Late Middle Ages
1000 - 1500
Essential Questions:
What events helped nation-states develop in England, France, Spain, and Russia?
What were key events and effects of the Crusades?
How did the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) alter Europe economically and socially?
Essential Question:
What were the key events and effects of the Crusades?
The Crusades

The Crusades were carried out by political and religious leaders of Europe to take control of the Holy
Land from the Muslims

The Byzantine emperor asked the pope to assist in defending themselves against the Islamic Empire. o The Muslim Turks (aka Ottoman Turks) were trying to conquer _______________________ and large parts of the Byzantine Empire.
Pope Urban II

Pope Urban II responded by calling for a “________________” or ____________ to push back the
Muslims and “reclaim” the Holy Land o The Holy Land was parts of the Middle East including Israel, Syria, and particularly the city of
________________________

In his speech calling for the crusade, he said that those who fought and died in the Crusades that all of their sins would be forgiven and they would be guaranteed a spot in ____________. o Thousands of people responded to the call
The First and Second Crusades

_______________________

No strategy and mostly ___________________________

Successful in retaking Jerusalem on July 15, 1099

Most of the warriors went home afterwards

Left city vulnerable to recapture which happened in the Second Crusade (1147) o 1187: __________________________ to
Muslims under Saladin
The Third Crusade
•
Began in 1189
•
Produced two highly respected military leaders
–
_________________ (1138 – 1193)
–
__________________________________
(1157 – 1199) from England
•
After series of battles, the two agreed to a truce

–
Jerusalem remained in _____________ control
–
Christian pilgrims would have safe passage
The Fourth Crusade

Began in 1204

Greedy Christian warriors entered _______________

Looted the city

Set fire to most of the city

Another cause of the __________________ between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox
Church
The Other Crusades

There were about nine crusades between __________ and __________

The later ones were not blessed by the pope

Most of the Crusades ended in Muslim victory, especially the later ones
 Children’s Crusade – 1212 o Stories about groups of children or the “______________________” that wanted to go to
Jerusalem o Many died along the way or were sold into slavery
Effects of the Crusades
•
Weakened the Pope and nobles
–
Strengthened monarchs
•
Left a _________________________________among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
•
Weakened the _______________________________
•
Increased demand for ______________________________ products
•
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
•
Encouraged use of credit and banking
•
Brought Greco-Roman studies and Muslim innovations back to Europe which helped
____________________________________________
Review Question:
Name 2 effects of the Crusades.
The Emergence of Nation-States
•
A ____________________ is a large group of people who
– Are ruled by one central government
–
Share a ________________________________
–
Feel a sense of ________________ to the group
•
The rise of nation-states is one of the most important developments in Europe in the late Middle Ages
•
Result of European monarchs consolidating (or merging) power
•
Marked ______________________________ and the decline of the political power of the Church
•
Before the rise of nation-states, most people more concerned with local rulers than who was king

•
Might not have even shared same language as the king
•
People went to war for local lords
•
Thought of themselves as ______________, united by the Christian
Church
•
By the year 1430, this attitude had completely changed
England
William the Conqueror

William – Duke of Normandy

1066 – crossed ___________________________ to add the rich Anglo-Saxon lands to his personal property

October 14, 1066 – fought the Saxons under Harold Godwinson and won after
Harold was killed

_____________ most of England and most of present-day France under his control
Development of Common Law
•
Under King Henry II (ruled 1154 – 1189), helped elevate the importance of
___________________
–
Strengthened royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year
•
Collected _____________, settled_____________, punished ____________
–
Introduced use of a_________ in the courts
–
Over time, the rulings by the royal judges formed a unified body of law
•
Became basis for law in England and the United States
• In the US, this led to “judicial power” or the power of the bench to legislate as laid out in Article III of the Constitution
Magna Carta

King John was a bad king who was mean to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them to finance his wars

The nobles forced him to sign the ________________ on June 15, 1215 o Main goal – limit the king’s power and protect feudal rights

The Magna Carta guaranteed certain ____________________________ o No taxation without representation o _______________________________ o Right to ________________________________
Parliament

In 1295, King Edward I needed funds for war against the French

Summoned two citizens of wealth and two knights from every part of England to serve as a
______________________, or legislative body

Brought together by the kings whenever a new tax or funds were needed

Eventually became more and more powerful


Developed into two assemblies o _________________________ o House of ______________
Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)

Fought between _________________________

Started over claim to French throne

Important battles: o Battle of Crecy (Aug.26, 1346): English archers defeated French knights o Battle of Poitiers (1356): English victory o Battle of Agincourt (1415): English victory o These battles end the usefulness of knights
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)

Convinced God sent her to rescue France

Led French victory at _________________________

Helped make Charles VII king of France

Captured in 1430 and turned over to the Church

Condemned as a ____________ and a ______________

Burned at the stake on May 30, 1431
Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
•
Ends with French driving out the English
•
____________________ the economies of both countries
•
Gave birth to ______________________
–
People now thought of kings as a national leader
–
Now fought for the glory of the country, not a local feudal ruler
•
Strengthened the ________________________
•
Strengthened the ________________________
France

___________________ – king of France

Establishes French throne in ___________

His dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France
 Hundred Years’ War helped define France as nation

Joan of Arc was a unifying factor
Spain

In 710, the ___________ had conquered Spain

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married and ruled jointly under a Christian monarchy

_____________________ – removed Muslims and Jews from Spain o The Spanish Inquisition: program to make sure Jews that stayed had converted to
________________________ o Those who were caught practicing Jewish traditions were burned at the stake


_________________ – expanded the Spanish Empire into the Western Hemisphere
Russia
•
Mongols conquered Russia in the early 1200s
–
Gave local control to princes who paid tribute
•
______________________ refused to pay the tribute
–
Threw off the rule of the Mongols
–
Centralized ______________ in Moscow
–
Expanded territory as more Russians came under control of single Russian government
–
Became the first_____________ (Russian for caesar)
•
Power became centralized in the hands of the czar
•
The Orthodox Church influenced unification of Russia
Review Question:
What was an event that helped establish England and France as nation-states?
Essential Question:
How did the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) alter Europe economically and socially?
Impact of the Black Death
•
During the 14 th Century – the ________________________ (Bubonic Plague) decimated the populations of Asia and Europe
•
Spread by fleas on black rats
•
Caused drastic decline in population
– Killed at least 1/3 of Europe’s population
•
Led to scarcity of _____________
–
Freed towns from feudal obligations
•
_____________________________
•
Decline in power and influence of the
__________________________________
End of the Middle Ages

The Mongols invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in
Southwest Asia

Destroyed cities and countryside

Created an empire (_________________________)

Revival of learning ushered in the Renaissance

_______________________fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 o Ended the Byzantine Empire o Became capital of Ottoman Empire

Renamed Istanbul
Review Question:
What were some of the effects of the Black Death on Europe?