Study Guide for the Spring Semester Final
Biology
Final: The semester final will count for 20% of your semester test average. It will be 100-150
multiple choice questions.
Note Card: For the final, you will be allowed one 4x6 index card as a notes sheet. The
dimensions of the card must not exceed 4x6 and the card MUST be turned in at the end of the
final with your name on it. All material on the card must be handwritten. Failure to turn in your
note card (if you used one during the final) will result in a minimum loss of 10% of your final
exam score.
Disclaimer: The majority of the topics covered on the semester final have been listed, but this
is not comprehensive. Anything we have covered this semester in lecture, reading, handouts,
labs, etc. is fair game for the final. This list just indicates those topics I believe that the
majority of students need to review. Anything not covered in class will not appear on the final.
If you have any doubts, please ask; don’t just assume you won’t see it.
Topics covered in class: Chapters 8,9,10,11,12,14,15 (photosynthesis, respiration, DNA and
RNA; Genetics; Evolution (some);
Review Questions: The following questions need to be answered on a separate piece of paper
and will be collected for credit.
Chapter 8
1. Review photosynthesis. What is the formula for photosynthesis? What are the reactants (what
goes in) and products (what comes out) of both reactions? Where do the products then go?
2. What is ATP? What does it do? How is energy released from ATP?
3. What is a pigment? Why do leaves of a plant appear green?
4. Describe an experiment that we performed while studying photosynthesis.
Chapter 9
5. Define the following: anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration, fermentation, lactic acid
fermentation, alcoholic fermentation.
6. Review cellular respiration. What is the formula for cellular respiration? What are the steps in
order of cellular respiration? What are the reactants (what goes in) and products (what comes
out) of cellular respiration? Where do the products then go?
DNA and RNA (Chapter 12)
7. Define the following terms: Chromosome, Nucleotide, Base pairing, Gene, RNA (ribonucleic
acid), Transcription, Translation, Codon, Anti-codon
8. What occurs in replication, transcription and translation? State the steps of each, where
they occur and the enzymes involved.
9. Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide and three parts of a RNA nucleotide.
10. What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? How are they different for RNA?
11. Name the three types of RNA and the function of each one.
12. What is the significance of Photo 51?
13. What is a codon? What does it “code” for?
14. What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? Give an example of both.
Genetics (chapters 11, 14)
15. Define the following words: homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, gamete,
nondisjunction, crossing over and karyotype.
16. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross between 2 heterozygous
individuals? What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross between 2 individuals
that are heterozygous for both traits?
17. State Mendel’s Laws of Genetics and give an example of each.
18. What is a sex-linked trait? Give an example.
19. Give an example of codominance and incomplete dominance.
20. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. State the correct order of steps for each one
and the purpose of each. [Be sure to know the difference between haploid and diploid and
the term daughter cells.]
Evolution (ch 15)
21. Define the following words: evolution, fitness, adaptation
22. State what the following individuals have to do with evolution: Darwin, Lamarck,
23. Give an example of 2 vestigial organs.
24. Explain what each of the following is and how they are used as evidence for evolution:
fossils, embryology and biogeochemical similarities
See vocabulary on next page.
For extra credit define all of the terms either as flash cards or on paper as directed by Mr.
Fisher
Vocabulary
Chapter 8
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Photosynthesis
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Reactions of Photosynthesis:
Light-dependent Reactions
Calvin cycle (Dark reactions)
Thylakoid
Stroma
Electron Carriers
Chapter 9
calorie
Pyruvic Acid
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
NAD+
Fermentation
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
ATP Synthase
DNA/RNA
Chromosome
Chromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
DNA
Nucleotide
Base pairing
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Gene
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
messengerRNA
ribosomalRNA
transferRNA
Transcription
Translation
Codon
Anti-codon
RNA polymerase
Evolution
Theory
Fossil
Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
Fitness
Adaptation
Common descent
Homologous structure
Vestigial organ
Speciation
Genetics
Trait
Gene
Allele
Hybrid
Gamete
Segregation
Recessive (p265)
Dominant (p265)
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Punnett Square
Independent assortment
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic traits
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Mitosis
Cancer