18 Other Areas ..................................................................................................... 27
5.18.1
Street Container Planting ............................................................. 27
5.18.2
Roundabout and Median Island Plantings ................................... 27
5.18.3
Landscaping of the Footpath by Residents .................................. 28
5.18.4
Sponsorship of Street Vegetation ................................................ 29
5.18.5
Memorial or Commemorative Plantings ..................................... 29
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5.18.6
Carpark Landscaping ................................................................... 29
SECTION 6 OTHER STANDARDS ...................................................................... 30
6.1 Engineering Design (New Developments) ..................................................... 30
6.2 Location .......................................................................................................... 31
6.3 Spacing ........................................................................................................... 31
6.4 Problem Trees ................................................................................................. 31
6.5 Habitat ............................................................................................................ 32
6.7 Pruning for Street Lights ................................................................................ 34
6.8 Resources ........................................................................................................ 34
SECTION 7 APPENDICES ................................................................................... 35
7.1 Public Utility Mains Allocation Space ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Planting Diagram Showing Root Control Devices ......................................... 38
7.2.1 Planting Diagram Without Root Control Devices .......................................... 38
7.3 Preferred Street Tree Species List 2011 Revision .......................................... 39
7.4 Tree Assessment Checklist For Dangerous Trees .......................................... 49
7.5 Vegetation restriction zones ............................................................. ………..53
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SUMMARY
This Policy is designed to provide the pathway for continual improvement in Streetscape
Management within the Urban areas of Armidale Dumaresq.
VALUE STATEMENT
The City of Armidale, situated on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales is
renowned for the beauty of its trees, both native and exotic. Enjoying a "European"
climate with great variations in temperature and rainfall between four seasons, Armidale
attracts many residents and visitors to the City for its lifestyle and atmosphere.
Armidale has approximately 9,000 street trees supported by many more within the parks
system that provide shade in summer, vibrant and varied autumn colour, spring flowers
and contrasting forms in winter. Armidale’s climate has allowed a uniquely broad range
of introduced ornamental trees to survive and thrive and this diversity in our ‘Urban
Forest’ is part of the unique charm of the city rarely seen elsewhere in Australia..
Armidale’s attraction is further enhanced by a number of historically significant public
parks and private gardens associated with academic institutions and heritage listed
properties. It is important to ensure the preservation wherever possible of established
landscapes that have been part of the city’s heritage. Many of these significant gardens
and public plantings are protected by heritage listing within the Local Environmental
Plan.
The community takes great pride in its trees and the scenic qualities of its city landscape
and this is demonstrated with a continuation of an earlier commitment by the city’s
founders to the development and maintenance of our streetscapes and parks.
An aesthetic vision for Armidale existed from earlier times when land was set aside in
1884 for public use and for an Arboretum. The formal establishment of the Arboretum
was partially accomplished in 1988 with bi-centennial funding and its development
continues. The street tree planting program, initiated in the 1960’s by a dedicated group
of citizens, was taken up by the Armidale Dumaresq Tree Planting Committee of the
1990’s (now disbanded) and continues today by Council’s Civic and Recreation
Services section who conduct an annual street and park tree planting programme
Thematic planting schemes have been used throughout the urban area in an effort to
provide avenues of shade and colour. Some of the best examples of this can be seen
along Queen Elizabeth Drive and Elm Avenue which form an entrance to the University
of New England and the City. Council’s CBD Master Plan, 2003 includes proposals for
thematic planting schemes for the town centre.
Roundabouts have been constructed in the past twenty years to create better traffic flow
and safer transport routes throughout the City and in some residential areas. Community
groups such as Rotary and Lions Clubs have been encouraged to participate in the
maintenance of some of these areas. Roundabouts have provided new landscape design
possibilities that continue to evolve.
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Armidale’s streetscapes are recognised by this document as community owned assets.
Assets have a functional value that can usually be quantified financially; however, living
assets such as trees have a public amenity value and a subjective aesthetic value for each
individual that cannot be as easily quantified financially. This policy recognises recent
attempts to place a financial value on street trees from an amenity perspective and has
adopted the Draft Australian Standard DR99307 for this purpose.
By placing a value on components of our urban forest, coupled with recognition of its
importance as a tourist attractor, we can substantiate an imperative that the city’s
governing body allocates sufficient resources for its maintenance and perpetuation.
Armidale’s urban forest increases the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. Our
plantings provide habitat for wildlife, shade and shelter, improve urban air quality,
absorb carbon emissions, provide texture and contrast with the built environment and
dynamic visual beauty. This policy seeks to provide the framework to perpetuate these
values into the future.
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SECTION 1
1.1
STATEMENT OF INTENT
This plan is intended to ensure that the management of street plantings enhance the
physical and visual environment of the Armidale Dumaresq Council area through
sympathetic development and best practice horticultural management. To achieve
this, Council will encourage community involvement where it is considered
appropriate.
SECTION 2
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this policy are to:
(a)
Make the city attractive to visitors and residents by providing aesthetically
pleasing streetscapes
(b)
Provide where appropriate, a balanced mix of native and introduced species.
(c)
Encourage the community to cooperate with Council in the care of existing
plantings and the development of new projects.
(d)
Seek to avoid perpetuating the problems currently experienced with streetscape
plantings, such as conflict with infrastructure.
(e)
Provide input into the Local Environmental Plan and Local Approvals Policies.
SECTION 3
3.1
STATEMENT OF LIMITING FACTORS
Funding
Current funding for the maintenance and planting of trees in the streetscapes
allows some progress towards ensuring desired tree management goals..
3.2
Traffic Safety
Many unauthorised trees and shrubs have been planted on the footpath by wellmeaning residents who wish to beautify their part of the street. In some cases, the
placement of the trees and shrubs prevents adequate vision at intersections and
driveways. Narrow streets, footpaths and the placement of driveways also place
limitations on tree planting and landscaping in general.
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SECTION 3
3.3
STATEMENT OF LIMITING FACTORS continued
Utility Services
The placement in the footpath area of services such as gas, water, sewer,
electricity and telecommunciations, restricts the type and location of street trees.
In some streets, water and gas has been laid on the footpath on one side of the
street and overhead electricity and telephone lines on the opposite footpath. The
need to provide for safe clearance of overhead power lines poses limitations on
mature tree height and emphasises the importance of appropriate species selection.
Such decisions may require consultation with service providers.
3.4
Climate
Regional weather patterns vary from cold winters to mild to warm summers.
Winter overnight temperatures can be as low as –10oC in late winter and
commonly reach 26oC during summer with some days reaching the low to mid
thirties.
Armidale’s climatic conditions have a significant effect on the growth rates of
trees and other vegetation. Species selection is limited to those that are both frost
and drought tolerant. . Hard surfaces such as concrete, bitumen and buildings can
create microclimates that allow some marginal species to survive in some
locations. Conversely areas subject to cold air drainage such as low lying areas
along Dumaresq creek are particularly frost prone and require careful species
selection
The rainfall average 791mm per annum. The wettest season is summer with
winters generally drier. Evaporation exceeds precipitation on an average of three
weeks in every month, although evaporation in winter is lowest. Periods of
drought are not uncommon. A relatively short growing season together with
unpredictable monthly rainfall and evaporation rates imposes severe limitations on
growth and restricts optimum planting time. Planting outside optimum times can
impose unnecessary maintenance costs on the rate payer. Deciduous species are
usually established when the trees are dormant in winter to early spring. Australian
plants and evergreen ornamentals can be established at most times of year when
there is adequate soil moisture with November to January best avoided.
3.5
Proximity of Dwellings
The current standard setback for the city is 6m. Older parts of the city have
structures that have been constructed to the boundary or at a 4m setback. The
location of these structures is critical to the selection of species to avoid root
damage and/or damage to the dwellings from falling limbs.
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3.6
Council Activities
Other activities that are carried out by Council will significantly impact upon the
long term health of streetscape vegetation. Activities such as road resealing
require that some trees be pruned to prevent damage from the raised tipping body
of the trucks required for spreading aggregate. The construction of water mains,
footpaths, road reconstruction and kerbing will also impact upon tree roots and
subsequent growth may be retarded or the tree destabilised.
3.7
Risk Management
Council has an obligation to minimise risk wherever possible. Council can be
exposed to risk through the uplifting of paving, root disturbance to adjacent
structures or dangerous trees. Older areas of the City have been planted without
the benefit of modern technology such as root guards, which are available today.
Therefore, root pruning and retrofitting of root barriers is sometimes necessary to
prevent the uplifting of paving. However, the retrofitting of root barriers has not
always proved successful.
Private trees overhanging the footpath and private gardens planted on the footpath
may also cause a significant risk to the safety of pedestrians and road users.
Overshadowing by private trees also prevents natural growth patterns of street
trees causing them to lean out over the roadway.
3.8
Vandalism
It is an unfortunate fact that young street trees often become the target of
thoughtless vandalism. Sometimes trees are stolen, however more often the
terminal bud is simply broken off promoting the development of co-dominant
leaders. If allowed to progress without intervention, such a tree can become unsafe
and split with age. An important part of Council’s annual tree management
programme is form pruning of young, newly established or vandalised trees, to
ensure that they develop a clear trunk, dominant leader and well balanced limb
structure. Correcting the results of vandalism of street trees is essential to ensure
the long term safety of trees in the streetscape.
3.9
Legislative and Planning Controls
The following legislation that has a direct effect on the planting of trees and other
vegetation within the City and in particular, the road reserve:
Roads Act 1993.
Electricity Supply Act 1995.
Local Government Act 1993.
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Rural Fires Act 1997.
Reference should also be made to any relevant planning controls such as the
Armidale Local Environmental Plan 2008, and other documents such as the
Vegetation Plan, 1999 and Council’s Greening Plan 2003.
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SECTION 4 SCOPE OF THIS POLICY
This policy focuses on issues concerning the management of streetscape and public
space vegetation in the Armidale urban area.
Issues covered in this policy include:Street trees.
Roundabout plantings.
Street container plantings.
Median island plantings.
Private garden encroachment.
Sponsorship of street vegetation.
Memorial trees.
Car parks.
Removal of street trees for the purposes of development.
It is impractical to apply the whole of this policy to the Villages of Ebor, Wollomombi
and Hillgrove as some of the situations experienced in Armidale City do not exist in
the villages. However, the application of this policy to the village context should be
within the spirit of the objectives.
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SECTION 5
5.1
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES
Tree Growth in the Urban Environment
Trees and other plants require six essential requirements for survival. These are
light, water, soil, air, nutrients and space.
The two main structural parts of a tree or plant are the above ground (aerial) parts
such as the trunk, branches and leaves and the underground part, the roots.
Each part of the tree is interdependent. The roots hold the tree to the earth and
take up water and nutrients for conversion to food in the leaves. Food produced in
this process (photosynthesis) is transported to other aerial parts of the tree and
through the trunk to the roots for growth.
In a natural setting, trees adapt to their specific site conditions and there are few
inhibitors to photosynthetic function.
By contrast, urban settings such as streets provide a multitude of problems that
affect their health and growth
These problems include restricted solar access due to overshadowing by buildings,
reduced oxygen and water to the roots from paved surfaces and compacted soils,,
poor and/or imported soils, competition from aggressive grasses, vandalism,
accidental damage and increased amounts of airborne particles (pollution) which
settle on leaves, reducing the amount of light available for photosynthesis and
clogging stomatal pores.
Trees can survive in these conditions but overall health and growth are
compromised. Structural defects can occur naturally or through accidental or
deliberate damage or pest and disease attack at early stages and may not be
adequately repaired by the tree’s mechanisms. A combination of these effects
means that the urban street tree can be in a poor position to fight off disease, pests,
survive in drought or repair itself after storm or other damage.
Careful consideration must be given to the selection of species for planting within
the urban environment. Armidale has varied soil types and many microclimates.
Although a preferred species list has been established, an examination of the local
conditions is required before planting.
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SECTION 5
5.2
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
Location of new trees
Underground and aboveground areas of the footpaths provide the space for many
utility service providers to place their cables and pipes to provide supply to their
customers.
For roads and footways in NSW a guide has been produced to standardise the
allocation of space within the footpath.
Space allocations within the footpath for specific service providers limit the
amount of space available for the placement of street trees. With narrow road
reserves the amount of space available for street trees in Armidale is limited
requiring precautions to be taken to ensure that damage from roots does not occur.
Appendix 7.1 - details the footpath space allocations in “Public Utility Mains
Allocation of Space”
5.3
Spacing and Setback from Intersections
Due to the congestion of many footpath areas in Armidale, a maximum of one tree
per 20 metre property frontage is considered adequate. Historically, more frequent
plantings have occurred in some older parts of the city. In some cases this has
proved inadequate space for proper tree growth and limits sight distance for
vehicles and pedestrians.
The Roads Act 1993 requires that adequate line of sight is to be available at all
intersections. This is to provide unobstructed vision for motorists entering an
intersection. All plantings since 1993 should allow for adequate line of sight at
intersections. Unauthorised plantings by well meaning residents have in the past
created sight restrictions at pedestrian crossings and driveways. For this an other
reasons Council discourages residents from planting trees and shrubs on footpaths.
STANDARD

Maximum of one tree per 20 metre frontage.

Trees are not to be planted with 20 metres of the street intersection
boundary alignment of a corner block. See annexure 7.5
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SECTION 5
5.4
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
Replacement trees
Council conducts an annual street tree planting programme. Replacement trees are
planted where trees have become damaged through vandalism or vehicles or have
died. In older parts of the City, trees have been planted in positions that appear to
render them susceptible to vandalism, damage from motor vehicles or are
positioned too close to intersections. Replacement of the tree in the same location
could lead to ongoing damage, loss and expense, therefore a thorough review of
local conditions including the physical aspects of the location should be carried
out prior to replanting to determine if the location is suitable for re- planting.
5.5
Species selection
Armidale Dumaresq Councils’ former Tree Planting Committee selected a number
of trees that were found to be suitable for planting in Armidale. The list is under
periodic review and changes are made in the light of past performance and as new
varieties become available. While there are a number of species that have perform
well with regard to growth, longevity and limited potential to damage underground
services, others planted in the past have proved to be far from ideal choices. While
there is some, largely northern hemisphere data on root architecture available that
can guide us with street tree selection; it can take many years to determine how a
tree will perform in our conditions. The process of selecting the most suitable trees
is therefore a long-term exercise that requires on-going monitoring and evaluation.
5.5.1 Species diversity
The widespread establishment of introduced trees into Armidale’s streetscapes by
the Tree Committee in the 1960’s reflected to a large extent a tradition of such
plantings in the town’s parks, opulent private residences and educational
institutions since the early days of settlement. The desire to replicate the English
landscape and garden was the dominant landscaping paradigm in those early years.
While there were champions of our native flora working in Australia as early as
the 1830’s garden design incorporating Australian native plants became more
popular after the Second World War. However it wasn’t until the 1960’s and
1970’s when the cultural cringe gave way to a more widely accepted sense of a
unique Australian character that a more widespread pride in our countries unique
plants translated into widespread incorporation of natives into garden design and
public plantings.
With the desire to grow lush European ornamental plants still relatively common,
Armidale’s unique cold climate provided an opportunity for many to continue the
earlier tradition and develop such a landscape for Armidale’s streetscapes. The
widespread decimation of indigenous eucalypts on the Northern Tablelands as a
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result of severe dieback from the mid 1960’s to the early 1980’s, gave rise to the
view that native plants also were poor options in terms of survival.
Today, the use of native Australian plants is widely accepted. The impetus to
reduce water usage, backed up by the NSW Governments BASIX sustainability
requirements, has increased the use of not only Australian plants but low water use
introduced plants into landscape design in public areas and in new developments.
Simon Rickard in the ‘The New Ornamental Garden’ 2011, CSIRO Collingwood
Victoria, explains that the use of native species has over the past 20 years has
become for many a moral decision, rather than an aesthetic or horticultural one.
Rickard explains that there is a sense that utilising introduced plants shows a
disregard for the environment, but is based upon the false assumptions that
introduced plants are weeds and that only native plants are drought tolerant and
provide habitat for wildlife. Rickard proposes that for many who fill their back
yards with native plants, there is a sense that they are able to turn back the clock to
1770 and absolve the guilt we feel about social and environmental damage done
since European settlement.
Council is committed to establishing native plants in areas identified for habitat
protection e.g. Environmental Protection Zones 7, remnant urban bushland areas,
Dumaresq Creek rehabilitation efforts and where revegetation is identified for
rural road reserves. The decision to use Australian plants in streetscapes must be
made with regard to the criteria for selecting trees for streetscapes (see below).
5.5.2 Planning for Climate change
The effects of climate change on the performance, survival and selection of street
trees in the future is unknown. Being aware of possible changes in plant
performance resulting from climatic change may be an important issue into the
future.
Since plants evolved the earth’s changing climate has been a major driver of plant
distribution, diversity and extinction. With the emergence of anthropogenic
induced climate change, it is likely that increased CO2 levels will alter plant
growth and temperature increases will affect many plant physiological processes.
Although the possible effects of climate change are being investigated worldwide
through computer modelling, the effects of climate change on local plant
populations is largely unknown and may remain so until changes begin to become
apparent.
It is possible that climate change will cause changes in temperature and
precipitation that may be beyond the tolerance of a plant’s phenotypic plasticity
(plants ability change its observable traits in response to environmental change)
resulting in changes in the distribution of species. Changes such as this are likely
to at least begin to occur in plant populations or species occurring on the edge of
their natural distributions. Changes in temperature and rainfall may also affect the
viability, phenology (flowering events and timing) and reproductive potential of
some introduced and cultivated plants as these are by their nature often grown
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outside their natural distribution. For example, the environmental weed potential
of some species could alter as conditions better suit their reproductive capacity or
biophysical conditions alter to allow seedling recruitment within natural areas that
had previously not occurred. We may see such changes locally and it will be
important to observe and monitoring these changes into the future and be prepared
to alter our species selection as a result.
Tree species for urban streetscape plantings are selected on the basis of the
following criteria:

Suitability to the physical and environmental conditions of the area

The ease of establishment. To reduce cost of maintenance during
establishment phase

Safe Useful Life Expectancy (SULE). To inform risk management decisions
and frequency of replacement.

Root architecture and compatibility with underground utilities

Mature height. For the maintenance of vehicle and pedestrian clearances and
for safety considerations in the urban context.

The contribution it will make to the streetscape.

Degree to which the plant compromises solar access. Evergreen trees reduce
solar access in winter.

Propensity for leaf and litter fall. Rapid decomposition of such material
reduces storm water blockages.

Increasing the diversity of ornamental varieties in the urban forest to address
climate change and to increase representation of species that may become
less common in nature or under cultivation.

Undesirable attributes that may compromise health and safety.
Some species have undesirable characteristics that should also be considered
during the selection of species for a location. Undesirable characteristics include
the dropping of flowers, branches, fruit, seed or sap, the presences of thorns, a
suckering habit, environmental weed potential or medically proven health effects
likely to affect an unacceptable proportion of the population.. Trees such as
eucalypts and pines shed material all year round and this material is slow to
breakdown. Such leaf and twig litter can cause pedestrian hazard and adversely
affect storm water flows.
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STANDARD
5.6

Only trees contained within the approved list shall be planted. Refer to
Appendix 7.3

Trees with undesirable characteristics shall not be planted.

Modify the approved species list in an attempt to anticipate possible
effects of climate change and to address any observable effects of
climate change as they become apparent
Planting and Establishment
To ensure the best chance of survival, street trees should be planted using the best
planting practices available. Refer to appendix 7.2 and 7.2.1
For example:

Site preparation is critical to ensure root systems have room to grow. The
addition of good quality topsoil may be required in heavy clay.

Linear or modular root control barrier should be installed to prevent damage
to footpaths, kerbing or any other structure. The use of root growth retardant
chemicals could be considered in some locations.

Install automatic deep watering systems where practicable to encourage deep
root growth away from surface structures.

Substantial tree guards should be installed in high risk areas (e.g. CBD) to
reduce or discourage vandalism.

Mulching the root zone will help to condition the soil and reduce soil
moisture loss.

The use of water holding crystals or antitranspirant coatings may assist with
establishment, especially of open rooted stock where soil moisture and
transpiration losses need to be minimised.
Residents have been encouraged to participate at tree planting days in streets
where there are no existing trees. A sense of ownership is created and losses are
minimised as residents assist in the maintenance of the trees. This practice should
continue and be expanded wherever practical. Letter drops advising residents of
pending street tree plantings should be considered to encourage residents to care
for establishing trees.
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ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
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See Annexure 7.4
5.7
Maintenance Program
Council’s current maintenance program for street trees consists of:
5.8

Pruning of trees to allow unimpeded vehicular traffic along the roadway.
This prevents limbs being hit by high vehicles and sustaining severe
structural damage.

Street tree pruning is carried out on a five year rotational program where
20% of trees are pruned each year. Country Energy carries out pruning of
trees near power lines at their discretion.

Identification and removal of trees that pose a significant risk to the public,
are dead or dying, or have caused considerable or on-going damage to
public infrastructure or private property.

Watering of new plantings during hot, dry periods
Past Practices
Plenty of evidence exists of past pruning practices that were detrimental to tree
health. For example:

Heavy lopping is a technique that is now considered poor practice in the
horticultural and arboricultural industries. Lopping is the practice of
pruning a limb to a certain distance as opposed to pruning the limb back to
a growing point.

Flush cutting, where branches are cut off too close to the trunk or
subtending branch rather than to the outside of the branch collar.

Contractors for the local electricity provider not complying with Australian
Standard AS4373-2007 Pruning of Amenity Trees
Council staff is trained in correct pruning methods to comply with current
Australian Standards and best practice horticultural methodology Liaison with the
electricity provider has improved their contractors pruning practice to some extent.
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SECTION 5
5.9
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
Future Practices
Pruning of trees should be carried out to remove dead, dying, diseased,
unproductive or dangerous limbs. Formative pruning should be carried out for the
first five years on young trees. All other pruning should be considered cosmetic as
it is not essential for the health of the tree or for public safety.
The majority of tree work is carried out by Council Staff who are covered by
public liability insurance and workers compensation cover. This policy allows
only minor trimming work that can be undertaken by hand to be carried out by
residents, at their expense. Sometimes Council may contract appropriately
qualified and practicing Arborists to undertake tree work.
5.10 Street Tree Maintenance by Residents
OBJECTIVE



To increase awareness of the environmental values of street trees.
To ensure survival of newly planted trees.
To develop a sense of ownership and pride by the community
Limitations
This policy applies to the maintenance of street trees only. Maintenance shall be
limited to watering, minor pruning, fertilising and does not include pest control.
Approvals
Residents contemplating maintenance or pruning works to street trees should first
contact the Civic and Recreation Services Supervisor to discuss the extent and
nature of works to be carried out and the issue of an approval. Approval will be
issued in the form of a letter and will be for a period of twelve months. A review
of consent will be undertaken on the basis of the nature, quality and extent of the
work undertaken.
Restrictions
Approvals to carry out pruning works will only be issued to residents where the
works will be carried out from the ground. Residents are not permitted to carry
out any works whilst using a ladder or any other elevating device. An approval
does not permit the use of chainsaws or other power tools.
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SECTION 5
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
Skills Required
The health and safety of the tree is of great importance. Incorrect pruning
techniques can leave a tree vulnerable to pest and disease attack and reduce the
safe life expectancy of the tree. The Civic and Recreation Services Supervisor may
establish, through discussions, the ability of the resident to carry out the required
maintenance works. If in doubt, the Civic and Recreation Services Supervisor will
instruct the resident in correct techniques. If the Civic and Recreation Services
Supervisor is of the opinion that the required works are beyond the skill level of
the resident, no approval shall be given, in which case, the works will be
scheduled to be carried out by Civic and Recreation Services staff. Removal of
debris from the works carried out by residents shall be at their expense.
Safety
The Civic and Recreation Services Supervisor will carry out a risk assessment for
the site of the proposed works and instruct the resident in any necessary safety
procedures, including the use of cutting tools.
5.11 Street Trees, Solar Collectors and Security Cameras
The establishment of introduced deciduous trees in the past has provided a largely
unforseen advantage to Armidale residents in recent times now that there is an
increasing desire to find alternative, cheaper and lower carbon sources of power
such as capturing solar radiation. The use of deciduous street trees has the
potential to contribute towards a significant reduction in the community’s carbon
footprint, by increasing the exposure of solar collectors to solar radiation in the
winter months when a leafy canopy would otherwise impede their efficiency.
As a result of increasing power costs and the move towards more environmentally
responsible energy sources, Council is receiving an increasing number requests
from residents to trim or remove public trees because they have installed or are
planning to install a solar collector. Of particular concern are trees planted in
streets that have an east/west orientation. It must be noted that at present there is no
legal right to solar access in Australia. In addition, in most cases the existence of
the street tree predates proposals to install solar collectors. While all trees provide
a range of “services” to the environment, such as visual amenity, shade and
shelter, habitat, carbon sequestration etc. Given the additional advantages of
deciduous street trees over evergreen trees to provide solar access in winter, as
well as tourist attraction with autumn colour, it seems difficult to justify the
removal or heavy pruning of these trees from the streetscape.
It is important, therefore that residents consider all issues and constraints when
planning to install solar collectors. The use of deciduous trees in most Armidale
streets, particularly on the east/west orientation reduces the effect of shading on
solar collectors in winter when residents experience the largest draw on power and
require the greatest input from a solar collector. Trees are considered to be ‘solar
friendly’ if they block insignificant amounts of solar radiation during the critical
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ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
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winter months Generally speaking these will be introduced deciduous species.
There are no deciduous Australian native trees that will survive in Armidale (the
exception is the deciduous White cedar, Melia Azederach that is not universally
considered to be an Australian native by all taxonomists). The location of the
establishment of evergreen trees must be carefully considered and are probably
best placed on the eastern sides of north south running streets to minimise shading
of solar collectors.
The increased use of surveillance cameras for security purposes can give rise to
similar conflicting requirements. As with solar collectors, proposals to install new
security cameras in public places should consider all the possible current and
potential future constraints to the effective operation of the system. A future
development could impact upon the effective scope of an existing security camera
in the same way as a growing tree may do. While a tree can be trimmed, it is
unlikely that a development would be modified to retain the scope of vision of a
security camera. Clearly, the placement of security cameras may at some time
need to be reviewed in the light of an ever changing streetscape.
OBJECTIVES

To increase awareness of the environmental values of street trees.

To ensure that street trees are retained.

To ensure that the community is compensated for the loss of any street trees
through the installation of a solar collector or security camera.
This section should be read in conjunction with POL068*-Regulatory,
Landscaping and Tree Planting Policy.
Limitations
This section is concerned with new and existing installations that are already or are
likely to be affected by adjacent trees, landforms and/or structures.
Constraints
Residents, developers or public authorities contemplating the installation of solar
collectors or security cameras should consider all constraints within the area of
influence These may include, but are not limited to:

Orientation of the solar collector or camera.

Relative design characteristics of proposed collectors. For example,
evacuated tube designs used in solar hot water systems will provide heat
even under shade, whereas photovoltaic cells require direct solar radiation.
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ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
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
Existing and potential heights at maturity of adjacent trees, both inside or
outside the property.

The height of adjacent buildings whether inside or outside their property.

The potential for future development to interfere with solar collector
efficiency or security camera field of vision.

Limitations of the climate.
Restrictions
Council will not remove a street tree or issue an approval for the removal of an
adjoining tree where it is established that the tree was already in existence at the time
of installation of the solar collector or security camera.
The onus of proof of date of installation shall be on the owner of the device
Where it can be established that a street tree was planted after the date of installation,
Council will consider removal of the tree, after making an assessment. The
assessment shall include an evaluation of the design and proposed orientation of the
proposed system, the value of the tree, its contribution to the streetscape, its
compliance with the Urban Streetscape Policy and an assessment of the tree against
the criteria used to assess trees for removal under Council’s current Local
Environmental Plan.
In some instances, Council may consider undertaking minor pruning of street trees at
the expense of the applicant, provided that all other options such as alternative design
and orientation have been fully investigated. Pruning will be limited to canopy
thinning only, where the form and structure of the tree is not adversely affected.
Trees that have an excurrent habit, i.e. dominant vertical trunk and secondary
branches will not be headed. Trees with a deliquescent habit may be carefully headed
over the entire crown to control their height without destroying their natural form.
There will be instances where the placement of new trees should be re-evaluated
where a public security camera already exists.
5.12 Views
Similarly, residents may request the pruning of a tree on public land to enhance
their local views. Such cosmetic action will be undertaken only at the applicant’s
expense and not at the expense of the tree’s structure, form or health. Refer to
section 5.17 regarding requests to remove trees on public land.
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5.13 Dangerous trees
As part of a risk management program, all dangerous trees will be assessed upon
notification and action taken to make the area or tree safe where practical. Where
extreme danger exists, the tree will be removed immediately. See annexure 7.4
5.14 Risk Management
Giving consideration to budgetary constraints, an assessment of all trees should be
undertaken. This may be carried out in conjunction with the five year rolling
program for pruning.
Information from the assessments can be used in conjunction with a geographic
information system.
5.15 Trees and Tree Roots
Sometimes complaints are received from property owners regarding the
encroachment of street tree roots into resident’s properties, uplifting paving and
footings of their dwellings and invasion into private sewer lines. Such complaints
require that a full investigation be undertaken with a view to effecting appropriate
remedial action.
OBJECTIVES

To ensure that tree removal due to tree root encroachment is appropriately
controlled.

To determine the assessment method for problem trees.

To delegate responsibility for removal.
Definitions
Qualified person:
A person holding qualifications in horticulture, arboriculture or having sufficient
experience in the fields of horticulture or arboriculture with a sound understanding
of tree structure, growth habits and requirements.
Dangerous tree:
A tree that poses an immediate threat to life or property.
Rationale
The physical layout of the streets of Armidale, the root architecture and growth
form of some trees combine to present a variety of undesirable tree related issues.
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These problems vary from overshadowing, leaf and twig drop onto roofs of
dwellings, perceived danger of falling, alleged health issues and root
encroachment. Removal is frequently requested as a first option to alleviate the
problems, whether real or perceived.
Scope
This applies to all street trees, trees in parks, car parks, roundabouts and trees in
natural areas.
Levels of Delegation
Level 1
Trees of (High) Community Significance trees that are heritage listed
or within heritage listed grounds or significant trees in public spaces
e.g. Camphor Laurel at Court House.
Delegation: Council
Level 2
Trees in the streets or parks of medium community significance.
Delegation: Manager Civic and Recreation Services or his/her
delegate.
Level 3
Dead or dangerous trees.
Delegation: Suitably qualified person, i.e. officer of Council who
complies with definition above.
Complaints
Each complaint will be investigated and the tree assessed by an appropriately
qualified person. The tree assessment checklist shall be used (refer Attachment 1).
Where sufficient doubt exists, a report from an independent qualified arborist
(who holds appropriate professional indemnity insurance) will be obtained.
Where the complaint involves root encroachment of a minor nature (e.g. damage
to gardens, paths and fences), the complainant will be asked to expose the alleged
root so that it may be inspected by an appropriately qualified person. A root barrier
may be installed where practical.
Where significant structural damage by root encroachment is alleged, the
complainant must support the claim with a report from a qualified structural
engineer. The report shall be adjudicated by Council Engineers and Building
Surveyors.
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The officer receiving a complaint concerning damage to private property shall
notify the insurance officer and provide copies, photographs and written details of
all communications.
Considerations for Removal
Tree removal may be considered in the following situations

Where it is not practical or manageable to implement tree root encroachment
prevention.

Where there has been proven serious damage to third party property and/or
where Council infrastructure is seriously damaged.

Injury has occurred resulting from the lifting of roadways, paths or gutters
and root removal is not practical.

Restriction of vision to motorists, where pruning will not provide a
satisfactory solution.

Where the tree has been determined as a species that is not desirable as a
street tree due to its growth or other habits e.g. limb drop, invasive root
systems.
Other Considerations
Council reserves the right to recover costs for removal of a tree where it can be
established that:
The tree was planted without Council consent and/or

Was not planted according to the correct space allocation in the
footway and/or

Was not planted in the prescribed manner and/or

Was not an approved species and/or

Was planted in a position that restricts sight distances for traffic and/or

May pose a threat to Council infrastructure.
Where the person/s responsible for the above can be identified, Council will seek to
recover costs of any actions necessary to rectify the problem/s.
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SECTION 5
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
5.16 Community Consultation
Damage to young street trees can occur during the construction phase of new
developments, therefore most street trees are generally established when all or the
majority of the dwellings or premises have been constructed.
The Community may be advised that the street is to be planted and invited to
participate in street tree plantings.
Similarly, where a resident wishes to landscape the footpath area, the applicant
may be requested to consult the neighbours to determine their willingness to
provide similar treatment to their frontages. This may assist in providing a more
uniform streetscape.
5.17 Valuation of Street Trees
In some cases, development applications are made to Council that includes a
perceived need for the removal of a street tree to facilitate the development.
Planning staff are required to balance sometimes conflicting interests by exploring
all possible alternatives to removal. This will include but not be limited to design
manipulation, public consultation, compensatory plantings or compensatory
payments based on tree valuations.
Tree removal is often seen as the most expedient and least costly option.
Sometimes, trees are not considered as a constraint in the original design process.
Armidale’s street trees are an asset for which the Community must be adequately
compensated in the event of approved removal to facilitate a development.
Whilst it is not sensible for a Council to stifle development for the sake of a tree
that has no identifiable cultural, heritage value or is not a listed rare or endangered
species, consideration should be given to the multiple benefits that are provided to
the entire community by the tree and its contribution to the streetscape.
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SECTION 5
GENERAL STREETSCAPE MANAGEMENT ISSUES continued
Objectives

To ensure the Community is adequately compensated for the loss of
street tree amenity and multiple values

To apply an established method to value trees.

To value assets in accordance with Australian Accounting Standard 27
(AAS27).

To increase awareness of the values of trees.

To foster a sense of ownership and pride in the urban forest within the
community.
Definition of a Tree
A woody self-supporting erect perennial plant with a height of 3m or more.
Rationale
The community of Armidale Dumaresq has placed considerable importance
upon their street and park trees. This is borne out by the efforts of the Council
and the community in establishing trees for over 60 years in public areas. Street
trees have provided an aesthetic that has not gone unrecognised by visitors to
the region. It is not commonly recognised that the multiple values of trees can
be apportioned a monetary value as with any other public asset. This is an
important consideration with regard to public tree removals. Where removals
are requested, Council must value trees in public places according to AAS27
utilising Draft Australian and New Zealand Standard DR99307, (1999),
Amenity Trees – Guide to Valuation
Scope
This section applies to all street trees, trees in parks, car parks, roundabouts and
other public areas.
Procedure
Council will value individual street trees and groups of trees.
Anyone wishing to remove a tree that is owned by the community will be
required to pay the compensation equal to the value of the tree at the time.
Removal is subject to Council’s approval following receipt of a comprehensive
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report detailing the reasons for the proposal and all possible alternatives to
removal that have been investigated. There may be trees that Council will not
approve for removal regardless of the compensation offered.
Where there is an established community benefit from a development that is far
greater than the value of the tree/s, Council may decide to waive the need for
monetary compensation or seek compensation in the form of compensatory
plantings elsewhere in the area.
Limitations
The method used for valuation shall be that as described in the Draft Australian
Standard, Amenity Trees - Guide to Valuation DR99307. This policy applies to
the valuation of trees only.
Other Policies and Planning Instruments
Refer to Councils Local Environmental Plan and Development Control Plans
5.18 Other Areas
5.18.1
Street Container Planting
Streetscape planter boxes have been approved in many streets in and
around the CBD in the past to soften and enhance the hard built
environment. If council approves the placement of containerised
plantings on public land, written agreements must be drafted to ensure
that the responsibilities and costs associated with maintenance, vandalism
and ultimate removal are clearly identified
5.18.2 Roundabout and Median Island Plantings
Many of the city’s roundabouts have been planted and are maintained
either by Council staff or by volunteer organisations. Vandalism
commonly occurs in these areas in addition to occasional damage caused
by motor vehicles. Costs for the repair of such damage are pursued as per
Council’s Standard Practice Note (SPN063-Risk Management).
Vandalism and motor vehicle damage also occurs to median island
plantings. Median island plantings pose worker safety risks during
maintenance. However, improved work practices and safety procedures
such as traffic control planning ensure minimal disturbance to the road
user. Where the safety of workers or road users is compromised or the
maintenance of median island plantings becomes onerous, consideration
will be given to the provision of solid concrete or paved surfaces in
preference to landscaping.
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5.18.3
Landscaping of Footpaths and Road Reserves by Residents
The landscaping of “nature strips” or footpath areas by residents in an
attempt to beautify or provide alternative uses for these areas can impede
pedestrian use, create trip, slip and fall hazards or pose other hazards such
as impeding motorist and pedestrian vision or reducing adequate sight
distances
Whilst it is desirable to have an improved streetscape at low cost through
the efforts of the residents, Council has a duty of care to ensure that it is
safe for the public.
It is also important to ensure that services within the footpath (e.g. water,
sewer, gas and electricity) are not compromised by the landscaping
activities of residents or that the resident does not injure themselves
through contact with these services.
Procedure

Requests for landscaping of footpath will be dealt with on a case by
case basis to ensure compliance with this policy.

Requests for landscaping of the footpath are to be submitted in
writing with a plan of the proposed works.

All footpath landscaping must be approved in accordance with
relevant engineering, safety codes and standards.

Authorisation to landscape and maintain does not imply authority to
use earthmoving machinery which must be specifically approved
under section 138 of the Roads Act 1993.

Any work requiring the use of machinery conducted on the road
reserve requires minimum $10 million public liability insurance
cover.

Maintenance is the responsibility of the resident.

Where a resident relocates and a new resident does not wish to
carry the burden of maintenance, the landscaping will be removed.
Refer to Policy POL133 (Parks) Footpath Obstructions
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5.18.4
Sponsorship of Street Vegetation
The maintenance of the vegetation of two major roundabouts (North and
South end of New England Highway Bypass) that are in close proximity
to the city is the responsibility of community volunteers. Service clubs
such as Rotary and Lions perform this maintenance as part of their
community contribution. In addition, some individual members have
donated trees for public parks and streetscapes.
In an effort to encourage donations and sponsorships, advertisements
have been placed in local newspapers calling for Expressions of Interest.
However, the provision of an asset by a donor presents Council with an
ongoing maintenance obligation.
Council encourages sponsorship agreements where there is a long term
commitment to maintenance.
5.18.5
Memorial or Commemorative Plantings
Throughout Armidale many plantings of a memorial or commemorative
nature exist in the form of individual trees, avenues or garden beds. Trees
on Grafton Road between Canambe Street and Castledoyle Road have
been planted in memory of those who fought in the First World War.
These trees are reaching the end of their serviceable life and replacement
trees have already been planted.
Other individual trees with heritage importance such as the Camphor
laurel (Cinnamomum camphorum), adjacent to the Court House at the
corner of Beardy and Faulkner Streets, require continued specialist
attention to ensure on going health and vigour.
5.18.6
Car Park Landscaping
Proper design of car parks is essential to ensure functionality. The
functional requirement for appropriate soil compaction and adequate
drainage presents less than ideal conditions for plant and tree growth.
While it can be a challenge to establish and maintain trees and landscaping
in car parks, the presence of landscaping can improve both the appearance
and amenity of such areas. The creation of dedicated kerbed planting areas,
the use of root control barrier and appropriate species selection can allow
sustainable plant growth and minimise structural damage to car parks.
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Standard

Designs for future outdoor car parks are to allow for appropriate
landscaping, pedestrian access and provision of adequate shade.
The placement and orientation of landscaping must be considered
carefully to avoid pedestrian and vehicular damage.

That landscaping in car parks comply with Council’s Engineering
standards that includes concrete kerbing (Drawing number 030-12),
ripping of sub-base within kerbing and installation of root control
barrier or root director units. All beds to be provided with minimum
400mm quality top soil and 15mm minimum mulch. In some cases
it may be appropriate to use wet pour within solitary tree kerbing.
SECTION 6
6.1
OTHER STANDARDS
Engineering Design (New developments)
To facilitate space allocations for street trees, future subdivisions should be
required to provide for street trees at design stage. The space allocation for street
trees should be well away from services, allow pedestrian/cycle access and should
allow for trees on both sides of the street.
Standard

New subdivisions should be designed to provide adequate root space for
trees on both sides of the street.
Engineering Design (Existing Streets)
Where it becomes necessary to reconstruct an existing street, effort should be
made to widen the footpath and reduce carriageway width. The maintenance
requirements for a carriageway with an 8m width are considerable less than for a
12m wide carriageway (Council’s Standard Urban Road Design and Development
Control Plans). This will also provide more root space for existing trees and in
some cases, allow trees to be planted away from power lines.
Standard


Where appropriate, roads under reconstruction be redesigned with
wider footpaths and narrower carriageways.
Consideration should be given to road narrowing when replacing kerb
and gutter on a whole block basis.
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6.2
Location
The location of street trees or any street vegetation should be considered carefully
with respect to traffic advisory signs, pedestrian crossings, street lights, driveways
and buildings.
Standard


6.3
Trees will not be removed to facilitate the erection of, or the visibility of
advertising or business signage.
Removal of existing vegetation in conflict with pedestrian crossings,
street lights and driveways will be considered on a case by case basis.
Spacing
To provide for adequate vision for residents when using their driveways, it is
recommended the spacing of trees be approximately 20m. This is approximately
the width of a standard house block in Armidale, (some smaller frontages can be
found in the older parts of the City).
To facilitate adequate sight distances and angles at intersections, trees should not
be planted within 20m of an intersection measured from the boundary alignment.
Standard
6.4

The approved spacing for street trees be 20m between trees (one per
standard house block)

Trees are not to be planted within 20m of an intersection measured
from the boundary alignment.
Problem Trees
Some tree species have characteristics that are undesirable to many people or have
the potential to cause injury or health issues such as thorns, poisonous sap or sooty
mould,. In addition, some species have been found to have invasive root systems,
are prone to limb fall or produce seeds that are likely to be spread into
neighbouring areas or become environmental weeds.
Standard

Trees that have thorns, contain poisonous sap, are prone to sooty mould
or limb fall, have an invasive root system or produce seeds that are
likely to be spread into neighbouring areas will not be planted.
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
6.5
Trees having the above characteristics that have been planted on public
land by residents will be removed after consultation.
Habitat
Council will consider the potential for wildlife habitat and corridors when
planning urban streetscapes. Due to the dominance of introduced species
established over the past 50 years within Armidale’s streetscapes, the potential for
wildlife corridors is limited. Opportunities exist in the semi rural zones such as
Zone 7 (Environmental Protection) where road reserves support remnant native
vegetation.
6.6
Cost Sharing Arrangements for the Retention of Trees Under Power Lines
Council will continue to work with local electricity suppliers to facilitate line
clearing operations. This may include cash support and/or support in the form of
human and mechanical resources.
Council will endeavour to minimise line clearing costs. This may involve
progressive removal of trees from beneath power lines and replacement with more
appropriate species
Residents wishing to retain trees identified for removal from beneath the power
lines will be asked to contribute to their ongoing maintenance.
Objectives

To provide for the retention of street trees that are significant to individual
ratepayers

To provide the guidelines for cost sharing for the retention of street trees
under power lines.

To reduce the cost of tree trimming under power lines.
Rationale
The total costs for the trimming of street trees under power lines could pass to
Council in the future. Council has sought to reduce its liability for street tree
trimming by the planned removal of identified trees from beneath power lines. The
trees targeted are those that require annual trimming or their mature height is such
that they will grow into the power lines.
Some residents have expressed concern that the trees targeted for removal are of
specific value to them and would like to see the trees retained. This policy is
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intended to address those concerns and provide a means for retention of the tree
through cost sharing arrangements with Council.
Scope
Only those trees that are targeted for removal from beneath power lines will be
considered.
Terminology
Significant Value to the Community means that the tree or an avenue of trees has
been planted as a memorial or a commemoration of some event. For example, an
avenue planted by a service club years ago and have reached a mature height.
Significant Value to an Individual Resident means that a tree has no cultural
significance to the Community apart from that of the value in the streetscape.
Policy
Where a street tree has been identified for removal, the resident may be notified in
writing. The notification will advise the resident of the options for cost sharing
should they not want the tree removed.
Guidelines and Options
Guidelines and options for cost sharing or cost reduction are as follows:
(i)
Where the tree has been assessed as having a significant value to the
community and should be retained, the full cost of tree trimming will be met
by the Council.
(ii)
Where the significance of the tree is mainly of value to the resident, 75% of
the cost of tree trimming shall be paid by the resident concerned. This
amount must be paid by the resident/s at least 14 Days prior to the
commencement of trimming works. Where the contribution is not paid, the
tree will be removed.
(iii) Where the tree is to be trimmed, the resident shall be advised of the impact
to tree health from continual trimming. A quote for trimming will be
supplied by Council who will carry out the work.
(iv) Where an agreement is established, it shall remain in place until the
resident/s notifies Council that they no longer wish to continue. In the case
of a change of ownership of the property, the new resident shall be offered
the same agreement as the former resident. If an agreement cannot be
established, the tree will be removed.
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(v)
Aerial bundling of the cables will reduce the amount of clearance required
and therefore reduce trimming costs. Cost sharing arrangements will be as in
item (i) and item (ii).
Any resident wishing to receive an estimate of costs for Aerial Bundling
should contact Essential Energy on 132391. Essential Energy will require
the pole number and or the property Lot and Deposited Plan number.
(vi) The option of undergrounding of electricity wires can be expensive and may
significantly affect the health of the tree through damage to the root system.
Significant benefit through undergrounding can only be achieved if it is
carried out on a whole block basis. Therefore, only whole blocks will be
considered. It is recognised that undergrounding of an entire block will have
a benefit to the community through streetscape aesthetics and also the
electricity supply authority in terms of reduced maintenance. In these cases,
a percentage will be paid by the resident, a percentage by Council and a
contribution would be expected from the electricity supplier.
(vii) Due to damage to infrastructure with associated potential liability issues and
on-going maintenance costs, it may be preferable in some instances to
remove all the trees under power lines on one side of a whole block. Such
work would require the drafting of a works proposal incorporating a
comprehensive communications plan. This approach would involve
consultation with the residents well in advance of works to ensure an
understanding of the issues and agreement of a time frame. Such forward
planning can ensure that residents are in agreement with the proposal and
that there will be no delay in establishing replacement trees when existing
trees are removed.
6.7
Pruning for Street Lights
Electricity suppliers have undertaken a survey of street lights and have included
the maintenance of nearby trees in their programme. However, total removal may
be necessary in some cases. Council Staff will continue to monitor and maintain
trees near street lights.
6.8
Resources
To provide for the best in tree care a specialist arborist should be employed either
on a part time or contractual basis. Many Civic and Recreation Services staff hold
Horticultural Certificates from TAFE and apprentices are taken on regularly.
Long-term staff has the opportunity to become familiar with our trees and their
characteristics that assists them in our annual tree programmes. A system of staff
rotation ensures that all staff has the opportunity to rotate through each functional
area and as a result accumulate a good working body of knowledge about trees and
their management. Most staff hold chainsaw certificates to at least level 2 and
elevated work platform certificates for cherry picker work.
- 34 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
SECTION 7
APPENDICES
7.1
“Public Utility Mains Allocation of Space”
7.2
Planting Diagram showing Root Control Devices
7.2.1
Planting diagram without Root Control Devices
7.3
Approved Species List
7.4
Tree Assessment Checklist for Dangerous Trees
7.5
Vegetation restriction zones
- 35 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
Public Utility Mains Allocation of Space
Armidale Dumaresq Council Engineering Code
- 36 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
Planting Diagram Showing Root Control Devices
- 37 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
7.2.1 Planting Diagram Without Root Control Devices
- 38 -
7.3
PREFERRED STREET TREE SPECIES LIST 2011 Revision
Note that this list is a working document and as such is incomplete. As information on performance and suitability becomes known the table will be
updated.
Species
Common
name
Acer buergerianum
Trident
maple
8x5
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Non invasive
Norway
maple
18x6
shallow
Sycamore
maple
8x5
A. A. platanoides
A pseudoplatanus
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
Wide range,
drought tolerant
when established
Nil known
Promising street
tree. Trialled in
various locations
and performing well
in all but very dry
hard soils. Good in
CBD.
Wide footpaths
only. Trialled in
Miller st near
railway. Poor
growth rates.
Affected by heat?
Example in St
Peters church yard
near Tingcombe St
walkway. No
apparent
deformation of
paving with mature
tree.
Possible root
invasion
Wide range,
drought tolerant
when established.
Tolerates urban
pollution and
compacted soils
and winds.
- 39 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
A. saccharum
Sugar maple
A campestre
Hedge
Maple
A.
monspessulanum
Montpelier
Maple
Preferred
hybrid
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Surface roots
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
7x6
Vertical
dominant
Drought tolerant
in Australian
conditions
6-9x10
Vertical
dominant
Drought tolerant
in Australian
conditions
25
‘Elsrijk’
‘Fairview
flame’
‘October
Glory’
A. rubrum
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
11x7
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
Possible root
invasion
Wide footpaths
only. Not trialled.
New hybrid untried
locally, used
extensively overseas
in streetscapes
Trialled in Elizabeth
St 2006.
Unsatisfactory
results.
Trialled in various
locations since
2004. Performance
appears satisfactory.
Prefers moist sites.
October Glory very
attractive street tree
Nil to date.
Need to
monitor seed
viability
Allocasuarina
littoralis
Black
Sheoak
5x4
Drought tolerant
Acacia diphylla
10x5
Drought tolerant
Allergies?
Not trialled to date
Acacia
melanoxylon
Hillgrove
wattle
Blackwood
wattle
6x5
Drought tolerant
when established
May sucker if
roots disturbed
Azara microphylla
Box-leafed
6x5
Tolerates hard
Evergreen.
Potentially good
street tree where
evergreens can be
used
May not be drought
- 40 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Azara
Callistemon sp.
Hanna Ray
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
clay soil or
poorly drained.
Likes moist sites.
Slow growing.
3-10mm edible
berry
Too small for
clearances
tolerant. Not trialled
Evergreens can
pose solar
access
problems in
winter. Litter
issues. May be
too large for
average urban
road reserves.
Evergreens can
pose solar
access
problems in
winter. Limb
breakages.
Litter issues.
Wide footpaths only
north south running
streets only
Evergreens can
north south running
5x4
Eucalyptus
michaeliana
Hillgrove
Spotted Gum
18x8
Vertical?
adaptable
Eucalyptus
pauciflora
Snow gum
10x5
shallow
Moist well
drained
Eucalyptus
Wallangarra
15x8
Well drained, dry
- 41 -
Frosted on all but
elevated sites.
Trialled on Erskine
St between Crest
and Markham
north south running
streets only.
Relatively short
lived (<50yrs)
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
scoparia
White gum
Eucalyptus
globulus
‘Compacta’
Tasmanian
Bluegum
Fraxinus excelsior
‘Aurea’
Preferred
hybrid
‘Compacta’
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
But adaptable
pose solar
access
problems in
winter. May be
too large for
average urban
road reserves..
Litter issues.
Evergreens can
pose solar
access . Litter
issues.
problems in
winter
Shoots from
graft, requires
maintenance.
streets only
Frost
sensitivity.
Evergreen can
pose solar
access issues
Could be worth
trying in high areas
of Armidale
Nil evidence.
Lifting paving in
10x8
adaptable
Golden Ash
7x7
Damp soils
preferably
Geijera parvifolia
Wilga
7x6
vertical
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo
20x10
?
‘Fastigiata’
- 42 -
Adaptable to
range of
conditions
north south running
streets only. Not
trialled
Specimens not good
on trap or gravely
sediments
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
(Male Trees Only)
Koelreuteria
paniculata
Liquidambar
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
columnar
form, male
Golden Rain
Tree
Lagerstroemia
indica
Lagerstroemia
indica x fauriei
Preferred
hybrid
Crepe
myrtles
Smaller
cultivars
available
‘Osage’
(excellent
bronze/green
bark)
‘Tuscarora’
(red flowers
glossy green
foliage)
Townhouse
(white
flowers)
6x5
?
Prefers some
moisture.
Tolerant of range
of soils
6x5
shallow
6x5
4x5
6x4
15x8
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
Fruit on female
trees very
unpleasant
odour. May be
too large for
average urban
road reserves.
Nil evidence to
date
Moore St.
Extremely slow
growth rates in
Faulkner St on dry
urban clay. Better
suited to parks.
Nil evidence
Pink flowering
form possible
invasive roots
although little
evidence to
date
Appears
- 43 -
Good street tree.
Slow on dry sites.
Good growth rate
Moderately
Good for narrow
footpaths and under
power lines
Tuscarora and
Townhouse planted
in several streets
(Kennedy north,
Brown, Erskine) all
under powerlines.
Slow growth rate
initially. Ok with
range of soils.
Wide footpaths or
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
styraciflua
Malus ioensis
‘Plena’
Betchel crab
Nyssa sylvatica
Tupelo
Olea europaea
European
Olive
Parrotia persica
Persian
Witch hazel
Pistacia chinensis
(Male Trees Only)
Chinese
Pistachio
Prunus cerasifera
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
shallow
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
6x4
Appears
vertical
Swan Hill and
Tolly’s hybrid
Males only
7x5
Appears
vertical
4x4
Appears
vertical
10x6
Appears
vertical
8x4
vertical
- 44 -
Prefers damp soil
but adaptable
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
invasive
parks only.
Produces
sparse edible
fruit
Possibly
invasive roots.
Nil to date
Narrow footpaths.
Possibly too small
for traffic clearance
pruning.
Potential
environmental
weed
Nil known
Good performer
in wide range of
conditions
Environmental
weed if
females present
Fruit may
Slow growing but
tough and attractive.
Good form for street
plantings. Widely
planted.
Not trialled.
Potential under
power lines. Trial
plantings in
Hargrave St, Jessie
St north, Ebor
School. Slow
establishment to
date.
Efforts underway to
propagate male
plants
Prefers moist sites.
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
‘Pissardii Nigra’
Prunus x blireana
Prunus serrulata
Prunus cerasifera
‘Oakville Crimson
Spire’
Pyrus betuelifolia
Pyrus calleryana
Pyrus calleryana
‘Capital’
Pyrus salicifolia
‘Southward
Dancer’
Callery Pear
5x4
10x4
6x3
columnar
vertical
vertical
7x5
May be site
dependant.
‘Aristocrat’
Deep vertical
11x
Adaptable to
range of
conditions
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
cause
pedestrian
issues, but only
one complaint
in last 15 years.
Suitable for high
power line plantings
fruit
Not yet trialled
Nil to date
Trialled in 2005.
Appears good
performer on wide
range of soil types,
damp or dry, paved
areas
Trialled in many
locations since
2005. Appears good
performer on wide
range of soil types,
damp or dry, paved
areas
vertical
4x4
Potential under
power lines. Trialled
- 45 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
Potential
problems
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
Marsh St between
College and
Mossman.
Adaptable, good
growth rate.
Pyrus ussuriensis
Pyrus fauriei
Manchurian
pear
Adaptable, as
with other pear
varieties.
4x5
Tolerates dry
soil. Compaction
good autumn
colour for pear.
Tolerates dry
soil.
Quercus coccinea
Quercus palustris
Appears deep
or vertical
- 46 -
Adaptable to
range of sites.
Slow growth rate
on dry sites
where Q coccinea
Narrow crotch
angles could
cause branch
failure
Nil known
Not trialled to date
Wide footpaths and
parks only. Trialled
at Armidale
Sportsground and
Memorial planting
on Waterfall Way
where Pin oaks
failed in dry areas.
Results excellent.
. Excellent tree near
kerbs despite large
size. Planted along
cycleway and 30
year old trees not
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
Potential
problems
is better choice.
Quercus rubra
Red Oak
Sorbus aria
lutescens
Sorbus aucuparia
Ulmus glabra
‘Lutescens’
Rowan tree
Appears
vertical
Adaptable to
range of sites.
Slow growth rate
on dry sites
where Q coccinea
is better choice.
8x5
Prefers damp
sites
Possible
bushland
invader
15 x 5
Prefers damp
sites
Possible
bushland
invader
Nil to date.
Potential for
root issues and
12 x 10
shallow
- 47 -
Adaptable to
range of
conditions
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
deforming hotmix at
all.
Wide footpaths
only. Trialled on
Beardy St west of
Phylls Cr and Ken
Jones Park. Slow
growth but subject
of vandalism at
these locations.
Losses in first trial
at Norris Drive and
Perrot St. Fairs
better on basalt and
damper sites. May
be susceptible to a
fungal disease that
kills the leaves by
late summer. Could
be susceptible to hot
winds.
Not trialled since
2003
Trialled on the The
Avenue. Slow
growth rates.
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION) POLICY
Species
Common
name
Preferred
hybrid
Ulmus procera
‘Louis van Houtii’
Zelkova serrata
Japanese
Elm
Green Vase
(Flemings)
Expected
mature
height (m)
x Exp. max.
width
Dominant
Root
architecture
(dependant
on soil
conditions)
Preferred
location. (Data
from range of
non-local
sources)
20 x 10
Shallow
Adaptable to
range of
conditions
9x8
Deep in deep
soils, shallow
under paving
- 48 -
Adaptable to
range of
conditions
Potential
problems
suckering
Nil to date.
Potential for
root issues and
suckering
Narrow crotch
angles could
cause problems
in old age.
Management
Notes. Local trial
results
Wide footpaths only
Past performance
very good. No
problems to date.
Concerns about root
issues in paved
areas. Architect’s
recommendation for
2003 Mall upgrade.
Time will tell.
7.4
Tree Assessment Checklist for Dangerous Trees
Armidale Dumaresq Council
STREET TREE ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST
Location
Street number:
Street name
Origin of request
Consultation conducted
 Resident
 Developer
 Councillor
 Project manager
Other
 Resident
 Developer
 Councillor
 Project manager
 Other
Reason for request
Details of consultation
Tree details
Common name
Botanical name
 Evergreen
Height (m)
 Deciduous
Spread (m)
Height to first branch (m)
Diameter at breast height (mm)
- 49 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
Tree values
 Part of streetscape
 Heritage listed
 Significant tree
 Habitat value
 Aesthetic value
 Rare and/or threatened
(Federal or state listings)
Comments:
Health and structure
 Very good health
 Average health
 Poor health
 Dead or dangerous branches
 Fungal decay
 Evidence of pests or disease
 Storm damage
 Poor pruning history
Comments:
ANY CLAIMS THAT A TREE IS DANGEROUS MUST BE SUPPORTED BY A
REPORT FROM A QUALIFIED ARBORCULTURALIST. ALL COSTS SHALL BE
BORNE BY THE COMPLAINANT
Siting issues
 Sp. not suitable for location
 Motorist’s vision obscured
 Pedestrian obstruction
 Within 20m of intersection
 Not on correct alignment
 Within 1.5m of water main
 Damage to other services
 Obscuring street lights
 Obscuring traffic signage
 Unauthorised planting
 Affected by development
 Potential damage to
adjacent structures
(must be supported by report
from Suitably qualified person)
Comments:
- 50 -
ARMIDALE DUMARESQ URBAN STREETSCAPE (STREET VEGETATION)
POLICY
Human health issues
 Reasonable established link
to asthma or other diseases
 Poisonous or irritating
plant parts
Comments:
Environmental issues
 Tree is potential or known
environmental weed
 Removal will significantly
reduce available shade
 Solar access issues
Comments:
PROVIDED THAT THERE ARE NO OTHER SIGNIFICANT HAZARD OR SAFETY
ISSUES, THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT CONSIDERED VALID REASONS FOR
REMOVAL OF TREES





Leaf or minor twig fall into gutters, pools, patios or on lawns
To increase natural light
To improve street lighting of private property
To reduce resin fall, sooty mould, bird droppings
Minor lifting of driveways by tree roots
Recommendations
Maintenance/removal:
Assessment completed by:
Date:
- 51 -
7.5
Vegetation restriction zones
- - 52 - -