BIOLOGY REVIEW: FINAL EXAM--SEMESTER 2
*be familiar with ALL VOCAB from each section listed *review all previous test questions / online tests*
CHAPTER 8 CELLULAR ENERGY
8.1 - HOW ORGANISMS OBTAIN ENERGY
- energy obtained by: autotrophs / heterotrophs
- process of metabolism
- photosynthesis / cellular respiration – how are they related?
- ATP – function / stores-releases energy
8.2 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- process of 2 phases of photosynthesis
- function of chloroplasts related to phases of photosynthesis
- process chemical energy formed from light energy during photosynthesis
- photosynthesis chemical formula / reactants & products
- organelles / location of photosynthesis
8.3 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- stages of cellular respiration
- energy produced by cells during cellular respiration
- cellular respiration chemical formula
- organelles / location of cellular respiration
-fermentation: anaerobic respiration
9.2 - MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS
- cell cycle: stages / events
- cell size related to cell function efficiency
- MITOSIS: stages/events
[daughter cells / spindle fibers]
* apoptosis
* medical uses stem cell
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 10 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION/GENETICS
10.1- MEIOSIS
- MEIOSIS stages / events
- genes / chromosomes / homologous chromosomes
- cells: diploid v haploid
- genetic variation
- gamete fertilization
- crossing-over—process/stage of Meiosis
- # chromosomes--typical human body cell [somatic] / typical human gamete [sex cell]: sperm / egg
- sexual reproduction v asexual reproduction
10.2 - MENDELIAN GENETICS
- Who is Gregor Mendel? What is his contribution to genetics?
- Mendel’s laws: law of independent assortment – determine the possible allelic combinations formed by meiotic division
- dominance v recessive / genotype & phenotype / homozygous & heterozygous
- determine genotype & phenotype of recessive and dominant traits (ex aa, Aa, AA / short, tall, tall)
- Punnett square - compute ratios using monohybrid Punnett squares – probability of inheriting a single trait
- dihybrid Punnett squares (ex: heterozygous tall plants with homozygous short) – probability of inheriting 2 traits
- During which stage of meiosis does the law of independent assortment occur?
10.3 - GENE LINKAGE & POLYPLOIDY [HONORS ONLY]
- What factors contribute to genetic recombination?
________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 11 COMPLEX INHERITANCE / HUMAN HEREDITY
11.1 - BASICE PATTERNS of INHERITANCE
- analyze a pedigree
-identify: carrier, recessive trait, dominant trait, sex linked
- Apply knowledge of patterns of inheritance to a pedigree (ex Huntington’s disease)
11.2 - COMPLEX INHERITANCE
- codominance / incomplete dominance
- multiple alleles? Know how to determine dominant genotype in hierarchy of multiple alleles
- human ABO blood type – allele combinations
- Given a blood type identify the possible allele combinations & parental blood types
- analyze sex-linked Punnett squares (ex. XrXr and XrY)
- Interpret a graph showing frequency of distribution (ex. Skin color -- pg 309)
- Identify type of pedigree: x-linked recessive, x-linked dominant, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant)
11.3 - HUMAN HEREDITY
- telomeres: aging / cancer
- analyze a karyotype – sex / disorders
- non-disjunction: cause / affects
________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 12 MOLECULAR GENETICS
12.1 - DNA: THE GENETIC MATERIAL
- DNA structure / discovery
- identify parts of a nucleotide
Nitrogen bases: A / T / C / G [Chargaff’s rule]
- Arrange in order from small → large parts of cell involved in heredity (nucleotides, DNA, genes, etc)
12.2 - REPLICATION OF DNA
- DNA “semiconservative” replication: Diagram/explain
- ENZYMES: helicase / DNA polymerase / DNA ligase / RNA primer
stage of replication / function
- Okazaki fragments
- antiparallel / 3’prime to 5’ prime
12.3 - DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN
- CENTRAL DOGMA: concept / processes
- 3 types of RNA – functions
- DNA v RNA
- TRANSCRIPTION / TRANSLATION
steps / structures / end product
- RNA polymerase
- CODE: codon / anticodon
- amino acids - role in producing proteins
12.4 - GENE REGULATION and MUTATION
- mutation: causes / affect on proteins
substitution / frameshift / duplication
________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 14 THE HISTORY OF LIFE
14.1- FOSSILS
- 2 ways to date fossils: “law of superposition” / “half-life”
- How old is the earth? What were the earliest known life forms on earth?
________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 15 EVOLUTION
15.1 - DARWIN’S THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
- Charles Darwin theory / evidence of evolution
- natural selection: 4 factors / adaptations
15.2 - EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
- 5 mechanisms of evolution
- compare anatomical structures – vestigial / analogous / homologous with regard to function, structure & ancestors
- DNA evidence of evolution
________________________________________________________________________________________
SCIENTIFIC METHOD: lab write-up resources
- Identify: control/constant/independent variable/dependent variable in a given scenario