PowerPoint text from Lectures 10-11
Lecture 10- The Roman Republic
I)
Origins
II)
Early Republic
III)
Expansion
IDs:
Latin Right
Etruscans
Carthage
Magna Graecia
Patrician
Plebes
Senate
Tarquin the Proud
Lucretia
res publica
consuls
Cincinnatus
Struggle of Orders
Plebian Assembly
Law of 12 Tables
•
Early Latins
(c. 700 BC)
35-40 villages
“The Latin Right”
Tiber River
Plebes and patricians
The Senate
•
Early Influences I
Etruscans:
Cities
Women
•
Etruscan Husband and Wife
•
Early Influences II
Carthagians
•
Early Influences
Etruscans
Carthagians
Greeks
Conflict by 630 BC
•
II) Early Republic
•
Rome and the Etruscans (530-509 BC)
Improvements
Center of their networks
Redefinition of patricians and plebes
- land instead of families
Royal power- Tarquinius the Proud
•
“The Rape of Lucretia”
Expulsion of the Etruscans- 509 BC
Tarquinus the Proud
Sextus Tarquinius
Roman virtue
•
The Lesson of Lucretia
Lucretia’s Husband:
“I swear that with sword and fire, and whatever else can lend strength to my arm, I will pursue
Tarquinius the Proud and all his children and never again will let them or any other man be King of
Rome!”
•
Rome after Tarquinius
Res publica
Senate
(Patricians)
Consuls
Dictators
•
Cincinnatus
Farmer
General
Dictator
Retirement
•
“Struggle of Orders”
(starting around 491- c.450 BC)
Plebes vs. patricians
Withdrawal
Council of Plebes and Tribunes
- tribunes
Law of 12 Tables
•
The Twelve Tables
Resolution of the Struggle of Orders
Laws- not necessarily progressive
Access
•
Integration between patricians and plebes
First plebian consul- 367 BC
Full authority of plebian assembly- 287 BC
Importance of Law
•
Romulus
Early Roman myth of origin
Brother of Remus
Dispute
Founder of Rome
Primacy of Law
•
Lecture 11- Rome: Late Republic
I)
Expansion
II)
Republican Values
IDs:
moral mandate
1st Punic War
Tribute
2nd Punic War
Hannibal
elephants
3rd Punic War
destruction of Carthage
Perseus (of Macedonia)
“dirt farmer”
Latifundia
infantrymen
Slavery
domus
civic religion
provincial governors
slave revolts
Social Wars
•
Romulus
Early Roman myth of origin
Brother of Remus
Dispute
Founder of Rome
Primacy of Law
•
Integration between patricians and plebes
First plebian consul- 367 BC
Plebian assembly given full authority over Rome (as lower house) - 287 BC
•
Roman Expansion, 390-265 BC
Celtic invasion- 390 BC
Vs. the Greeks- 275 BC
Postwar treatment
“Moral mandate”
•
1st Punic War: 265-241 BC
Start of the war:
Plebian assembly
Carthagian navy
Roman army
- gangplanks
Attrition
New type of peace terms:
Tribute
•
Second Punic War
(218-202 BC)
Carthagian bitterness
Hannibal’s rise to command
Invasion from Spain- 218 BC
March through the Alps
“secret weapon”
•
Elephants in Alps
•
Hannibal’s elephants in battle
•
The 2nd Punic War
in Italy
Impact of the Elephants
Battle of Cannae
Fabius
Adjustments
“Lesson”:
- “Steadfast” infantry
•
Scipio (Africanus)’s Counter-Attack
•
3rd Punic War
(149-146 BC)
•
Destruction of Carthage- 146 BC
Scipio the Younger:
"This is a glorious moment, Polybius; and yet I am seized with fear and foreboding that some day the
same fate will befall my own country.''
•
Rome and the Eastern Mediterranean
Macedonian alliance with Carthage
Wars vs. the Greeks
Expansion into Asia Minor
Perseus’ rebellion- 168 BC
•
II) Republican Virtues
•
Images of Empire
American context
Empire vs. Republic
Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers
•
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Government
•
Republican Virtues
Farmer/Soldier
•
Farming and Patriotism
•
Farmers in the Republic after 200 BC
Smallholder
(vs. Greeks)
Land ownership and citizenship
Good infantry
Problems with extended service
-latifundia
Tenements
•
Republican virtues
Farmer/Soldier
Family
•
Horace, Carmen, 4.5
•
Family and Virtue in Public Life
•
Pompeii, Domus (exterior)
•
Pompeii, Domus (Interior)
•
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
•
Roman Religion
•
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Government
- optimates
- provincial governors
•
Images of Empire
American context
Empire vs. Republic
Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers
•
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Provinces
Allies
Urban conditions
•
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
•
Problems with Slavery
Increase in number
- c. 2 million by 100 BC
Neglect in latifundia
Revolts
- 135 BC, 104 BC
- 74 BC- Spartacus
•
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Provinces
Attacks on garrisons
Allies
“Social War” (91-89 BC)
Urban slums:
Optimates and populares (reformers)
•
III) Reformers: The Gracci
•
The Gracci:
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus
•
Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BC)
Patrician background
Populare
Tribune in Plebian Assembly
•
Tiberius Gracchus on land reform:
•
The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens. . . . But the men who fight and die
for Italy enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wanter about with their
wives and children. . . . They fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are
styled masters of the world, and have not a clod of earth they call their own.
•
Tiberius Gracchus
Proposed a land commission
Challenged the Senate
Plebian assembly
Expelled the dissenting tribune Octavius
•
Death of T. Gracchus (133 BC)
Further reforms
Ran for re-election as tribune
Senators killed him and some supporters
Senate concessions
Violent precedent
•
Caius Gracchus (153-121 BC)
Became tribune in 123 BC
Even more ambitious
Granaries, investigations
Extension of citizenship
Assassinated- lesson for reformers