THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE TANZANIAN ARTISANAL FISHERY FOR
SMALL AND MEDIUM PELAGIC FISH SPECIES
MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT,
P. O. BOX 9152,
DAR ES SALAAM,
TANZANIA.
TEL + 255 022 2861910
FAX + 255 022 2861908
E-mail: fisheries@mlfd.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Artisanal Pelagic Fishery Management Plan would not have been possible but for the
expert input of independent resource people who assisted in the development of early draft of
the Plan as far back as year 2009, and of others who have provided invaluable guidance in the
course of developing it.
The Fisheries Development Division under the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
Development is grateful to FAO, NORAD and the World Bank for supporting the
development of this fisheries management plan through the EAF-Nansen Project
“Strengthening the Knowledge Base for and Implementing an Ecosystem Approach to
Marine Fisheries in Developing Countries” and the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries
Project.
Special appreciations are extended to key stakeholders including the EAF National Task
Group (NTG), Dr. Kwame Koranteng - the Coordinator of the EAF-Nansen, Prof. Warwick
Sauer - the International Consultant, Dr. Payet, the SWIOFP Executive Secretary, Mr.
W.V.Haule - the national consultant and the Director and staff of the Fisheries Development
Division of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Likewise, the Ministry
would like to thank other stakeholders (who attended various workshops) for their contribution
in the preparation of this plan. As a matter of fact, their contributions have made it easy for us
to work out this plan, as an important step towards fish stock recovery for mutual benefit of all
players.
ENDORSEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE TANZANIAN
ARTISANAL FISHERY FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM PELAGIC SPECIES
REALIZING that the small-scale fishery of Tanzania is one of the important economic sub
sectors of the economy that makes valuable economic contribution to the coastal communities
and provides rich protein food, employment, income thus contribute to their livelihood for
Tanzanians,
WHEREAS Part V section 17 of the Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003 and its Principal
Regulations of 2009 provides that, the Minister responsible for Fisheries
on the
recommendation of the Director of Fisheries, by notice published in a gazette, shall authorize a
fishery as designated fishery if that fishery is important for the national interest of United
Republic of Tanzania and requires management and development measures for effective
conservation and optimum utilization for sustainable use, and that the Director shall consult
with stakeholders and committees working on preparation of fisheries management plan,
WHEREAS the National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement of 1997 which is
under review and the Fisheries Sector Development Program of 2011 provide framework for
the management of major fisheries to achieve sustainable fishery resources and environment
protection, conservation, management, development and wise use of fisheries resources in
order to protect and conserve aquatic biodiversity and environment,
WHEREAS a Co-management concept has been developed and adopted for the establishment
of Beach Management Units and Collaborative Fisheries Management Areas (CFMA’s) that
provides for community participation in fisheries management comprising of all stakeholders
who will work in collaboration with the government agencies and NGO’s at their respective
areas,
THEREFORE, I HEREBY
Declare that, the Artisanal Pelagic Fishery of Tanzania is an important fishery in the inshore
waters of the Indian Ocean and adjacent to the river estuaries of Tanzania out to 12 nautical
miles. Small-scale fishers, un-decked semi industrial, industrial and recreational fishers
through collaborative fisheries management (Co-management) have exclusive use rights to the
fishery resources in this area, through licenses (permits) administered by Local Government
Authorities in the case of small-scale fishers and licenses administered by Ministry responsible
for Fisheries Resources Development in the case of semi-industrial, industrial and
recreational fishing activities.
APPROVAL
Implementation of this Management Plan for the Tanzanian Artisanal Fishery for Small and
Medium Pelagic Fish Species has been adopted and approved by the Minister of Livestock and
Fisheries Development.
……………………………………………….
Dr. David Mathayo David (MP)
Minister for Livestock and Fisheries Development
United Republic of Tanzania
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Endorsement of the Management Plan
1. Purpose of the Fishery Management Plan ........................................................................ 1
2. Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 1
3. Scope of the Management Plan .......................................................................................... 2
4. Description of the fishery ................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Area fished and fishing methods ...................................................................................... 4
4.2 General ecological considerations .................................................................................. 5
4.3 Importance of the fishery in the national economy .......................................................... 5
4.4 Compliance and enforcement .......................................................................................... 5
5. Operation and Reporting on the Management Plan ....................................................... 6
5.1 Review of the Management Plan...................................................................................... 6
5.2 Key Policy Drivers for the Management Plan ................................................................. 6
5.3 Observation on Ecological Risk Assessment for the Fishery Management Plan ............ 6
5.4 Management and Operational Objectives for the Fisheries Management Plan ............. 8
5.5 Processes, strategy and performance indicators for the Management Plan ................... 8
6. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for the Management Plan ............................................... 19
7. Institutional Arrangements for implementing the Management Plan ........................ 20
ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 21
.
1. Purpose of the Fishery Management Plan
Tanzania is a United Republic, which is the result of a Union between Tanganyika and
Zanzibar the latter of which is made up of the islands of Unguja and Pemba. Under the
Union, Zanzibar has retained a sovereign government giving it jurisdiction in non-union
matters including fisheries. Both the mainland and Zanzibar have their own fisheries policies
and laws. The current plan only pertains to the mainland.
Fish are of fundamental importance to the social and economic well being of the inhabitants
of Tanzania. Artisanal fishing is the main economic activity of the majority of the people
living along the coast. It provides an important source of income, food, employment
opportunities and foreign exchange earnings. There is growing concern over the drop in total
catch in some of the primary fishery areas, placing economic strain on commercial fishing
ventures. Fishers, processors, research scientists and fisheries managers have voiced their
concern over the state of the resource and have urged intervention to ensure the long term
sustainability of the resource.
Tanzania has a Fisheries Management Plan for the Prawn Fishery, an Octopus Fishery
Management Plan and Tuna Fisheries Management Strategy (to be implemented both in the
Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ as well as in the Territorial waters) that are being developed.
There is currently no specific Management Plan for the artisanal fishers targeting small and
medium pelagic fish, although some management measures have been introduced to
monitor/control the development of the sector, and have been included in the deliberations
around the preparation of this plan.
This plan will be the reference document agreed by all stakeholders (fishers, managers,
NGOs) that describes the key objectives of this sector, identifies key issues and how these
will be addressed, as well as how this fishery will be managed. The plan also includes an
operational part that provides the process and the resources required to ensure that progress is
monitored during the implementation time of the plan.
2. Rationale
The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) has been developed by FAO in response to the
need to implement, in a practical manner with the principles of sustainable development
(World Commission on Environment and Development - WCED, 1987), the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) and, more recently, the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries (FAO, 1995). EAF is consistent with all these principles and has been adopted by
the Committee on Fisheries (COFI) as the appropriate framework for the management of
fisheries. Consequently, it deals with all the ecological consequences of fishing and it
recognises the social and economic implications of fishing and its management arrangements.
It also assists in understanding how these activities interact and can affect each other. Finally,
it provides decisions on necessary institutional arrangements and processes (related to
research, development and enforcement of management measures and monitoring of the
fishing activity) required to ensure the sustainable management of this fishery
The requirement for Fisheries Management Plans to be consistent with the ecosystem
approach to fisheries, has been recognised by the Government of Tanzania, and will help to
1
plan, coordinate and prioritise current and proposed activities. The fisheries sector is among
the important economic sub sectors of the economy in Tanzania. The sector provides
substantial employment, income, livelihood, foreign earnings and revenue to the country. The
industry employs more than 4,000,000 people engaged in fisheries and fisheries related
activities while more than 400,000 fisheries operators are directly employed in the sector.
The plan addresses the broad objectives of the Tanzanian Government, set out in the National
Fisheries Policy and Strategy Statement of 1997, relevant of which include:(a) To put into efficient use available resources in order to increase fish production so as
to improve fish availability as well as to contribute to the growth of the economy;
(b) To enhance knowledge of the fisheries resource base;
(c) To establish national strategic applied research programmes that are responsive to the
fisheries sector;
(d) To improve fisheries products utilization and their marketability;
(e) To establish national training and educational programmes based on assessed needs
and optimize the use of national and international training institutions;
(f) To integrate conservation and sustainable utilisation of the fisheries resources into the
social economic programmes of the community;
(g) To encourage and support all initiatives leading to the protection and sustainable use
of the fish stock and aquatic resources;
(h) To protect the productivity and biological diversity of coastal and aquatic ecosystems
through prevention of habitat destruction, pollution and overexploitation;
(i) To promote sound utilization of the ecological capacity of water based areas as a
means of promoting diversification of income sources and diet;
(j) To improve the involvement of the fisher communities in the planning, development
and management of fishery resources;
(k) To prove the availability, accessibility and exchange of fisheries information;
(l) To incorporate gender perspective in the development of the fisheries sector;
(m) To strengthen collaboration on cross-sectoral issues between the fisheries sector and
other sectors;
(n) To develop and strengthen inter-sectoral cooperation in general fisheries development
to minimize operational conflicts;
(o) To pursue continuing fisheries integrated programme of effective management of
coastal zone to meet the ecological and socioeconomic needs of the present and future
generations;
(p) To strengthen Regional and International collaboration in the sustainable exploitation,
management and conservation of resources in shared water bodies and the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ).
3. Scope of the Management Plan
The scope includes those fishing activities that involve both licensed and unlicensed artisanal
fishers that target small pelagic fish, and encompasses relevant areas within the Tanzanian
Exclusive Economic Zone. The scope and the overarching key objectives of the Fishery Plan
are set out in Table 1; more detailed objectives are set out in Table 2.
2
Table 1: Scope and values of fishery – Tanzanian artisanal fishery for small and medium
pelagic fish.
Category
Details
Fishery
Tanzanian artisanal fishery targeting small and
medium pelagic fish species.
Fishers included
Artisanal fishers using canoes, outriggers, dhow,
boat and manual hauling (not using power
winches) - as per the legislation
Fishers not included but do
impact on the resource
Recreational
Semi industrial
Industrial
Methods included
Beach seine
Purse seine
Gill Nets
Open water ring net/lift net
Hook and line
Long lines
Troll lines
Methods not included but
impact target resources
Trawling
All destructive and illegal methods as per the
Fisheries Act
Main Species (targets)
Small pelagic – sardinellas, etc.
Medium pelagic – carangids etc.
Areas included
Tanzania mainland marine waters and adjacent
islands (inshore, territorial; coastline out to
12nm) (Fisheries Act 2003)
Areas not included but impact
target resources
Areas outside Tanzanian mainland and adjacent
islands (Fisheries Act 2003) territorial waters
Values – Objectives to achieve
and priority
Food security (of fishers and community)
Ecological sustainability
Livelihoods (of people in the fishery)
Local employment (from fisheries-related
activities, e.g.boat building)
Government revenues
Time frame for
implementation
Five Years
3
4. Description of the fishery
4.1 Area fished and fishing methods
The geographical area covered by the Artisanal Small and Medium Pelagic Fishery
Management Plan is the coastal districts of mainland Tanzania along a coastline of 1,424 km.
The area includes sixteen administrative coastal districts which are Mkinga, Muheza, Tanga,
Pangani, Bagamoyo, Kinondoni, Ilala, Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji, Kilwa, Mafia, Lindi Rural,
Lindi Urban, Mtwara Urban and Mtwara Mikindani (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Coastal Districts of Tanzania
The artisanal fishery is practiced throughout the near shore waters of Tanzania, with artisanal
fishers forming more than 90% of the total fisheries workforce. Artisanal pelagic fisheries is
defined as that category of fisheries operating in shallow waters which extend to about 4 km
offshore, using small sized vessels and gears including small boats, dhows, outrigger-canoes,
canoes and dinghies.
The fishery is characterized by fishing vessels which are primarily powered by sail and
paddle and in some cases are mechanized, but employs less technology compared to
commercial or industrial fishing. The commonly used gears and fishing methods include;
beach (Dagaa) seine nets mostly operated on sandy beaches, gillnetting and scoop nets and
4
in-shore fishing in shallow bays, are not sustainable and constitute a serious hazard to
juveniles of various species.
Small and medium pelagic fishes such as sardines, anchovy, small tuna and horse mackerels,
Rachycentridae (Rachycentron canadum), Carangidae (Alectis indicus), Lutjanidae (Aprion
verescens) and Sphyraenidae (Msusa/Mzia) account for approximately one-third of the total
catch. Both Mackerel and Sardine occur in schools and are fished using light attracting
methods using purse seines and to a lesser extent scoop nets. These are subject to a large
demand as they are relatively cheap to purchase, compared to other species.
Traditionally, fishing in Tanzania is open access; however, fishing licenses are intended (but
not effective) to control the entry into the fishery and general management of the fishers.
Therefore user rights in the artisanal fishery are not clearly defined even with the existence of
annual renewal of licenses. Artisanal fishers, fishing in traditional areas, have assumed rights,
with only a vague legal backing for such customary rights.
Introduction of co-management in Tanzania in the form of the establishment of Beach
Management Units (BMU) and Collaborative Fisheries Management Areas (CFMA’s), have
been only partly effective, but can be used to explore rights based management in the future.
4.2 General ecological considerations
Inadequate knowledge on both the fishery and the biology of the pelagic resources are of
concern. Catch and effort data is often collected as a species complex rather than on a
species specific basis. Some of the gears used can be detrimental to the ecosystem; however
detailed studies on possible habitat destruction are not readily available.
4.3 Importance of the fishery in the national economy
Artisanal fishing is the main economic activity of the majority of the people living along the
coast of Tanzania. It provides an important source of income, food and employment
opportunities, directly as well as indirectly. In Tanzania, fish comprise about 30 percent of
the total animal protein consumed nationally, with the per capita fish consumption ranging
from 6 to 8 kilograms per year and estimated at between 25 and 30 kilograms per year in the
coastal region. In 2011 the fisheries sector contributed 1.4% to the GDP of Tanzania.
The development of the sector is hampered by, among others, lack of access to improved
fishing, handling, processing and market facilities and equipment.
4.4 Compliance and enforcement
Compliance and enforcement fall under the mandate of the Ministry of Livestock and
Fisheries Development, in which the Fisheries Development Division is responsible for the
management of fisheries resources. Monitoring, control and srrveilance face significant
challenges, as highlighted at a workshop (undertaken through SMARTFISH) for Senior MCS
managers, held in Bagamoya in August 2012. The following key issues were identified:
5
1. Fundamentally open access nature of fishery hampers any effective MCS , no
database of fishers and fishing vessels exists
2. BMU’s not achieving objectives
3. No effective national data strategy for monitoring of fishery sectors
4. Lack of buy in at senior political level for importance of fisheries in Tanzania
5. Policy and legislation require updating.
6. Lack of specific MCS strategic plans in fisheries management plans
7. Lack of economic and social information on the different fishery sectors to guide and
inform MCS strategy
8. Judiciary and MCS officers often not trained in dealing with fisheries offences
5. Operation and Reporting on the Management Plan
5.1 Review of the Management Plan
To oversee the implementation of the Management Plan an Implementation Committee
will be established, which will meet regularly to discuss progress and suggest changes to the
plan, as appropriate. The composition of the Implementation Committee will initially
comprise the members of the EAF National Task Group, and the final committee composition
will be agreed on at the first meeting to be organized by the Fisheries Development Division.
5.2 Key Policy Drivers for the Management Plan
This Small and Medium Pelagic Fishery Management Plan is consistent with the relevant
requirements of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries, Ecological Sustainable Development, the 2002 Plan of Implementation of the
World Summit on Sustainable Development (and as amended at RIO+ 20 in 2012), the
precautionary approach to fisheries management, the Convention on Biological Diversity,
and other appropriate instruments.
The Plan has been designed and prepared as an integral part of the country’s participatory
processes and fits within the framework of the draft National Fisheries Sector Policy
(NFSP)-2010 and has been formulated to implement the Fisheries Sector Development
Strategy (FSDS) of 2010. The Pelagic Fishery Management Plan takes into consideration the
multi-sectoral nature of the fishery and governance at National, Regional, and District
goverment levels.
5.3 Observation on the Ecological Risk Assessment for the Fishery Management Plan
This Pelagic Fishery Management Plan is underpinned by the outcomes of the Ecological
Risk Assessment (ERA) undertaken in the framework of elaborating the plan. The ERA
permitted the participants to determine the level of risk not only to the ecological
sustainability of the key target species but many other areas of the fishery (target and related
fish species, human well-being, ecosystem, environment, external factors, etc.) and to suggest
management actions to address the identified risks.
6
To help determine the issues for this fishery a set of component trees that covered each of the
seven key areas of EAF was used (Figure 2). For each of the seven key areas a detailed
component tree was produced where potential issues were included based upon information
contained in the Baseline Report and other documentation that was available for the fishery
and upon experiences of the NTG on what issues were relevant.
EAF
Ecological
Wellbeing
Social and Economic
Wellbeing
Ability to
Achieve
Retained Species
(Target species)
Sector and Community
Governance
Non Retained Species
(Bycatch)
National
External Drivers
General
Ecosystem
Figure 2: General component tree used in the ERA process
This exercise permitted a prioritization of the main issues that should be addressed in a cost
effective manner. The risk associated with each identified issue was assessed and assigned to
one of three categories – High, Medium or Low. Based on the outcome of the assessment,
those issues given a high or medium risk were further condensed into the following generic
issues; these are the issues highlighted in this plan:
1. Ecological wellbeing:
1.1. Largely open access system for capture of pelagic fish species, and concomitant lack
of adequate management measures.
1.2. Patchiness of information to understand both anthropogenic and fisher effects on the
ecosystem.
1.3. Gear restrictions need to be addressed
1.4. Ineffective assessment of general ecology of the region
1.5. Climate-related changes, such as increase in water temperature and coral bleaching
1.6. Bycatch of marine mammals and turtles
1.7. Pollution
1.8. Habitat destruction, e.g. dynamite fishing
2. Social and economic wellbeing:
2.1. Lack of training and economic and social information on the all aspects of the
fishery.
2.2. Inadequate communication amongst fisheries stakeholders
2.3. Lack of understanding of fisheries management by the fishing sector, including
fishers, processors, and the broader community.
2.4. Reduction in catch causing economic hardships
2.5. Safety at sea
2.6. Inadequate catching, processing and market skills
7
2.7. Lack of alternative livelihoods
3. Ability to achieve:
3.1. Review the specifics of policy and regulations under the various policy instruments
in place
3.2. Legal framework around current legislation requires attention, training of judiciary
and police force in the importance of marine matters
3.3. Inadequate specific management measures, lack of coordination between national
and regional/local management authorities, lack of staff.
3.4. MCS strategies and implementation require assessment and revision
3.5. Lack of registration for all fishers, rights allocation needs to be assessed.
3.6. Funding
5.4 Management and Operational Objectives for the Fisheries Management Plan
A key conponent of the FMP is the recognition that effective management is only possible
when there is a complete database of current fishers, and therefore the requirement to
register all fishers as a precursor to the devlopment of specific managment measures. One
potential partner is SMARTFISH who have indicated that they may supply expertise and
funding to facilitate the process in terms of MCS.
However, the NTG emphasized the sensitivities involved, and therefore, as a precursor, the
requirement for an introduction of an extensive awareness campaign prior to a registration
process being implemented. The awareness campaign will be across all stakeholders, from
fishing communities to key government institutions and senior officials. Policy decisions
around the registration process will include funding required, agencies responsible, and the
required data management protocols. A further priority will be to develop and strengthen comanagement arrangements so as to have shared responsibility between the fishers,
management and enforcement agencies. With these overarching objectives in mind, and from
the key issues identified, more detailed objectives were developed within a five year
implementation domain, and are set out in Table 2.
5.5 Processes, strategy and performance indicators for the Management Plan
This Management Plan has been informed by a Baseline Study and an Ecological Risk
Assessment (ERA) carried out by the EAF National Task Group. The reports constitute an
integral part of this Plan. The Plan is also underpinned by a Cost-Benefit Analysis for its
introduction and implementation. In addition, the management plan is based on the following
processes:

Key goals relating to management, sustainability of fish stocks, impacts of fishing
operations on the ecosystem, resource sharing among stakeholder groups, and
governance of the fishery

A set of agreed objectives that are understood by stakeholders, are measurable and
relate to the goals of the Sector Plan
8

A set of cost-effective management performance indicators aligned with the
objectives

Assessment and evaluation of each objective through limit reference points, and/or
other standards, as appropriate

Monitoring of the performance of the fishery

Agreed management responses or decisions to outcomes of assessments and
evaluation

Validation by stakeholders and legitimization
A detailed strategy to undertake the specific objectives was formulated through an intensive
workshop of the National Task Group. Included in the strategy are clear responsibilities and
time frames for each activity (Table 2). It is important to recognize that addressing the issue
of open access will require a number of substantive interventions. Activities and
responsibilities are set out sequentially, allowing the Implementation Committee to easily
assess the progress of each activity.
A simple log frame, providing identified issues, the operational objectives, indicators and
reference points are set out in Table 3. This allows the Implementation Committee to quantify
progress achieved, and request intervention where required, to ensure targets are met.
9
Table 2: Identified issues, operational objectives, strategy, activity and time frames associated with the Management Plan
Identified
issues
for
management – numbering set
out for cross referencing with
the Key Issues identified
1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.6 and 2.7:
Patchiness of catch and effort,
biological, social and economic
data for the artisanal sector Data
is often not species specific.
Processing and marketing
underdeveloped.
No recent stock assessment.
Operational objective
Strategy
Activity
Timing
responsibility
and
Substantive and effective
data informed by agreed
assessment and
management practices
Quantify the
effectiveness of current
data collection
methods(biological,
catch and effort,
economic, social)
management measures ,
and assessment methods
Appoint experts to carry out
the review process, work
closely with Kenya and
Mozambique, investigate a
regional approach
Director Fisheries
Development Director
General of Tanzania
Fisheries Research
Institute: March 2013
Appoint experts to introduce Director Fisheries
the system and train
Development Director
General of Tanzania
Fisheries Research
Institute: March 2015
Revise all data
collection procedures
(biological, catch and
effort, economic, social)
and assessment measures
for catch, effort and
biological data
New data collection
methods,
data Compile TOR, appoint
management
and experts, agree on and
assessment
methods implement a new strategy
introduced,
Director Fisheries
initiate 2013, complete
2014
10
Assess current
processing, marketing ,
compile a strategy for
value adding, train
current operators
Revise stock assessment
strategy
Conduct
programs
1.3, 1.6 Bycatch and gear
restrictions need to be addressed
1.5 Climate change
Compile TOR and appoint
expert/s,
training
Compile TOR and appoint
expert/s
Support staff training, and
training of industry as
required
Gear used is appropriate Conduct a revision of Set up a TOR, appoint a team
and does not result in knowledge,
conduct to undertake the study
substantial damage to the field studies as required
ecosystem
An adaptation strategy Assess the requirements Workshops with appropriate
for climate change in of Tanzania against the experts to provide advice on
place
studies being undertaken research/monitoring
and
in the region, investigate mitigation/
adaptation
mitigating and adaptation measures
measures
Director General of
Tanzania Fisheries
Research Institute:
March 2014
Director Fisheries:
appoint experts 2014,
initiate training 2015
Director
General of
Tanzania
Fisheries
Research Institute:
2014
Director Fisheries and
Director of Environment
2015
11
3.4 MCS strategies, and
implementation require
assessment and revision
Effective motoring,
surveillance and
compliance
Assess the current MCS To compile an effective MCS Director of Fisheries to
strategies against the strategy
liaise with SMARTFISH
revised management plan
December 2012 – NTG
Chairperson to request
Conduct training for To introduce the new strategy the Director to approach
public prosecutors and and training as required
SMARTFISH
MCS officers as required
2.5 Safety at sea
Fishers are able to travel affordable safety
to and return safely to equipment available for
fishing grounds
purchase, and training as
required.
Monitor
current
plans,
suggest
changes
as
appropriate, enforce use of
safety equipment.
3.6 Cost implications
Adequate
financial Produce a mechanism for
resources available for financing.
the implementation of
the plan
Select and appoint expert/s, Director Fisheries
produce a 5 year financial
plan
Director Fisheries and
SUMATRA – Surface
and Marine transport
Regulatory Authority
Ongoing
Table 3: Log-Frame for the Fishery Management Plan
Identified issues for management
Strategy
1.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3: Open
Substantive
access system for capture of demersal campaign
reef fish species, and concomitant
lack of adequate management
activity
Awareness Compile a TOR;
secure funding and
approval. appoint a
service provider if
Indicators
Reference point
Number of fishers
briefed,
different
materials available,
public meetings, TV
80% of fishers
sensitized in each
coastal district,
measured through a
12
measures.
required, carry out
the awareness
campaign
Intra governmental and key
stakeholder consultation to Conduct
review
roles
and consultations
responsibilities pertaining to required.
the key policy objectives
with regard to the fishery
sectors targeting pelagic fish
stocks,.
and radio programs
random survey.
Roles
and
responsibilities
All key roles and
defined
for
all responsibilities
as activities in the adopted
management plan
Key
policy
statements agreed to Key policy in place
To formulate specific policy
objectives with regard to the
artisanal fishery targeting
small and medium pelagic
fish.
Ensure Act and
overall
fisheries
Policy
are
harmonized through a legal
review.
Develop a policy
statement, extensive
consultation
Policy harmonized
with legal
Appoint legal expert requirements
if required, request
amendments
if
necessary
Successful policy
aligned with legal
requirements
Registration success
Devise
a
new
registration process
To implement an effective for artisanal fishers.
registration for all artisanal Set up registration
All fishers, vessels and
gear registered,
introduction of
changes into
13
fishers, vessels and gear. venues
Buoys marking gear should
Revised incentive
carry
the
registration
schemes agreed on
number.
Extensive
consultation required
Investigate
current
and for the fishing sector
planned incentive schemes
Allocation strategy
agreed on
Extensive
consultation, agree
Discussion of a
rights on a strategy. Series
(permits,
and
permit of
Workshops;
conditions)
allocation different scenarios
strategy for the artisanal presented
sectors
Suit
of revised
To explore a co management
management
approach
measures agreed on
Consultative
workshops to agree
on
management
Compile and introduce a suit measures
of management measures.
Workshops,
Implementation
Subject each measure to a
Introduction of a suit committee
cost=benefit analysis (see
of
management appointed
section 6) before taking a
measures,
final decision.
To decide on the
compilation of an
Monitor the preparation and implementation
implementation
of
the committee
Management Plan
Implementation Committee
legislation
Revised incentive
schemes legislated
Allocation strategy
introduced into law
Successful
implementation of
management measures
Successful
implementation of the
plan, deadlines are met
14
1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.6 and 2.7. Patchiness of
catch and effort, biological, social and
economic data for the artisanal sector,
and lack of any data for the recreational
sector. Data is often not species specific.
Processing and marketing
underdeveloped. No Recent stock
assessment.
to oversee the preparation
and implementation
Quantify the effectiveness of
current data collection
methods(biological, catch
and effort, economic, social)
management measures , and
assessment methods
Revise all data collection
procedures (biological, catch
and effort, economic, social)
and assessment measures
for catch, effort and
biological data
Appoint experts to
carry out the review
process, work
closely with Kenya
and Mozambique,
investigate a
regional approach
Data
collection
methods revised
Assessment
methods revised
New
areas
of
regional cooperation
introduced.
Appoint experts to
introduce the system
and train
New
data
collection
methods, data management
and assessment methods
introduced
1.3, 1.6 Bycatch and gear restrictions
need to be addressed
1.5 Climate change
Conduct a revision of
knowledge, conduct field
studies as required
Set up a TOR,
Initiate study
appoint a team to
undertake
the
study
Assess the requirements of Workshops with
A number of
Tanzania against the studies appropriate experts
workshops
being undertaken in the to provide advice on conducted, regional
Catch and effort
data collection
procedure
implemented
Social and economic
data collection
procedure
implemented
Revised assessment
methods
implemented
Revised stock
assessment strategy
implemented
Methods and
protocols
harmonized
regionally
Successful
implementation of
mitigation measures if
required
Agreed
mitigation/adaptation
measures
15
region, investigate mitigating
and adaptation measures
3.4 MCS strategies, and implementation
require assessment and revision
3.6 Cost implications
and national
briefing sessions,
mitigation/adaptatio
n measures agreed
on.
Assess the current MCS To
compile
an Suit of agreed MCS
strategies against the revised effective
MCS measures
management plan
strategy
Conduct training for public
prosecutors and MCS
officers as required
2.5 Safety at sea
research/monitoring
and mitigation/
adaptation measures
Successful
implementation of
MCS strategy
To introduce the new Agreed
strategy and training responsibilities for
as required
implementation
Affordable
safety Monitor current
equipment available for plans, suggest
purchase, and training as changes as
required.
appropriate, and
enforce use of safety
equipment.
Produce a mechanism for
Select and appoint
financing.
expert/s, produce a 5
year financial plan
Up dated briefing
documents to
Implementation
committee
Safety
equipment
carried by all vessels,
number of fishers
trained
Financial Plan
accepted, funds
obtained
Plan implemented
16
6. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for the Management Plan
In terms of the EAF, the costs and benefits of introducing and implementing the fishery management
plan are assessed with a view to maximizing the net national benefits or net economic value from the
fishery resources.
For the current plan the cost benefit analysis will be most useful once specific management measures
have been identified for deliberation (Table 2 under Effective rights based management introduced)
and a first cost benefit exercise will be undertaken to allow the management measures to be selected
with due cognizance taken of the relative costs and benefits.
Table 4 provides a rough methodology which will be used in order to calculate a benefit:cost ratio.
This involves a meeting of key stakeholders, selecting from a range of scores (0-4), where specific
management measures are scored against condensed broad objectives provided under section 2
(Rationale), both for the short term (5 years) and long term. These are then summed and benefit:cost
ratio obtained for each management measure. Where all cost or benefit scores for a particular time
period are zero the average is considered 0.1 in order to calculate a reasonable benefit:cost ratio. This
does not imply however that there are no potential costs or benefits ascribed to a particular
Management Action, only that it was not reliably quantified.
This must be seen as rough semi quantitative method, providing at least some information useful for
making management choices, more refined methodology will be appropriate as economic data
becomes available.
Table 4: Methodology for the cost benefit analysis
COSTS AND BENEFITS ACTION SHEET
Benefit Cost Estimate
Effect will lead to negligible cost or benefit
0
Effect will have a small but noticeable impact
1
Effect will have a moderate impact
2
Effect will result in a major improvement or will have major negative impact
3
Effect will have an immediate and long-term impact or will be unsustainable from the
4
outset
Examples: Broad objectives of fishery
Maximise long-term economic and socio economic sustainability of the fishery (e.g.
i
improve catch rates & size structure)
Manage stocks to ecologically sustainable levels (trophic interactions)
ii
Rebuild stocks to minimise risk to the resource (recruitment etc)
iii
Minimise loss of biodiversity due to seabed damage
iv
Develop the fishery to its economic potential (infrastructure, training etc)
v
Minimise discard & loss of target species and manage by-catch
vi
Specific
manageme
nt
measures
example: introduce minimum size limits
Short term
Long term
Cost Benef Cost Benefi
Comments
17
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
Average
Benefits to
Cost ratio
it
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
Benefit/cost
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
Benefit/cost
7. Institutional Arrangements for implementing the Management Plan
An effective institutional framework and adequate capacity are prerequisites for proper
implementation of the Management Plan for the artisanal fishery for small and medium pelagic fish
in Tanzania. However, ineffective institutional framework and inadequate capacity hinders effective
implementation of the management plan.
The implementation of the Management Plan for the artisanal fishery for small and medium pelagic
fish in Tanzania mainland is a joint responsibility of the Ministry of Livestock Development and
Fisheries, Local Government Authority, Beach Management Committees and Fishers.
To oversee the implementation of the Plan an Implementation Committee will be established which
will meet regularly to discuss progress and suggest changes to the plan, as appropriate. The
composition of the Implementation Committee will initially comprise the members of the National
Task Group, and the final committee composition will be agreed on at the first meeting. A number of
other organizations will form an integral part of the process, including. Other important organizations
are the Marine Police, the Navy and the Attorney General’s Office, as well as NGO’s.
Each year, an Action Plan of priority actions to be undertaken will be developed. The annual action
plan would also contain a “Communication Strategy” to ensure that all those implementing the plan
possess the same information base, interpret it in the same way, and that the results of the
implementation are widely disseminated.
18
ACRONYMS
BMU – Beach Management Unit
DSFA – Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act
EAF – Ecological Approach to Fisheries
EAF – Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
EEZ – Exclusive Economic Zone
ESRF – Economic and Social Research Foundation
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAST – Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology
GCLA – Government Chemist Laboratory Agency
IMS – Institute of Marine Sciencies of the University of Dar es Salaam
IOTC – Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature
IUU – Illegal Unregulated Unreported
JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency
LGAs – Local Government Authorities
MCS – Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation
MIMP – Mafia Island Marine Park
MLFD – Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development
MPA – Marine Protected Area
MPRU – Marine Parks and Reserves Unit
NACTE – National Council for Technical Education
NFFI – Nyegezi Freshwater Fisheries Institute
NGOs – Non Governmental Organizations
NTA – National Technical Award
NTG – National Task Group
PFMP – Pelagic Fishery Management Plan
REPOA – Research on Poverty Alleviation
SACCOS – Saving and Credit Cooperative Society
SADC – Southern Africa Development Cooperation
SUMATRA – Surface and Manrine Transport Regulatory Authority
SWIO – South West Indian Ocean
SWIOFC – South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission
SWIOFP – South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project
TAC – Total Allowable Catch
TAFIRI – Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute
TBS – Tanzania Bureau of Standards
TCMP – Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership
TIB – Tanzania Investment Bank
WCED – World Commission on Environment and Development
WHO – World Health Organization
WIOfish – Western Indian Ocean fish database
WIOMSA – Western Indian Ocean Marine Sciences Association
WWF – Worldwide Fund for Nature
19