Typical disorders of regional circulation and microcirculation. Arterial hyperemia, venous
hyperemia, ischemia
1. Which of the definitions of "arterial hyperemia" is correct?
+a) increasing the blood supply to part of the tissue or organ due to the enhanced inflow of blood
to him by dilation of arterioles and capillaries;
b) an increase in blood volume and increased blood pressure.
2. Which of these features are characteristic of arterial hyperemia?
a) redness of organ with a cyanotic shade, blood pressure in the hyperemic area is not changed,
decrease in volume of hyperemic area;
+b) tissue redness (bright red color), increased blood pressure in the vessels of hyperemic area,
the increase in volume of hyperemic area, pulsation of small blood vessels, increasing the
temperature of surface of the integument;
c) blood pressure in the hyperemic area is not changed, decrease in volume of hyperemic area;
d) pulsation of small vessels is terminated.
3. Which of the arterial hyperemia are physiological?
a) postischemic, inflammatory, neuroparalitical;
+b) arterial, arising by the mechanism of the conditioned reflex (paint shame, anger), reflectory
that occurs under the action of adequate doses of physical and chemical factors, the working.
4. Which of the following types of arterial hyperemia are pathological?
+a) postischemic, inflammatory, neuroparalitical;
b) arterial, arising on the mechanism of the conditioned reflex (paint shame, anger), reflectory
that occurs under the action of adequate doses of physical and chemical factors, working.
5. How changes the metabolism of the tissue (organ) in arterial hyperemia?
+a) is amplified; b) is reduced.
6. In which case there neuroparalitical arterial hyperemia?
a) after transection of motor and sensory fibers;
+b) after transection of sympathetic fibers.
7. What mechanism plays a crucial role in neuroparalitical arterial hyperemia?
a) the action on the blood vessels by vasoactive metabolites;
+b) termination of receipt of the vasoconstrictor impulses.
8. What is the leading mechanism when working hyperemia?
a) loss of muscle tone of the elements of the walls of arterioles as a result of violation of their
functions; +b) the action metabolites on arterioles.
9. Which of the following substances play a role in the pathogenesis of arterial hyperemia?
+a) histamine, bradykinin, acetylcholine; b) serotonin, norepinephrine
10. How changes the number of functioning capillaries in arterial hyperemia?
+a) increases; b) remains unchanged; c) decreases.
11. What is the reason for the increase of organ in arterial hyperemia?
a) a reactive proliferation of connective tissue, accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
+b) the acceleration of lymph formation and an increase in the number of interstitial fluid,
increasing blood supply.
12. In which case develops neuroparalitical arterial hyperemia?
+a) after transection of sympathetic (adrenergic) nerve fibers;
b) after transection of the parasympathetic (cholinergic) and sympathetic nerve fibers;
c) after the blockade of cholinergic receptors by cholinolytic medicines.
13. What can be the cause of arterial hyperemia?
a) increased action against the norms of physiological stimuli (sun rays, heat);
b) the action of heat;
c) the action of toxins of microorganisms;
d) the primary lesion of the neuromuscular apparatus of vessels;
e) increasing the sensitivity of vessels to physiological stimuli;
+f) аll answers are correct.
14. What can cause venous hyperemia?
a) compression of the veins without damaging the arteries;
b) reduction of the suction effect of the chest;
c) the weakening of the heart;
d) reducing muscle tone of the limb;
e) defective valve apparatus of veins;
+f) all answers are correct.
15. What are the signs of venous hyperemia?
a) blanching of the organ, raise of temperature of the affected area, lowering of blood pressure in
the veins of the hyperemic area, pulsation of small vessels;
+b) redness of the organ with a cyanotic shade, lowering the temperature of the affected area,
increased blood pressure in the veins to the periphery of the obstacle, increase in volume of the
hyperemic area.
16. How changes the oxidative processes in venous hyperemia of organ?
+a) attenuated; b) amplified.
17. How changes the velocity of blood flow when venous hyperemia?
a) increases; +b) slows.
18. What are the possible consequences of arterial hyperemia?
+a) enhancing nutrition of tissue and metabolism, hemorrhage, increased regeneration processes;
b) the proliferation of connective tissue, atrophy of the parenchymatous elements, infarction.
19. What are the possible consequences of venous hyperemia?
a) a reactive proliferation of connective tissue; b) the acceleration of wound healing;
c) disorders of nutrition and function of the organs; +d) all answers are correct.
20. What can be consequences of ischemia?
+a) infarction, atrophy of parenchymal elements, weakening of metabolism;
b) hemorrhage; с) enhancing the metabolism.
21. What are the signs typical for ischemia?
a) pulsation of small vessels, cyanosis organ or area of tissue, increasing the temperature of the
affected area, increased blood pressure in the veins, lowering blood pressure above obstacle and
increase below of obstacle;
+b) lowering the temperature of the affected area, blanching of tissue, volume reduction of
ischemic area, increase in blood pressure above the obstacle and fall below obstacle, the feeling
of pain and appearance of the paresthesias in the ischemic area.
22. What is the leading mechanism in the pathogenesis of infarction?
a) venous stasis and hypoxia of organ;
+b) ischemia and subsequent hypoxia of the surrounding tissues.
23. Indicate which of the known types of ischemia according the mechanism of occurrence:
a) vacata, neuroparalitical, postanemic, inflammatory;
+b) obstructive, compressive, reflectory (angiospastic).
24. What changes are occurring with capillaries during ischemia?
a) the diameter of the capillaries increases;
+b) the functioning capillaries are converted into plasma capillaries and close, decreases the
number of capillaries;
c) the number of functioning capillaries increases.
25. Which of the definitions of ischemia is correct?
+a) ischemia is decrease in blood supply of an area of tissue due to the weakening or stopping of
blood flow through the arteries to it;
b) ischemia is a decrease amount of circulating blood;
c) ischemia is reduction of the number of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood.
26. In which case, the effects of ischemia will be more favorable?
a) by rapid development of ischemia; +b) by slow development of ischemia.
27. How changes the regional circulation during stimulation of the sympathetic cervical
nerve?
a) develops arterial hyperemia; +b) develops reflectory ischemia.
28. How changes the cerebral circulation during sudden dilatation of vessels of the
abdominal cavity?
+a) develops cerebral ischemia; b) in the blood vessels of the brain observed a venous stasis.
29. What causes scarlet color of organ in violation of its circulation?
+a) increased content of oxyhemoglobin in the blood;
b) decreasing the content of oxyhemoglobin in the blood;
c) a decrease in the volumetric flow velocity;
d) increasing the content of reduced hemoglobin in blood.
30. Specify the pathogenetic factor causing neurotonic type of arterial hyperemia:
+a) increase in the activity of the parasympathetic system;
b) the blockade of the adrenergic system; c) the activation of the autonomic system.
31. Specify the pathogenetic factor causing neuroparalitical type of arterial hyperemia:
a) increase in the activity of the parasympathetic system;
+b) the blockade of the adrenergic system; c) activation of the autonomic system.
32. How can get in experiment venous hyperemia?
a) stimulation of vasoconstrictor nerves; +b) the application of a ligature on the vein; c) the
application of a ligature on the artery; d) introduction of foreign particles into the artery.
33. In the area of ischemia may occur:
+a) necrosis; +b) acidosis; +c) the weakening function; d) enhancing the functions;
+e) accumulation of Ca ++ in hyaloplasm of cells; f) the increase in the content of K+ in cells.
34. Promote to "inclusion" of collateral circulation in the ischemic area and around it:
+a) increasing the concentration of adenosine in the ischemic tissue; b) tachycardia;
+c) increasing the pressure gradient in the arterial blood vessels above and below of artery
occlusion; +d) acidosis in the ischemic area; +e) K + -hyperionia in the ischemic zone;
f) hypokalemia in the ischemic area.
35. Promote to development of stasis:
+a) increasing the filtration of albumin into the surrounding tissue;
+b) direct impact on tissues of high or low temperature;
c) dilatation of the bringing vessels;
+d) tissue damage by acids and alkalis;
+e) constriction of bringing blood vessels.
36. The consequences of prolonged venous hyperemia:
a) increasing tissue oxygenation;
+b) compression of tissue by edema and atrophy of the parenchymal cells;
+c) sclerosis, cirrhosis of the organ; +d) reducing the function of the organ and tissue.