Electonic Suplementary Material
Manuscript „Dynamics and tephra dispersal of Violent Strombolian eruptions at Vesuvius: insights from
field data, wind reconstruction and numerical simulation of the 1906 event“ by Barsotti S. , Neri A.,
Bertagnini A., Cioni R., Mulas M., Mundula F.
Table 1. A detailed succession of the events occurred during the 1906 eruption at Vesuvius and their
associated products, as derived from the different eyewitness accounts.
DAY
HOUR
4
April
morning
morning
DESCRIPTION OF
ACTIVITY
the great cone was
cleft on its south-south
eastern flank by long
fissures
This, as indicated by a
new line of fumaroles,
had been fissuredearly
in the morning at a
point a little to the east
of south, and the
fracture had extended
downward and formed
a vent at about the
same altitude (1200
meters)
DESCRIPTION DISPERSAL
OF PRODUCTS
dark blunt-edged
granules derived
directly from the
new cone
AUTHOR
PAGE
De Lorenzo, 476
1906
Perret, 1924
34
5:30
a.m.
A new lava began to
flow from a small vent
on the southern slope,
1200 m a.s.l., near the
locality
named
“Casotto delle Guide”
Mercalli,
1906
6
2:00
p.m.
The small cone located
inside the Vesuviu
scrater and the crater
rims began to collapse.
Meanwhile explosions
increased in intensity
and
became
“Vulcanian”
Rumblings were loud blackish-grey
toward west
and continuous and sand, rough to the up to Naples
blackish-grey
sand, touch
ejected
in
great
quantity, obscured the
sky at west
further fracturing of
the cone: (..) at a point
800 m a.s.l., 400 m
below and south of,
but in the same radius
Mercalli,
1906
6
Mercalli,
1906
6-10-726
Perret, 1924
35
evening
midnigh
t
5
April
n.d.
morning
all day
midnigh
as, the preceding,
indicating an extension
of the fracture to that
point
in the meantime the
ash-cloud from the
crater had assumed a
threatening aspect(..),
which a veering wind
brought over the city
by nightfall, and the
Neapolitans
went
about with umbrellas
opened against a dry
rain of coarse volcanic
sand
From the base of one
of these freshly opened
fissure, near "Casa
Fiorenza",
at
an
altidude of 2460 feet
a.s.l. a small steam of
lava poured fourth,
while
from
the
principal crater a great
jet of steam burst with
explosive force.
(..) the crater-cloud
was being carried in
long, sweeping curves
north through west and
south over the city (..)
During the day this
emission increased in
violence, with the
ejection of mixed
incandescent
lavamasses and old conematerial, blocks of
which already fell at a
distance of several
hundred meters from
the crater. Following
the
stronger
explosions,
there
began to appear in the
midst of the cratercloud those visible
electrical phenomena
(…) they consisted of
tiny, brillant lightningflashes produced by
the
powerfully
projected jets of ash(..)
Rain of coarse Perret, 1924
volcanic sand
on Naples
35
De Lorenzo, 476
1906
Perret, 1924
the product of
these first days
was coarse in
texture and dark
in
color,
consisting mostly
of cone-detritus
(..) A second copious blackish-grey
Ash fell in Perret, 1924
Naples until
noon of this
day, when a
veering wind
carried
the
crater-cloud
elsewhere
Mercalli,
35
36-37
6-7-26
t
6
April
8:00
a.m.
8:00
a.m.
night
night
lava outpouring began
at about 800 m
a.s.l.near the locality
named “Cisterna di
Casa Fiorenza”
New lateral vents
opened on the volcano
slope, in the locality
named
“Bosco
Cognoli”, 600 m a.s.l,
about 1 km east of the
vents
of
“Casa
Fiorenza”
(..) another vent was
formed at a still lower
altitude (600 meters)
which gave forth the
most rapid out-pour of
lava during the entire
eruption. Except that
which was enitted
during the night of the
culmination.
during the day, activity
in the crater again
increased to an even
greater degree than on
the preceding day (..)
Our return to the
Observatory was made
on foot from Resina
(Herculaneum) under a
shower of rain and a
fall of ash from the
Crater
while
the
great
threatening pillar of
black
and
brown
lapilli(…) occupying
well night one half of
the northern horizon,
deeper and longer
fissures than before
yawned in the southeastern wall of the
cone
from
the
orifice
previously mentioned,
from another which
opened up below the
Valle dell'inferno, and
more particularly from
a third, near Cognoli(..
Altitude of 2000 feet
(600m),issued a great
mass of fluid lava,
sand, rough to the
touch
1906
Mercalli,
1906
7
Perret, 1924
38
Perret, 1924
38
this ash was of a SW
much finer texture
than any hitherto
emitted
Perret, 1924
39
(..)while that of
the 6th, 7th, and
8th
became
increasingly
mixed
with
fragmental
material of a
lighter colour
De Lorenzo, 476
1906
De Lorenzo, 476-477
1906
midnigh
t
night
7
April
morning
morning
2:00
p.m.
n.d.
4:30
p.m.
scoriaceous and laden
with steam
Strong, very bright
explosions
emitting
small frothy scoriae
that fell on the
Vesuvius Observatory
By midnight all the
phenomena
had
increased in intensity
vent located far east of
“Bosco Cognoli”, very
close
to
Mount
Somma, at about 750800 m a.s.l. (Vent of
Terzigno)
the explosive activity
at the crater again
gradually diminished
this again increased,(..)
,the
lava
flowed
almost due east, in the
direction of several
small town, including
Terzigno
(…) it necessary to
make a wide detour ,
on account of the
falling of huge blocks
as far outward as
nearly to the base of
the main cone.
As seen from the
south, there were
many
powerful
lightning-flashes in the
crater-cloud,
which
was
continually
growing in height(..)
the dynamic activity at
the crater took form of
a series of very sharp,
sudden, but powerful
explosions in rapid
succession.
The principal crater
was
in
violent
eruption. Explosions
were unceasing
Rumblings
of
Vesuvius began to be
heard from Naples
Another uprising of
hightly incandescent
magma to the upper
portion of the conduit
high
vesicular up
to
the Mercalli,
light-grey scoriae Vesuvius
1906
Observatory
9
Perret, 1924
39
Mercalli,
1906
8
Perret, 1924
39
Perret, 1924
39
The
material
ejected was a
mixed
nature,
about
equally
divided by fresh
liquid lava and
dark detritus of
the
crumbling
cone
Perret, 1924
40
a shower of grey- WNW
black ashes fell in
the streets of
Naples
Nature, 1906
565
Mercalli,
1906
9
Perret, 1924
40
Several of these
(blocks)
was
estimated
to
weight as two
tons
was indicated by the
truly
marvelous
brillancy of the ejected
material, which began
to clothe the greater
part of the cone as
with a mantle of fire
8:00 - Strombolian
10:30
explosions
became
p.m.
more and more intense
evening there were formidable
explosions from the
principal
crater,
spurting 3000 feet up
into the sky fragments
of
incandescent
material
10:00
p.m.
masses
of
cone
material again began
to be mixed with the
incandescent jets, with
consequent renewal of
powerful (..) then all
would again be cleared
of ash, and the pillar of
liquid fire maintained
continuosly at a height
of several kilometers
by multiple projections
from all parts
10.20 - two brillant fountains
10.40
of fire upon the flank
p.m.
of
the
mountain
seemed at first to
indicate the opening of
new craters at these
points
10:45
Strong resumption of
p.m.
effusive activity from
vents
of
Bosco
Cognoli and Terzigno.
Lava flows were the
most
rapid
and
abundant of the whole
eruption
11:00
For few minutes it
p.m.
seemed that the central
crater calmed down,
but immediately after
its activity resumed
more
violent
and
explosions began to
change, because great
clouds of
stones,
Mercalli,
1906
scoriaceous
bombs and lapilli.
A layer of lapilli
more than 2 feet
thick at Ottajano
9
These
De Lorenzo, 477
ejectamenta,
1906
impelled by a
strong southwesterly wind
destroyed the
village
of
Ottajano and
S. Giuseppe
Perret, 1924
41
Perret, 1924
41
Mercalli,
1906
10
Mercalli,
1906
11
8
April
lapilli and ash were
emitted
with
the
glowing material.
night
(..) the crater emitted a
NE slope
giant
pine
accompanied
by
continuous and violent
rumblings, (..) and a
huge quantity of lapilli
fell on the villages of
the NE flank of Mt
Somma
midnigh "and these explosions
t
reached
a
climax
between midnight"
(..)During the 7th and
8th of April the sealevel was lowered all
along the neighbouring
coast, by as much as
12 inches near Portici,
and as little as 6 near
Pozzuoli, and has not
so far (April 13th)
returned to its previous
level.
0:31
(..) a great detonation
and a seismic shock
were felt in all the
villages
around
Vesuvius
0:30
Lapilli began to fall at The lower 20 cm NE sector
Ottajano
and of the deposit are
neighboring villages
formed by fresh,
blackish
scoriaceous lapilli
(..)
blackish
scoraceous lapilli
with
abundant
augite and minor
biotite
0:37
a strong shock was
felt, followed soon
after by visibly greater
explosive activity at
the crater
01:00
(..) lapilli began to
NE sector
a.m.
rain
with
great
violence,
reaching
maximum intensity at
2:00 a.m.
2:00 - Abundant scoriae and At Ottajano the
3:00
dense stones, as big as deposit is about
a.m.
an egg up to 20 cm in 80
cm.
The
diameter added to lowermost 20 cm
lapilli
are black fresh
Sabatini,
1906
5
De Lorenzo, 477
1906
De Lorenzo, 481
1906
Mercalli,
1906
11
Mercalli,
1906
12, 25
Perret, 1924
42
Sabatini,
1906
12
Mercalli,
1906
12
2:37
a.m.
like
the
former
shock(..) a seismic
manifestation peculiar
to the culminating
period
of
great
eruption. This strong
shock was at once
followed by great
downfalls
at
mountain-top (..)
2:40
a.m.
Seismic shock
and
detonation
occurred
again. The summit of
the volcano collapsed
into the conduit and
large parts of the cone
were detached and fell
down
(..)there began the true
dynamic culmination
of the great eruption,
wich
a
literal
unfolding outwardly of
the upper portions of
the cone in all
direction, like the
falling of the petals of
a flower.
- Resumption of the lava
emission of the vents
at Casa Fiorenza.
(..) belching forth an
enourmous quantity of
3:30
a.m.
2:30
5:00
a.m.
dawn
scoriae,
in the
upper part the
deposit is yellowreddish,formed by
fragments
of
altered
scoriae
and lavas
(..) detritus rising
from the crater,
part of which,
losing in vertical
direction,
shot
more and more
obliquely to the
northeast tilli it
formed a giant
archoverspanning
the crest of Monta
Somma in the
direction
of
Ottajano, while
the rest of the
column continued
straigt
upward.
(..)
the
accumulation of
fresh scoriae, old
rock-masses up to
3 kilograms in
weight, lapilli and
ash caused the
crushing of many
roofs (..)
Somma
Perret, 1924
Vesuviana,
Ottajano, San
Giuseppe
At first of the size
of small nuts, the
projectiles
gradually
increased up to 2
and 3 kilograms
in weight, some
of which were
thrown 4 km from
the crater
burying
them These
beneath a layer of ejectamenta,
42-43
Mercalli,
1906
11
Perret, 1924
43-44
Mercalli,
1906
10
De Lorenzo, 477
1906
dawn
dawn
8:00
a.m.
morning
all day
n.s.
scoria and lappilli
derived
from
the
magma, as well as
masses of the crateric
cone, wich was by this
time in course of
demolition.
Moreover, the cloud of
ashes descend on
Nola, crossed the
Appennines, and swept
over the Adriatic into
Montenegro
By daylight (..) but
from a source, the
depth of which is
wholly unknow, there
rushed forth through
the central tube a
continuous blast of
gas, reaching heights
as great as 13000
meters
(..) that scourge (the
lapilli
fallout)
continued until 8:00
a.m. then stopped to
give way to the fall of
ash
(…) the decrescent
phase began, though
still alarming and
dangerous. In fact,
owing
to
the
tremendous shock of
the explosions(…), the
cone of the principal
crater
collapsed,
having been cleft to a
depth exceeding 300
feet
(…) The explosive
dynamics
was
extremely violent all
the day. A great cloud
laden of reddish ash
covered and enveloped
the mountain on the
side of Naples, and
huge, 4-5 km high,
cauliflower dark grey
clouds were seen
rising above it.
a shower of black dust,
like iron filings
lapilli more than 2 impelled by a
feet thick
strong
SW
wind,
destroyed the
village
of
Ottajano and
San Giuseppe
Nola (15 km De Lorenzo, 477
NE) up to 1906
Montenegro
(about 400 km
NE)
Perret, 1924
45
Sabatini,
1906
12
De Lorenzo, 477
1906
pisolitic reddishgrey ash, finer
than the previous
one
Around
at Mercalli,
6:00-7:00 a.m. 1906
the wind blew
the ash on
Nola and up to
Accadia (80
km NE) and
Andria (150
km ENE)
covering
the Montenegro
surface to a depht (400 Km NE)
of a millimetre
Nature, 1906
14-15
565
morning
3:00
p.m.
afternoo
n
evening
evening
with an iron grey
layer
(..) lava flows and ash
SE, NW
lapilli fallout stopped,
while an extraordinary
quantity
of
ash
continued
to
fall,
plunging into the
darkness
alternately
villages SE and NW of
the volcano. Besides
Ottajano and San
Giuseppe, which were
partially
destroyed,
Resina, Portici, Torre
del Greco were heavily
affected. At Naples
ash fall was heavy
causing the collapse of
the roof of Monte
Oliveto market
the maximum gaseous
development occuredat
3 p.m.
the stone continued
falling
this steam burst forth (..)
grey
or
continuously in huge pinkish
colour,
jets from the crater, was entirely made
(…)carrying with it up of debris of the
the
conminuted broken-down old
fragments of the cone cone
in the shape of
immense
rolling
clouds of dust which
soared
majestically
into the sky up to
heights of 21,000 or
22,000
feet
or
more.(6,7 km) These
formed a great leaden
'pine,' enveloping the
ordinary clouds of the
atmosphere (…)
(..) the wind, still
blowing from the
south and south-west,
impelled the gigantic
cloud of dust to move
northward and northeastward;
(..)
it
descend with fatal
effect on the Campania
Felice (…) mantling
the countryside with a
Sabatini,
1906
6
Perret, 1924
46
Perret, 1924
47
De Lorenzo, 477
1906
De Lorenzo, 477
1906
479
-
midnigh
t
9
April
morning
morning
morning
n.s.
9:00
a.m.
grey shroud, which
even at a distance of
over 9 miles from the
crater approaches an
inch (25 cm) in
thickness
(..)
exceedingly
powerful
elettric
discharges were heard,
indicating
renewed
injection of detritus
into the crater cloud
(..)
the wind veered round
to
the
north-east,
blowing the dense
column of dust, wich
interposed like a great
veil between Napoli
and Sorrento, first
towards Ischia and
then towards Capri,
causing it to drift
south-westward until it
depoosited
the
material with which it
was laden far into
Spain.
During the night the
expulsion of rock
ceased
but
the
emission
of
sand
increased, completely
envelomping me (..)
(Prof.
Matteucci at
Vesuvius Observatory)
revealed the emission
of a truly imposing
volume
of
ash,
apparently from a
greatly widened crater
Perret, 1924
47
Ischia, Capri, De Lorenzo, 479
Spain
1906
(…) forming a
bed more than 10
centimetres deep
Before
Resina
was reached, the
downward blast
of ash and sand
became so heavy
that the horse
could no farther
(..) and the ash falls, ash
covering
roofs,
terraces,
people,
forming everywhere a
layer whose thickness
increases
from
Naples(<10
cm)
toward Torre Del
Greco (40 cm)
The volcano emitted a pisolitic reddishhuge quantity of lapilli grey ash, as in the
and ash, but the great preceding day
ejection of blocks had
Nature, 1906
566
Perret, 1924
48
Gargiulo,
1906
46
The NE wind Mercalli,
directed
the 1906
volcanic pine
toward Resina
15
ceased
during
the day
10
April
all day
4:00
a.m.
afternoo
n
night
11
April
n.s.
Ash
was
falling
heavely but dry. First
of the "hot avalanches"
(.. )the crater-cloud (..)
arched over toward the
southwest and finally
actually came to earth
and swept down the
mountain-side
over
Torre del Greco
this wind lasted over
the whole of the 10th
of April as well - with
grave results to Torre
del Greco(..) was
enveloped in pitch
darkness for two days.
This morning the
explosion
became
more violent.The roof
of the market of Monte
Oliveto, Naples, fell
in.
It was found necessary
to make a wide detour
in order to keep clear
of the exceedingly
rapid hot avalanches
which occassionally
swept
downward
rapid hot avalanches
which
ocassionally
swept downward
and Torre del
Greco (..) all
the
area
between these
villages was
completely
enveloped in
darkness
ash
Perret, 1924
49
(..) the production
of pisolites was
on a gigantic
scale,
although
they were of
small size
Perret, 1924
48-50
(..) buried under a
layer of dust a
foot thick ( 30
cm) red fine ash
ash
the ash fell heavily, ash
this time many flies,
and there began for us red fine ash
a long series of period
of obscurity, some
lasting for 8 hours or
more.
SW
the wind again
veered,
impelling
northward the
death-dealing
cloud
During these
times
there
was little to do
but wait until a
change
of
wind sent the
crater-cloud in
another
direction
De Lorenzo, 479
1906
Nature, 1906
566
Perret, 1924
51
De Lorenzo, 479
1906
Perret, 1924
52
Mercalli,
1906
26
12
April
Before
8:00
a.m.
throughout the night ash
and up to 8 o'clock this
morning we were
completely enveloped
in dense showers of
dust.(..) showers of
volcanic ash and other
fragmentary products
continue to fall. The
road in Naples are
covered with a thick
layer of vulcanic dust
which continues to fall
upon
the
city.
all day
Volcanic
ash
has
ceased to fall in
Naples, Portici, Torre
del Greco and Torre
Annunziata, but the
shower continues at
Ponticelli,
Sant'Anastasia
and
Somma
(respect to the
Observatory)
WNW
ThiseltonDyer, 1906
NW
red fine ash
13
April
5:00
a.m.
during
the day
7:30
a.m.
14
April
(..) a shock was felt on
the slope of the
volcano,
associated
with strong explosions
throwing rocks up to a
few Km.
(..) Strong explosions red fine ash
emitting abundant ash
and lapilli. Probably
two active vents.
The
crater-cloud ash
veered southward and
again our site of the
mountain was clear
reddish grey ash
morning
the
crater-cloud ash
somewhat increased in
size
n.s.
Slight
earthquake ash
shock felt at Ottajano
ThiseltonDyer, 1906
588
588
Mercalli,
26
1906
Mercalli,
16
1906
Mercalli,
1906
16
Perret, 1924
52
Mercalli,
1906
Perret, 1924
26
Toward
evening there
ensued
a
period
of
relative calm,
with the ashcloud arching
eastward at no
great height
NE, E sectors
ThiseltonDyer, 1906
53
588
and
Terzigno.
A
shower of ash fell at
San
Giuseppe
Vesuviano
and
Ottajano to a depth of
about
1.5
inches.
Heavy falls of dust
also recorded in the
communes of Collina,
Strocchia, Boscoreale,
Somma and Ottajano
15
April
morning
2:00
p.m.
16
April
9:30
a.m.
4:00
p.m.
17
April
18
April
noon
4:15
p.m.
there were several hot avalanches
earth-shocks with a
strong renewal of hot
avalanches (..) and
once
more
the
eternally recurring rain
of ash
a heavy shower of ash ash
began
falling
at
Ottajano, Boscoreale,
Boscotrecase e Torre
del Greco. There was a
slight fall of ashes at
Portici, Ercolano, San
Sebastiano and San
Giorgio a Cremano
for another eternity of
a few hours duration,
the obscurity was
again literally absolute
(..)
the
ash-cloud
soaring upward in
huge spiral volutes,
conditions
normal
except for a shower of
ash falling on Ottajano
and Sant'Anastasia
the gale had increased,
the ash-cloud was
driven violenty to
earth (..)
a voluminous hot
avalanches
was
observed
Perret, 1924
NE, E, S and ThiseltonW sectors
Dyer, 1906
Perret, 1924
The activity of ThiseltonVesuvius
is Dyer, 1906
limited to a
decreased
emission
of
dust, falling in
the
eastern
district
Perret, 1924
(..) when an
easterly gale
began
to
deflect
the
crater-cloud
directely over
the
Observatory
53
588
53-54
588
54
20
April
the ash being projected
to a lesser elevation,
although still copious.
(..)
(..) after 21 April the
eruption could say
over
the
crater-cloud
increased in density,
and some ash again
fell in our direction
21
April
4:00
p.m.
whitish-grey fine
ash
Perret, 1924
54
whitish-grey fine
ash
Mercalli,
1906
17
Perret, 1924
54
Toward
Vesuvius
Observatory
Table2. Wind direction observed during the 1906 eruption at Vesuvius as reported from the
chronicles.
Day
Hour
From
4 April
evening
E
5 April
6 April
7 April
12 p.m.
evening
evening
night
12:30
a.m.
dawn
6 a.m.
evening
morning
9 a.m.
all the
day
night
n.d.
E
E
SW
8 April
9 April
10 April
11 April
12 April
n.d.
13 April 7:30 a.m.
14 April evening
Mercalli, 1906
De Lorenzo, 1906
Mercalli, 1906
De Lorenzo, 1906
De Lorenzo, 1906
Mercalli, 1906
NE
S
E
De Lorenzo, 1906
S
N
W
NE
17 April
18 April
20 April
21 April
SSW
4:15
p.m.
Mercalli, 1906
Perret, 1924
Perret, 1924
Perret, 1924
De Lorenzo, 1906
Sabatini, 1906
NE
SW
SW
SSW
NE
NE
W
15 April
Author
E
W
E
Perret, 1924
Thiselton-Dyer,
1906
Perret, 1924
Perret, 1924
Thiselton-Dyer,
1906
Thiselton-Dyer,
1906
Thiselton-Dyer,
1906
Perret, 1924
Perret, 1924
Perret, 1924
Table 3: Ground loading samplings for Phase I.
Sections
Castello d'Ottaviano
Ottaviano (lower part of the
town)
San Giuseppe
S.teresa
Somma Vesuviana
Saviano (SW of Nola)
Scisciano (W of Nola)
Avini
Terzigno
S. Anastasia
Portici
Ercolano
1
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
15
10-b
1-b
7-c
6-c
12-c
2-c
9-c
11-c
Latitude Longitude
N
E
4521666 455210
4522843
4520863
4515986
4524811
4528455
4528381
4517262
4517319
4524235
4518332
4517601
4521690
4522670
4523120
4524140
4519720
4521630
4521620
4520930
4520580
4520180
4519910
4520670
4521000
4523370
4523260
4519560
4519750
456661
458104
446281
452688
458837
456298
456440
458064
449555
444271
445049
454463
455233
456269
457498
455807
455550
456175
455863
452730
453029
453122
454470
455488
456017
455605
456622
455885
Ground loading (kg/m2)
1281
735
840
735
472,5
367,5
262,5
210
210
0
126
105
120,9
147
119
77,7
22,6
178,5
151,2
124,8
372
353,4
241,8
148,8
134,4
95,2
123,2
101,7
113
Table 4: Ground loading samplings for Phase II.
Sections
Somma Vesuviana
latitude N
4524811
longitude E
452688
Ground loading (kg/m2)
616,5
porto di Torre del Greco
Portici
Ercolano
Bellavista (portici)
between Cercola and Somma
Vesuviana
between Somma Vesuviana
and Ottaviano
Boscotrecase
Torre Annunziata
Cancello casa di Cook (E
Osservat)
Albergo Cook (at
Osservatorio)
S. Giovanni (Barra)
Napoli
Osservatorio Capo di Monte
(Na)
Terrazza a Salita Sella (Liveri)
Capri
Pozzuoli
Ischia
Molfetta
Andria
Rocchetta S.Antonio
Trani
Montoro
Cervinara
avellino
montesarchio
cerretto sannita
benevento
bovino
foggia
barletta
7
10
4515173
4518332
4517601
4519198
446216
444271
445049
444643
274
164,4
137
137
4524619
450946
274
4524047
4513849
4511543
455240
454538
453635
137
13,7
13,7
4519762
449580
342,5
4519819
4520458
4522552
449022
441427
438294
411
68,5
27,4
4523952
4528344
4489114
4519897
4510113
4562087
4564400
4550217
4570320
4519735
4541116
4529369
4545827
4569829
4553026
4566171
4590195
4575052
4524140
4519720
437162
463469
433983
425774
411222
634263
608174
538787
618407
482891
467591
482319
469549
463101
481860
528498
545730
607333
457498
455807
6,85
5,48
27,4
6,85
5,48
13,7
13,7
13,7
13,7
13,7
13,7
2,74
2,74
2,74
2,74
2,74
2,74
2,74
27,4
82,2
Fig. 1: The calculated TGSDs for the two lapilli beds are compared with others calculated for other
eruptions in the world: the mafic subplinian eruption of Izu-Oshima (Mannen, 2006), the 1973
Strombolian eruption of Heimay (Iceland; Self et al., 1974), the lava fountain activity at Etna during
2002-2003 and 2007 (Andronico et al., 2008 a, b), the 1968 and 1971 Cerro Negro (Rose et al., 1973)
and the 1974 Fuego (Rose et al., 1978) events.
Fig. 2: Wind speed dependence with direction and altitude in the Vesuvian area. The data come from
the Re-analysis archive from ECMWF for the period 1991-2000.
Fig. 3 The modeled column height is plotted together with some height estimates deduced from
chronicles and literature. In the figure the simulated mean height over the duration of each phase
(black line) and the standard deviation (yellow area), which reflect column temporal variations mainly
due to atmospheric corrections introduced by the CALMET processor, are shown. As a reference, we
also added to the figure the observations available from the literature.