Essential elements
Make up 96% of living matter
Trace elements
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Van der Waals interactions
Cohesion
Adhesion
Transpiration
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Required by an organism in only minute quantities (iron, iodine)
When the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms.
One atom has greater electronegativity than the other
Relatively weak bonds that form between positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule
Are VERY weak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. Contribute to the 3D shape of larger molecules.
Linking of like molecules
The clinging of one substance to another
The movement of water molecules up the thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants.
Water molecules cling to each other by COHESION, and to the walls of the xylem by ADHESION.
Buffers
Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
Isomers
Functional groups
Substances that minimize changes in pH. They accept
H+ from solution when they are in excess and donate H+ when they are depleted.
An important buffer in living systems. Moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean.
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure. attached to the carbon skeleton and have diverse properties. The behavior of organic molecules is dependent on the identity of their functional group.
Examples: Hydroxyl; helps dissolve sugars. Carboxyl; source of H+
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Monomers of the four organic compounds
Protein-amino acid
Lipid-fatty acid
Nucleic Acid-nucleotide
Examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen-the "starch" of vertebrates; energy storage
Cellulose-major component of plant cell walls; structural support
Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods
Lipids
Fats (what are they made of?)
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing a molecule of water.
Water is added to split larger molecules.
Carbohydrates-monosaccharide
Starch-found in plants; energy storage
All are hydrophobic. Examples are waxes, oils, fats, and steroids.
Also called triglycerides, made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Hence the term
"tri"glyceride
Have no double bonds, solid at room temp, commonly produced in animals, BAD FOR YOU
Double bonds, liquid at room temp, produced by plants,

Adipose cells
Steroids
Amino acids (what do they contain?)
What links amino acids together?
Levels of protein structure
Primary protein structure
Secondary protein structure (and the two subunits?)
Tertiary protein structure
Quaternary protein structure
Chaperonins
Nucleotides are made up of...?
Pentose (deoxyribose or ribose)
Phosphate group
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
Isomer
Isotope
Hydrogen Bond
Four Elements Making Up Most Living Matter
General Carbohydrate Formula
Buffer
GOOD STUFF
In humans and other mammals, fat is stored in these cells
Made up of four rings that fuse together. Example is cholesterol, which is a common component of the cell membrane.
Contain a central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino, group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group (variable group).
Peptide bonds. Formed by dehydration synthesis.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
Unique sequence in which amino acids are joined
Refers to one of two three dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding: alpha helix (coiled shape), and beta pleated sheet (accordion shape)
Results in a complex globular shape due to interactions between R groups.
Refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein (hemoglobin)
Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells.
A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) bond in which atoms share one or two outer-shell electrons bond in which an atom of a negative charge is attracted to an atom of a positive charge, the electrical attraction holds them together covalent bond where electrons are shared equally as they have similar electronegativities covalent bond where electrons are pulled towards the atom with the greater electronegativity each of two (or more) compounds that share the same formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties variant form of an atom, they have the same number of protons as the usual atom and a different number of neutrons weak bond in which a partially negative hydrogen atom
(already in a polar-covalent bond with a molecule) is attracted to another partially positive atom (already in a polar-covalent bond with a molecule)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen [CHON]
CH2O resists pH change, releases H+ if the environment is too basic and takes in H+ if the environment is too acidic