Living Environment
Growth and Reproduction Study Guide
Name ________________________________________
We will review after school on Wednesday, March 17th from 2:45 – 3:15 in Room 305
Thursday, March 18th from 7:15am-7:45am in Room 301
About the test:
-
10 vocab matching
- 4 short answer questions
-
31 multiple choice questions
- NO BONUS questions
There will NOT be an opportunity to do corrections on this test. You have an idea of what to expect on
tests after taking the Energetics test. It will be tough – you need to be tougher (aka, KNOW the material).
Things I Need to Study With:
 Growth and Reproduction Note Packet
 Bell Ringers – Questions and Answers posted on the Living Environment wikispace
 Regents Practice Worksheet (blue packet) – key posted on the wikispace
 Cell Cycle Foldable
 Growth & Reproduction 1 and 2 Homeworks
 Purple Vocabulary Packet
Things I Need to Know:
Mitotic Cell Division = MITOSIS
Meiotic Cell Division = MEIOSIS
ONE Single-Stranded
Chromosome (Chromatid)
ONE Double-Stranded Chromosome (looks like an “X”)
(Replicated – Sister Chromatids)
Homologous Chromosomes are chromosomes that carry the genes for the same characteristics, such as eye color or
hair color. For humans (and all other sexually reproducing species), the chromosome from our mother that contains
the gene for eye color is HOMOLOGOUS with the chromosome from our father that contains the gene for eye color.
The chromosome from our mother that carries the gene for hair color is HOMOLOGOUS with the chromosome from
our father that carries the gene for hair color. These are what pair up during Prophase I of Meiosis and these are the
chromosomes that can switch segments of DNA (cross over) when they pair up during Prophase I.
One single- stranded
chromosome
(chromatid) from Mom
One single- stranded
chromosome
(chromatid) from Dad
One double- stranded
chromosome (sister
chromatids) from Mom
One double- stranded
chromosome (sister
chromatids) from Dad
the gene for eye color
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
(single-stranded)
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
(replicated, double-stranded)
Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stages of Mitosis
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Types of Asexual Reproduction and their characteristics
1. Binary Fission – parent cell divides into two EQUAL-SIZED genetically identical daughter cells
Ex: bacteria
2. Budding – a small bud grows on the parent cell and then breaks off…two genetically identical but UNEQUAL in
size daughter cells are formed
Ex: yeast, hydra, sponges (NOT PLANTS!)
3. Sporulation – organism makes small spores that grow into another genetically identical organism
Ex: mold, fungi, ferns
4. Vegetative Propagation – one part of a plant extends out and grows into another organism
Ex: potatoes, strawberries, (PLANTS)
Comparing and contrasting asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual
Asexual




ONE parent
Offspring genetically identical
to the parent
Faster, easier


Ways of
reproducing
Require DNA



Stages of Meiosis
1. Meiosis I (Interphase)
a. Prophase I (*crossing over occurs*)
b. Metapahse I
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I
(Cytokinesis)
TWO parents
Offspring genetically different
from parents
Requires the processes of
meiosis & fertilization
Slower, more risk
2. Meiosis II
a. Prophase II
b. Metaphase II
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II
(Cytokinesis)
Comparing and contrasting mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis
Mitosis



2 daughter cells
Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)
Daughter cells are identical to the parent
(they have the SAME NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL




Chromosomes
replicate only ONCE
Ways for cells
to divide
Require DNA



4 daughter cells
Haploid (1 set of chromosomes)
Daughter cells are different from the
parent cell and from each other (they
have HALF THE NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL)
CROSSING OVER OCCURS
When human cells use mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis
- Growing
- Healing wounds
- Repairing damaged tissue
- Making new body cells (like blood, skin, bone…)
Meiosis
- to make gametes (egg or sperm cells)
Parent cell
Parent cell

4 single-stranded
chromosomes
 DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of
chromosomes
(2 yellow chromosomes
from mom, 2 green
chromosomes from dad)
 4 single-stranded
chromosomes
 DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of
chromosomes
(2 red chromosomes from
mom, 2 blue chromosomes
from dad)
Prophase
Prophase I
 Chromosomes have replicated to make 4
double-stranded chromosomes
 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES pair up
 CROSSING OVER may occur
 Still DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of chromosomes

Chromosomes have
replicated to make 4
double-stranded
chromosomes
 Still DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of
chromosomes
Metaphase I
Metaphase

HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES get ready
to break apart
 still DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of
chromosomes

double-stranded
chromosomes get ready to
break apart
 still DIPLOID 2n: 2 sets of
chromosomes
…Cytokinesis
…Cytokinesis I


4 single-stranded
in each of the two
daughter cells
 Identical to parent
 still DIPLOID 2n: 2
sets of
chromosomes
2 double-stranded
chromosomes in
each of the two
daughter cells
 HAPLOID n: 1 set
of 2 chromosomes
in each cell
…Metaphase II

Sister chromatids get ready
to break apart
 HAPLOID n: 1 set of 2
chromosomes in each cell
…Cytokinesis II

2 single-stranded
chromosomes in each of the
four daughter cells
 HAPLOID n: 1 set of 2
chromosomes in each cell